Cabinet Sanctions 10 M. Afs for Engineering
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Lecture Notes
Module 28 Human Conflict and Animal Welfare Lecture Notes Slide 1: This lecture was first developed for World Animal Protection by Dr David Main (University of Bristol) in 2003. It was revised by World Animal Protection scientific advisors in 2012 using updates provided by Dr Caroline Hewson. Slide 2: This module will introduce you to the ways in which collective human conflict affects animals. By human conflict, we mean fighting or war in a very broad sense, not domestic violence or aggression between private individuals. We will start by clarifying terminology because there are different kinds of human conflict. We will then focus on how animals may be affected by conflict. That is: • the ways in which animals are affected when conflict occurs in the region where they live • the ways in which animals are used actively in a conflict or the planning for conflict. We will conclude with examples of how we can help to improve animal welfare in areas where there is conflict. Slide 3: Starting with terminology: the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University in Sweden provides the online UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia. The following definitions are taken from there. Conflict has several characteristics, shown on the slide: • there is disagreement between at least two parties • the demands of each side cannot be met by the same resources at the same time. Typically, the resource is territory which contains a commodity needed for economic survival and growth, e.g. grazing for livestock; oil; minerals; water • the parties use armed force to solve their disagreement • this causes at least 25 battle-related human deaths in one year. -
Afghan Internationalism and the Question of Afghanistan's Political Legitimacy
This is a repository copy of Afghan internationalism and the question of Afghanistan's political legitimacy. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/126847/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Leake, E orcid.org/0000-0003-1277-580X (2018) Afghan internationalism and the question of Afghanistan's political legitimacy. Afghanistan, 1 (1). pp. 68-94. ISSN 2399-357X https://doi.org/10.3366/afg.2018.0006 This article is protected by copyright. This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Edinburgh University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Afghanistan Studies in "Afghanistan". Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Afghan internationalism and the question of Afghanistan’s political legitimacy1 Abstract This article uses Afghan engagement with twentieth-century international politics to reflect on the fluctuating nature of Afghan statehood and citizenship, with a particular focus on Afghanistan’s political ‘revolutions’ in 1973 and 1978. -
Revolutionary Afghanistan Is No Exception
CONTENTS PREFACE 1. In Search of Hafizullah Amin 6 2. Three Revolutionaries 12 3. A House Divided: the PDPA, 1965-1973 25 4. The Making of a Revolution: the PDPA, 1973-1978 39 5. The Inheritance: Afghanistan, 1978 53 6. Strategy for Reform 88 7. The Eid Conspiracy 106 8. A Treaty and a Murder: Closing the American Option 120 9. The Question of Leadership 133 10. The Summer of Discontent 147 11. The End Game 166 12. ‘. And the People Remain’ 186 Select Bibliography 190 PREFACE PREFACE The idea for this book arose from a visit to Kabul in March 1979 when it became immediately obvious that what was happening in Afghanistan bore little relation to reports appearing in the Western media. Further research subsequently reinforced that impression. Much of the material on which the book is based was collected in the course of my 1979 field trip which took me to India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom as well as Afghanistan and during a follow-up trip to India and Pakistan from December 1980 to January 1981. Unfortunately by then times had changed and on this second occasion the Afghan government refused me a visa. Texts of speeches and statements by Afghan leaders and other Afghan government documents have for the most part been taken from the Kabul Times, since these are in effect the official version. I have however taken the liberty where necessary of adjusting the syntax of the Afghan translator. The problem of transliteration is inescapable, and at the risk of offending the purists I have chosen what appears to be the simplest spelling of Afghan names and have tried to be consistent. -
The Road to Afghanistan
Introduction Hundreds of books—memoirs, histories, fiction, poetry, chronicles of military units, and journalistic essays—have been written about the Soviet war in Afghanistan. If the topic has not yet been entirely exhausted, it certainly has been very well documented. But what led up to the invasion? How was the decision to bring troops into Afghanistan made? What was the basis for the decision? Who opposed the intervention and who had the final word? And what kind of mystical country is this that lures, with an almost maniacal insistence, the most powerful world states into its snares? In the nineteenth and early twentieth century it was the British, in the 1980s it was the Soviet Union, and now America and its allies continue the legacy. Impoverished and incredibly backward Afghanistan, strange as it may seem, is not just a normal country. Due to its strategically important location in the center of Asia, the mountainous country has long been in the sights of more than its immediate neighbors. But woe to anyone who arrives there with weapon in hand, hoping for an easy gain—the barefoot and illiterate Afghans consistently bury the hopes of the strange foreign soldiers who arrive along with battalions of tanks and strategic bombers. To understand Afghanistan is to see into your own future. To comprehend what happened there, what happens there continually, is to avoid great tragedy. One of the critical moments in the modern history of Afghanistan is the period from April 27, 1978, when the “April Revolution” took place in Kabul and the leftist People’s Democratic Party seized control of the country, until December 27, 1979, when Soviet special forces, obeying their “international duty,” eliminated the ruling leader and installed 1 another leader of the same party in his place. -
Prince Nader Opens the Kabul
University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Kabul Times Digitized Newspaper Archives 8-23-1967 Kabul Times (August 23, 1967, vol. 6, no. 126) Bakhtar News Agency Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/kabultimes Part of the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Bakhtar News Agency, "Kabul Times (August 23, 1967, vol. 6, no. 126)" (1967). Kabul Times. 1545. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/kabultimes/1545 This Newspaper is brought to you for free and open access by the Digitized Newspaper Archives at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kabul Times by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ., , . ,v ", " , . ,I , , , I , '. , "" . i 'J' \ "r ) . PAGE 4 II ';.:...i:.i;2...~~;.:.:t;~':.,+',.~'"::':"~--,.-"-,.:."i,~~~7~ ~Z:;,::",,:,,..:.._~ ..:......,..,;._..:..--,---.:....~_~-,-_,....,..... .. --.:....~·_~".-:-:_...,......:.,:-;--'--:'-~"....,.,...'i\ic:¥fii7~..;:.'-":~,f~~"...~. ,, '" }' I •• J\ Ii • ~ :I,~" ~ ~ .tV:~. \ t .\ I , III \ 1 1 '(. I ,eI , I' cl '/ , . ' B. f I ..,MA:OWNEG:lJN A~5:i' ~ .. ~ " , 0, Home rle s. ' ~l: .t.!'b ~lf§.:Ii1MBi\SSl! ~' ~, :':.,'> 'J ,- ' .~,r - KABUL, Aug. '22. (Bakht",).- " ,• ,QR'~T Of. CR~.KS' 'E'S' . .~ ,.. 'rhe chief of the UOlted Natlon3 LOi'lOON:, Aug. 22, ,(Routcl).- L ~~ -: Development Programme in Af· Vnltcd States tifficlals ,~ye'slcrd3Y i~tan, di.~riiisscd· mlic~incgun H'~" 'I' \"'~ - Arsenne' Shahbn,.. a .midnight· ~~.. ~4" 1.. '" ./~as · ,''\0' ;.!r ("";'1, rio! 'p' Specla en , V;:'JtiS!lce IMinister Dr. Mo· raid aD their embassy here as tile ·;t,Piitilfr~f.' Et;Inioii .:X-lh, 4111", " 1',1 " ) p " ,'\(' l~ ""J.,d EhsilO Taraki Stjn'day \v\)rk ,of cranks ana left'aU'iovesli. -
From Communism to Nationalism? the Trajectory of “Post-Communist” Ideology in Afghanistan
From Communism to Nationalism? The Trajectory of “Post-Communist” Ideology in Afghanistan DARREN ATKINSON Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Politics, University of Otago, New Zealand. Email: [email protected] Abstract Afghanistan had an ostensibly “communist” party of government between 1978 and 1992. Hezb-e Demokratik-e Khalq-e Afghanistan (The People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan – PDPA) was quasi-Stalinist in organisation and based many of its policies on a crude interpretation of Marxist thought in relation to existing Afghan political structures. During its last years in power the PDPA, under the leadership of President Najibullah from the Parcham (Banner) wing of the party, undertook a process of reform of ideology and re- branded the party as the Hezb-e Watan (Homeland Party of Afghanistan) that became ostensibly “nationalist”, as opposed to communist or leftist, in character. This was the starting point for a transformation of PDPA successor parties towards a form of Afghan nationalism that is still espoused by Kabul-based political movements. This paper will explore the ideological positions of two post-PDPA successor parties that still revere President Najibullah: Hezb-e Milli-e Watan-e Afghanistan (National Homeland Party of Afghanistan) and Hezb-e Watan-e Demokratik-e Afghanistan (Democratic Homeland Party of Afghanistan) and will analyse the reasons behind their decision to position themselves away from their left-wing past towards a position they believe is more palatable among the Afghan people. It will examine the stated ideology of these post-1991 formed parties and will present their development as analogous to the development of post-communist parties that has been seen in other parts of world, albeit with distinctly Afghan explanations behind their reforms. -
The a to Z Guide to Afghanistan Assistance 2009
The A to Z Guide to Afghanistan Assistance 2009 AFGHANISTAN RESEARCH AND EVALUATION UNIT Improving Afghan Lives Through Research The A to Z Guide to Afghanistan Assistance 2009 Seventh Edition AFGHANISTAN RESEARCH AND EVALUATION UNIT Improving Afghan Lives Through Research IMPORTANT NOTE: The information presented in this Guide relies on the voluntary contributions of ministries and agencies of the Afghan government, embassies, development agencies and other organisations representing donor countries, national and international NGOs, and other institutions. While AREU undertakes with each edition of this Guide to provide the most accurate and current information possible, details evolve and change continuously. Users of this guide are encouraged to submit updates, additions, corrections and suggestions to [email protected]. © Copyright Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, January 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher, the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. Permission can be obtained by emailing areu@ areu.org.af or by calling +93 799 608 548. Coordinating Editor: Cynthia Lee Contacts Section: Sheela Rabani and Noorullah Elham Contributors: Ahmadullah Amarkhil, Amanullah Atel, Chris Bassett, Mia Bonarski, Colin Deschamps, Noorullah Elham, Susan Fakhri, Paula Kantor, Anna Larson, Sheela Rabani, Rebecca Roberts, Syed Mohammad Shah, -
Marjan's Tooth
Marjan’s Tooth by Tom Maremaa You are a Sufi when your heart is as soft and warm as wool. ~ A traditional Sufi saying 1. Reaching Our Destination At Last The plane landed hard and we bounced up and down on the short runway, peeling rubber, engines roaring in reverse, until we finally came to a complete, screaming halt. My head lunged forward, then recoiled. Everybody bolted awake from the dead of night. We had reached our destination, as planned. I stood up, stretching my arms and legs, then grabbed my duffel bag from the overhead rack and threw it over my shoulder. Leaving the plane on the way out, I saluted and thanked the captain for bringing us here safely; he smiled and wished us luck because, as he said, we were “sure to need it.” When my feet touched the ground on the tarmac at Bagram I cannot begin to describe the feeling I had. It was as if God had spoken to me directly, whispering in the cold mountain air: “Son of Marjan, I welcome you.” The feeling took hold and overcame my body, causing me to tremble and shake in my boots. I had come home, at last. To the land of my ancestors. This is where my father, a warrior in the armies of the Northern Alliance, had conceived me, before his death at the hands of the Taliban; where my mother, a United Nations aide worker in her prime, had fled to Germany and given birth to me. She had named me Marjan, after my father and in honor of the great lion in the Kabul zoo who had suffered brutally because of the Taliban's pathological hatred and neglect of all animals. -
New Life at Kabul Zoo for Lion Who Lived on a Rooftop 19 March 2014, by Sardar Ahmad
New life at Kabul zoo for lion who lived on a rooftop 19 March 2014, by Sardar Ahmad Afghanistan's national survival after living through coups, invasions, civil war and the hardline Taliban era before dying in 2002. The first Marjan, born in 1976, was blinded by a grenade thrown by a vengeful soldier whose brother had been killed after entering his cage. The new Marjan made headlines around the world when AFP found him last year, living on the roof of a compound in the upmarket Taimani district of the capital. Marjan the lion looks out from his cage at the Kabul Zoo in Afghanistan on March 18, 2014 Kabul zoo unveiled its new star attraction—Marjan the lion, who lived on a rooftop in the city until rescued by animal welfare officials last year when close to death. A businessman in the war-torn Afghan capital had bought the male lion cub as a status symbol for $20,000 and kept his pet on a roof terrace. But the fast-growing animal was seriously ill when Kabul municipal officials tracked him down last October. "We found him in a very dire condition. He was almost dead. He couldn't move, he couldn't even raise his head," veterinarian Abdul Qadir Bahawi told AFP on Tuesday. "We were not sure that he would survive. But our efforts paid off, and he is much better. Now he Marjan the lion looks out from his cage at the Kabul Zoo loves to play with us. I think he loves us a lot." in Afghanistan on March 18, 2014 Marjan is named after a famous half-blind lion who lived at Kabul zoo and became a symbol of 1 / 2 His owner denied it was cruel and said he was looking after the lion well and feeding him fresh meat daily, but the lion's health declined fast in his unsuitable living quarters. -
THAT SHEEP MAY SAFELY GRAZE Rebuilding Animal Health Care in War-Torn Afghanistan David M
THAT SHEEP MAY SAFELY GRAZE Rebuilding Animal Health Care in War-Torn Afghanistan David M. Sherman The very mention of Afghanistan conjures images of war, international power politics, the opium trade, and widespread corruption. Yet the untold story of Afghanistan’s seemingly endless misfortune is the disruptive impact that prolonged conflict has had on ordinary rural Afghans, their culture, and the timeless relationship they share with their land and animals. In rural Afghanistan, when animals die, livelihoods are lost, families and communities suffer, and people may perish. That Sheep May Safely Graze details a determined effort, in the midst of war, to bring essential veterinary services to an agrarian society that depends day in and day out on the well-being and productivity of its animals, but which, because of decades of war and the disintegration of civil society, had no reliable access to even the most basic animal health care. The book describes how, in the face of many obstacles, a dedicated group of Afghan and expatriate veterinarians working for a small nongovernmental organization (NGO) in Kabul was able to create a national network of over 400 veterinary field units staffed by over 600 veterinary paraprofessionals. These paravets were selected by their own communities and then trained and outfitted by the NGO so that nearly every district in the country that needed basic veterinary services now has reliable access to such services. Most notably, over a decade after its inception and with Afghanistan still in free fall, this private sector, district-based animal health program remains vitally active. The community-based veterinary paraprofessionals continue to provide quality services New Directions in the to farmers and herders, protecting their animals from the ravages of disease and Human-Animal Bond improving their livelihoods, despite the political upheavals and instability that continue to plague the country. -
Blood-Stained Hands Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan’S Legacy of Impunity
Blood-Stained Hands Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan’s Legacy of Impunity Human Rights Watch Copyright © 2005 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-334-X Cover photos: A mujahedin fighter in Kabul, June 1992. © 1992 Ed Grazda Civilians fleeing a street battle in west Kabul, March 5, 1993. © 1993 Robert Nickelsberg Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: 1-(212) 290-4700, Fax: 1-(212) 736-1300 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel:1-(202) 612-4321, Fax:1-(202) 612-4333 [email protected] 2nd Floor, 2-12 Pentonville Road London N1 9HF, UK Tel: 44 20 7713 1995, Fax: 44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] Rue Van Campenhout 15, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel: 32 (2) 732-2009, Fax: 32 (2) 732-0471 [email protected] 9 rue Cornavin 1201 Geneva Tel: + 41 22 738 04 81, Fax: + 41 22 738 17 91 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org Listserv address: To receive Human Rights Watch news releases by email, subscribe to the HRW news listserv of your choice by visiting http://hrw.org/act/subscribe- mlists/subscribe.htm Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. -
Thesoviet-Installed Government. 1980 the Main Afghan Mujahideen Groupings and Armed Tribalgroups Begin to Win Control of Pockets of Territoryinside Afghanistan
AI Index: ASA 11/09/95 Afghanistan: International responsibility for human rights disaster Chronology 1973 President Mohammad Daoud assumes office after a military coup. December 1979 Soviet troops invade Afghanistan. Early 1980 Armed tribal groups begin a jihad against theSoviet-installed government. 1980 The main Afghan Mujahideen groupings and armed tribalgroups begin to win control of pockets of territoryinside Afghanistan. 1980 to 1989 Civil war in most parts of Afghanistan, excluding major cities, between armed Mujahideen groups and government forces. 1986 President Mohammad Najibullah takes office. February 1989 Soviet troops complete their withdrawal from Afghanistan. February 1989 to April 1992 Increasing armed conflict between governmentand opposition forces. April 1992 Under a UN peace plan, President Najibullah isreplaced by a four-member council of the ruling Watan (Homeland) party. Late April 1992 an interim government led by Professor Sebghatollah Mojaddedi takes power. June 1992 An interim government led by Borhanuddin Rabbaniassumes office; the Islamic State of Afghanistan is declared. December 1992 Borhanuddin Rabbani elected as President, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar as Prime Minister of the IslamicState of Afghanistan. 1992 to early 1995 Fighting spreads to all major cities, particularly Kabul, as two major alliances — Shura-e Nezar (Supervisory Council), an alliance including Jamiat-e Islami (Society ofIslam), and Shura-e Hamahangi (Supreme CoordinationCouncil), an alliance of the forces of General Dostum andGulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami (Party of Islam) — compete for control of administrative centres. Late 1994 The Taleban emerge as a strong military force, capturing nine of Afghanistan's 30 provinces. Mid-1995 Efforts by the UN to set up a broad-based interim administration in Afghanistan have failed.