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Home , Education in Bulgaria, Pernik, Pioneer movement

DOCONMIT RESUME

ED 156 600 95 :SO 01.1

AUTHOR Georgeoff, Peter John

TITLE, . The Educationil System cf . Educaticn around the World, INSTITUTION Office .of (TEEN), Washingtcn,-L.C. PUB DATE 77 .4 NOTE , 28p.; Not available in hard copy from ENS due to small type size of parts of the original document AVAILABLE PROM1SuperintegAent of Doemments, U.S., Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 ($1:20 pdperbound)

EDBS PRICE MF-,$0:83 Plus Postage. HC Not` Available from' EDBS. DESCRIPTORS *Comparative Education.; Curriculum Design; Early Childhood Education; Educatic251 Finance; *Educational History; * Educational Programs; Elementary ; Foreign Ccuntries; Higher Education; Post Secondary Educaticx; *School Systems; ; ; IDENTIFIERS *Bulgaria

AESTRACT 1 The document describes the educational syttem of Bulgaria which is in the process of keing modified in reEEcnse to' decisions.made,by the Bulgarian at the end of the 1960s and during the 1970s. One of the main purposes cf ,reform was to lover the age by which a student ccmEletes seccndary education from 18 to 16a and thus increase Bulgarias available manpcwer. A short history of Bulgarian education is given first plus a summary of education administration, planning, financing, grading, and enrollment. Infants may be admitted tc nursery schools at one year and remain there until the age of three, when they sty attend. . "They then attend intermediate and seccndary schools until they graduate at 1 yeats of age. Four post- options are available. Vocational schicls train semiskilled and skilled workers, technical institutes,train technicians, and semi-higher institutes train teachers, railroad, post office4 telephone, and telegraph workers. The higher education institutes are either general or specialized institutes in areas such as agriculture, finance and .economics, and music. A list cf higher institutions is provided. The document gives scse detail cn teacher educatipn, conti4uing education, special aducaticn; and extraccirricular activities. A glossary and tibliograpby ccnclude the document. (BC)

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******************************************************************* Reproductions supplied by EDRS axe tire-best that can be made from the original document. *************************ip********************************************* k I

U SOEPARTMEItT OF HEALTH y" . WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTEOF EDUCATION 1HIS. DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLYA, RECEIVED FROM The Educational System . THEPERSON OR A TING IT POINTSORGA.VIZATION ORIGIN- OF VFSW OR OPINIONS ° of Bulgaria STATED DO NOT SENT OFFICIAL NATION,ALNECESSARILY REPRE INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITIONcza POLICY by PeterJohn Georgeoff Professor of Education Purdue.

US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, ANDWELFARE Joseph A. Califano, Jr.,- Secretary Mary.F. Berry, Assistant Secretary for Education Office of Education Ernest L. Boyer, Commissioner Robert Leestma, Associate Commissioner for Institutional Development and Interna4onal Education

ti THE COUNTRY AND T "JE PEOPLE

OfficizLName: People's Republic of Bulgana, Population: 8 7 million (January 1975) Location: Southeastern Europe,on cher Balkan Perunsula, Size: 42,785 square miles People: 85 perc(t Bulgarian, 9 percent Turk, 6 percent Armenian, Gree Main Subdivisions: 27 Provinces(Okr"zi) and t capital , Gypsy, Macedonian, and Romanian. city, , which is a separate administrativeunit Literacy Rate: Approximately 95 percent. Official Language: Bulganan. Goveriment: Communist "ivies Republic

Ih

THE BASIC SYSTEM From 1879 to 1910 the number ofschools trebled and the number of studentsincreased Historical Background fivefold. In 1878 the National Settlement of the Russo-Tiirkish Library was War in 1878founded in Sofia, andin 1888 a "higher school" \ ended the period of about 500years during(which subsequently became which Bulgaria formed the Universiiy- of part of the Turkish°Sofia) was established with three facultieshis- Ottoman Empire, and establishedmuch of whattory ,and philology, physics and mathematics, is presently northern Bulgaria'as a principalityandlaw.. In 1895 a school ofart was founded, under nominal allegianceto Turkey. The unionand in 1911 the Bulgarian Academy of this principality with'Eastern of Sciences Rumelia in 1885was established'. By 1910, literacy had reached brought contemporary Bujgaria into existence,63 percents in towns and cities and35 percent in although its formal independencefrom Turkey.villages, Dtfrtng this post-1878 was not proclaimed until 4908. period, American missionaries organizeda number of educational Education' developed /rapidly after Bulgaria'sinstitutions, including- kindergartensand pre- quasi-independence a a principality in 1878school centers, elementair-andsecondary "2. "`

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3 3 schools, teacher-training institutions, a collegenist ideological tenets,. Private schoolswere, in Sofia, and theolggical institutes. either closed or confiscated and convertedto In the late 19tp and eaely 20thcentury,public purposesEducation was reorganized educatibn in Bulgria was organized essentiallyfrom the Ministry of Education downto the according to the., following pattern. Elementarylocal communal lesel to correspondin organiza- education from grades Ito 4 was follOwed by 3tion with the Bulgarian communist Party and years' schooling in the "progymnasium." Gradu-to plate Party members and sympal,hizersin ation from thisinstitution admittedstudents topositions of responsibility The Chaz'darcheta (for the 3-year "Kea!" school, to the gymnasiumchildrdn 7-9), the DimitrosPioneers (for youth '(academic general secondary school) if their9-14), and the Dimitrov CommunistLeague (for grades were above av9age and they passedan persons 14-27) became mass extracurricular, ide= entrance. examination or to certain vocational social, and educationalorganizations schools, such as middle commercialschools andfor young people vocational trade schools. After 3 years inth-e- In 1949, all'Ichools became coeducationalAt gymnasium, students could apply foradmission the same time, theprimary and secondary to certain specialized schools, suchas the schoolschools of the countrywere consolidated into for railroad, telegraph, and postal workers, ofone I I-year unit, with an 8-yearprimary cycle any of a number of elementary teacher-training and`a 3-year secondary cscle, and a special 5- schools. After 5 years in thegymnasium, stu- year foreign language school (describedonP. dents cotzid apply for admissionto a university 11) was established By 1939, despite serious economic and politi- Also during' the immediate post"-WorldWar cal difficulties between World War I and WorldAI period, the number andtypes of schools '''War II, school attendance had become theoreti-were increased, with a correspondingrise in cally compulsory, and the literacy rate was aboutenrollments. Campsfor children and youthwere 75 percent In a country with a population ofexpanded under theauspices of the Dimitros only a little over 6 million,over 1 millionPioneers and , and schobl boarding persons were attending schools at all levels.,Ofunits were Increased and emphasized Thenum- these, approximately 13,000 were childrenen-ber of clatahshta (reading clubs),museums, and rolled in 254 , and9,504 werelibraries also increasedAll these institutions youth studying in postsecondary schools. Also,and programs helpedserve ideological purposes three new faculties had been'added to the In 1951, socational schoolswere reorganized, University of Sofia, a new Free Universityforand in1957 a mandate of the Council of Economic an0 Commercial Sciences hadbeen Ministers arid the Central Committeeof the established 'in Sofia, and other higher educa-Bulgarian Communist Party introducedpoly- tionaliAsututions had been founded. technica.kontent at all grade leselsTwo years The gymnasium during this period largelylater, the )'959 General Lawon Education cre- followed the traditional European pattern ofated a new form of secondary educationalinsti- academic general secondary education,consist- tution, the general polstechnical schccol (le- ing of three distinct programs classical, in which.scnbeil on. pages 9 and 10),,extencled«irnpulsor% both Latin and Greek were taught,semiclassical,education from 7 to 8sears, and mandated that in which .Latin but not Greek was offered, andall students at all leselsengage.in "socially useful the scientific and "real" schoolsin which theseactivities" that "educate in labor languages were excluded andsciences and math- ematicsoitressed instead. Structure The Second World War_generally halted Bul- The Bulgarian educationalsystem currently garian educational development A Communist consists of a 3-year(rAltie(nursers .s( hool), a 4- I&1 coalition called the FatherlandFront cameyear kindergarten, an II-sear general pols- tovpower on September 9, 1944 Three yearstechnical school with threestages (a 4-year pri- later, on December 4, 1947,a new Constitrition mary, a 4-year intermediate, anda 3-year se(- based on the Soviet modelwas proclaimed ondary), fechnicums and socationalschools at Communist ascent to power in Bulgaria hada sarious levels, ind semi-higher institutes and decisive impact upon the Nation's educational higher education institutionsat the postsecond-. system Religious influences in the schools, suchary level Children enter the gene al polvtechm; as requised,c_imrses in religion, were abolished, cal school at age -hand mustatte d for sears and textbooks were writtentoresent Commu-(See chart on p 4 )

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At in'aulgaria: 1976 ' Current and reformed structure of education a

. . CURRENT REFORMED d d 1 V V . RS La . v

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. ) . Higher Education Semi Higher InstitutionsInstitutes II19 IV Higher

I i I m HigrlerEducation Vocational suSerQ((; Institutiorsjechn,cums4Schools 11 IIInstitutes Middle Lower (Seconds y Lei!) TechnIcumsVocational onal Sihools Schools 110 8as15g1///(SeconderLevel)./ /General77/Generat'7 SchoolsNI//,/ . 7 // Intermediate Level) Unified ,//, 6 / // // P/o ii t/c.;i/n/1 cal /2/5)I s ((n/termedateLevel 4, . (Prirnar/ Level)/ 1 AtIB2 Pwnary/ Level/ . 6 1 7/// //// / All Kindergartens p Kndergate^s

ri Nursery Schools . Nursery Schools 1 . . a

Key NC' Indicates / Schooling Is Compulsory

of schools vary In durauon ' The patterns shown here are the usual ones Asindicated in the text.sometripes

being modi-training in the generalpolytechnical school (to This system is in the process of secondary polytechnical fied, however, in response todecisions concern-be called the unified BUlgarian Commu-school although itincludes the primary and' ing education made by the upgrading all voca- nist Party at the end of the1960's and duringintermediate levels), and (5) notable structuraltional-technical schools to thepostsecondary the early 1970's. The most shows both the current changes being introduced(outlined in the "re-level. The chart above forined" section of the chartand discussed laterand the reformecLstructures System''')kare (I) shorten-, under "The Reformed these structural ing the duration of thegeneral polytechnical One of the main purposes of lowering the Mtgechanges is to-lower the age bywhich a student school from' IIto 10 years, (2) (3) raising thecompletes secondary education(by the age of of admission' to 6 years of age, increase' Bulgaria's number of years of compulsoryhooling from16 rather than 18) and thus 8 to 10 years, (4) providingincreased vocationalavailable manpower

4 N Legal Basis and Requirements declarations of its Central Committee). 'Depend- Education in Bulgariais governed by numer-ing upon their nature, these decisionsare either ous laws and regulations, only a few of whichimplemented directly in,practiceor are adopted will be mentioned here Perhaps themost irrilior- by the appropriate bodies andgiven legal sanc- tant is the following provision in article 45 oftion through orders, decrees, or legislation. For the 1971 Bulgarian Constitution. instance, some of the current reforms developed

All citizens of the People's Republic of Bulgariaare following a memorandum from Todor Zhiykoy, entitled to free education in all grades andtypes of First Secretary of the Bulgarn Communist educational establishments, under conditions determined Party, to the Politburo of the Gen al Committee by law - of the Bulgarian Communist Partand read at The educational e'stabliihments belong to the State Education is based-on the -achievements of modern its Plenary Session, ,held from Jul30 to 31, science and the Marxist-Leninist ideology 1969 TheState creates conditions, for the introduction of secondary.educatcon for all ' - Administration The State prpmotes education, improves the general conditions of Work at the educational establishments, The natfonal levelThe Ministry of Public ,grants scholarships Education, Iteaded by the Minister and several Citizens of non - Bulgarian extraction,in addition to the Deputy ot Assistant Ministers,is the most impor- Compulsory study of Bulgarian, also have the rightto tant adrrimistratie body in the country for the study their own languages . primary, intermediate, and secondary education In addition to the 1959 General Lawonlevels' 11 encompassesamong its many and, Education mentioned previously, otherimpor-vaned fiinctions responsibility' for ideological tant legislation includes the following. work in the schools, teaching methods,and curricular materialsft approves all basic curric- Order No 631 of Decembet 28, 1971, of the Councilof Ministers, which outlined procedures for involving youth ulums, courses of study, and schoolprograms, who are neither studying nor employedinsocially useful supervises the writing and publication of text- work Coordinated efforts were to be made for theirbooks and most other curricular materials and "scholastic and vocational guidance the preparation of auxiliary teaching aids,insti- Order"No 433 of the Bureau of the Council of Ministers, dated tutes standards and procedures for hiring teach-

February 30, 1972, in accordance with Decree No I ofers, establishes school entrance requirements, January 22, 1972, which detailed provisions for a unifieddetermines the calendar for schools if alltypes, approach to secondary technical education and tovoca- and can establish or close secondary schools tional training in generalAt the same time, primary education was to be shorteqied from 4 to 3 years, with theunder its immediate jurisdiEtion change taking place over a 3-year period beginningin the The administration andoperation of most 1973-74 school year vocational schools and some technicumsare the responsibility of the Government ministry, Decree No 1843 of March 18, 1972, b) the eco- State Council of nomic trust (large Government unit responsible the People's Republic of Bulgaria, whichprovide-51 for creation of new general councilsas governing bodies at higherfor an industrial sector),or other unit under education institutionsRepresentation to these councils whose jurisdiction the particular tradeor voca- includes alllevels of staff, student representatives, and tion fallsEach unit administering such schools individuals from the appropriatestate ministries involvedcontains one or more educational sections that in the specific activity fe g. transportation, construction, and agriculture) are directly responsible for them In the case of vocational schools, interdepartmentalcommit- Decree No 907 of the State Counlil of the People's Repubhcof tees at the national, provincial, and school levels Bulgaria, dated May 9, 1972, which clarified the activities of also review' and administer parti'c'ular vocational the Higher Certification Commissionto certifYing studies completed at higher education institutions programs These committees include notational educators, workers from the particular industry, Decree No 4 of February 7, 1973, of the C,ouncil of Ministers, and representatives from theappropriate minis- which established' a unified. system for graduatemorning of specrahsts try or unit On-the-job training is also controlled by education committees within the particular In addition, a number of programs and!Al-establishments oes concerning education have been advanced Ehe Ministry ofPublic Education, however, by Communist Party Congresses, bythe Centralreviews and c- oordinates all vocational education Committee of the Bulgarian CommunistParty,and The educational requirements for eachpro- and by the Diitutroy League of YoungCommu-gram through a special guidance' council at the nists (through resolutions ofits congresses andnational level, the Interdepartmental Council

5 for, Scholastic and Vocational Guidance. The thenationallevel,the Minister of Public -Ecfuca- Ministry alsois responsible foral( aspects ofturn is in fact, although not bs law,i member of vocational education relating directly to instruc-the Central Ottrimittee of the PartsLikewise non and methods, for primary and interfnediatemost of his staff, particulark those with major level education courses forActory workers atresponsibilities. are high-ranking membersof therujace of employment (under a program theBulgairian Communist PartsThe rector of V inaugurated in 1972), and for vocational schools theUniversity of Sofia also is usually a member . notunder the exclusive control of other minis-of the Parts's Central CommitteeAlthoughthis -1) .,,,tries. relationship between the Parts and key adminis- all other areas of Bulgarian £ Higher education is dkected by a special trators exists in Council of Higher Education, which is a subunitsociety,itis especially important in education of the national Committee for Science, Technical because of theideological function, assigned to Progress, and Higher Education The Council educationI hus education policies adopteday coordinates and organizes the programs of allnational Parts Congresses and bs the Centtgl the various higher education-institutions in the Committee of the Parts areimplemented hs the country,, and determines the numberof special- 'Parts members responsible for the Nation's ed-- ists needed to fulfill projected state plans ucational processesIn each school, therefore. The provincial levelA Province, governed bsthe school parts cell is involved in carving out its Provincial People's Council orSoviet. has asthese policies Similarly, education policiesdeser an adjunct a section for publiceducation with aped at Parts meetings of a Prosince are imple- some of the structuralcharacteristics of the mented in the school of Ilk particular Prom«. national Ministry of Public Education The sec- tion implements the regulations and instructionsEducational Planning ., set down by the Ministry ofPublic Education State panning for Bulgean education en- and the decisions and policies adopted by the compassesall instructional resels and all educa- Provincial People's Council or its executive com- non InstitutionsEducation is integrated directts ____.) mitteeIt also directly supervises and adminis- into the variousnational 5- and 20-year plans of the ters most general polytechnicalschools within according to decisions made at congresses the Province Often a special education commit-Bulgarian Communist Parts, and the plenums of tee fro"tn the Provincial People's Council isalsoits Central CommitteeI.ach plan includes 'a formed to oversee the work of this section section on education and Iscoordinated with the and anticipated social needs The local levelA local community, also goy- projectede«nunnu erned by a local People's Council.' may have a ofthe countryAfter being formally, proposed special section forpubtri education as an adjunct and adopted by the Part}, a plan must be if the community is largeIf not, the)ouncil approved by the State PlanningCommittee (Or- itself assumes the educational functions thatdinarils the mitiantig hods) and ratified bs the would have been assigned to the section"I hese \ational Asset-111)1s. wher.eupon it becomeslaw include administering and funding some kinder- Local requests for funding new items in an gartens in the community and theschools in education plan are submitted to the State Plan- which attendance is compulsory (currently. ntngCommittee through a well-dfined,net- grades 1-8) The schools are administered on a work Eacheducation institution in a Prosince daily basis by a director,-with the assistance of draws up aplan and estimates the cost of 'anv the school soviet or council, project that it seeks to undertakeThis plan is The CommunistParty I he Bulgarian Com- then forwarded to the sectionfor public educe- munist Party plays a major althougindirect non of the Prosincial People's CouncilThere role in the anministrame process because its therequests are.resiewed and anakied interms' members hold most of the key administrative of "the.Prosince as a whole Subsequently, the), positions inaft levels of educat on A school are combined into auntfiad request and submit- director and a number of tea ers are almost ted bYther.4osincial section for public educatign always Party membe -and togCherthey «msti- to the rationalanonal Ministry of Public Education tute the Party cell of t sclolI he members This fx)cly next prepares an educationplan for of the People's Councils twthe local and prosm- the entire nationand submits itto sthe'Jstate. cial levels and perhaps,the greet majority of the'Planning Committee, which analsies and adjusts educational workers in the education sections at'itin terms of the original draft ofthe Parts each respective level are also Part', members AtCongress and submits o to the Central Coinmir-

6 I %- tee of the Communist Pa'rty and the Council ofyear This projected state budget, of which the Ministers for ratification The final plan andeducation budget is a part,is then submitted budget then must be approved by the Nationalfor final approval to the BulgarianNational Assembly, as indicated previously Assembly Generally few, irany,changes are The State Planning Committee subsequentlymade during the Assemblyreview process serves as the coordinating -body for the plan, In tile education budget, the fiscalyear corre- gathering statistical data and developing indicessponds to the calendar,year ratherthan to the regarding progress inward its achievement. itsschool year, thus meshing educationrequests powers are considerable, and policies developed even more fully with those of the economyat by that body are obligatory for allministries,large. provincial councils, andinstitutions, including In 1974, the education budget represented all schools of eyery type atalllevels below8 25 percent of the national' budgetand 4 89 higher education percent of the grosnational income 'Itis Plans for higher education in Bulgaria aredifficult to ascertain t'hexact expenditures for drawn up in terms of the projected national education in Bulgaria, ,howeYer, \becausemans 4emand for specialists in a particular discipline,vocational and technical institutionsare financed field, ter industry The Committee for Science,not by a specific education ministry, but by Technical Progress, and Higher-Educationes-other ministries or factories,trusts, and enter- tablishes national education priorities and deter-prises related to the particular Yocation. mines student quotas for elch specialtyas V whole as well as for all higher educationinstitu- tions and their teaching fields. These quotasAcademic Calendar must then be confirmed by the State Planning All general polstechnical schoolsopen on Committee before they assume the force of lawSeptember 15The closing date varies with ,and actual quotas can be assigned grade level, from May 31 to June 30School In certain Notational trainingprograms, thesessions are held -6 days a week Usually higher number of openings allotted to each fieldiseducation institutions also begin workon Sep- determined jointly by the Ministry of Labor andtember 15, although in somecases it may be op Social Welfare, the State Planning Committee,September 1 Such schools generally end their and the Ministry of, Public Educationagainonacademic Near on June 30, althoughsome may the basis of projections submitted from thecontinue until Jul 20, especially if workexperi- Various industries and economic and agriculturalences are inYoked enterprises Since 1972. the Ministry of Lal)or Under the reformed system, the schoolNear and Social Welfare has been responsible forwill be &sided into /semesters, the first from unifying all actiNities involving retraining work-'September 15 to Januar, 31, andhe second ers and updating their skills"I his retrainingfrom February 5 to the end of the schoolNear,. aspect is included in the.total planning progtarnThere are 3 Natation periodsfrom December

31 to January 14, from February Ito February

Financing4A,_ 5, and from April 1 to April 10 Education is financed as part of the national, budget, in harmony with the long-rangestate, socioeconomic plan for plans). and in line withLanguage of Instruction the general policy decisions of the Bulgarian The language of irstruction in almost all cases Communist Party and its leadership Thepro-is Bulgarian However, hildren of the Turkish posed education budget is usually assembled byethnic minority sometir es receive instruction in the Finance Planning Section of the Ministry oftheir_native Turkish iprimary school and study Public' Education on the basis of needsat theBulgarian as a second languageI here are also a natioual leNel and statedrequests from thenumber of special foreign language u hook in anous Provinces' Esen certain locally financedwhic h th materials and instruc non ale in the foreign language (sec p 111 expenditures are integred into the totalna- tional plan This projected education budgetis then submitted to the Ministry of Finance for ' People s'Repubh( ofdiulgaria, kimistry 01 PAIR Edo( a review and possible revision in terms of the tun Fdtuahon in the PropVs Republu of Bulgaria to tht 1974- total national budget, and finally included School YearReport presented to the i5th International inConference on Fdocation. Geheva September 1975 Sofia the general state budget request for thecoming the kitmstrs1975 p Using a ftreign Ianage for a part ofintor-'Enrollment mal instruction may in certain instances corn - In the 1976-77 school year, Bulgarian Gov- mence as early askindergarten. Children mayernment sources, reported that 1,832,820 pen- learn to sing songs in other languages, count,sons were enrolled in school programs in a say 'some phrases, and perhaps evenlisten to,Bulgarian education institution of some type and follow directions in these languages-ThisThis means that about 2I, percent out of a total type Of education for preschoolers is encour-population of .abotit 8 7 million attended school aged; teachers who can use a foreign languagefull-time. Not included in the 1,832,820 are an may be' hired specifically because of thisability,additional 34,495 students in evening courses and foreign languAge activities may comprise anand 51,237 in correippndence programs important part of the day. Although attendance in kificrergartenis not compulsory, 74 percent of the children betwee7 the ages of 3 and 7 were enrolled in school year Grading System 1975-76,2 reflecting present efforts to increase Grading for all levels under both the presentkindergarten 'attendance. 'Because grades I and the reformed educational sys&m is numeri-through 8 (intermediate level) are compulsory, cal9na 6-point scalebas follows, practicallyall students who complete primary 6 = excellent (ollichen) school actuary do continue through grade 8. 5 = very good (mnogo dob"r) Since The new reforms consolidating secontlany 4 = good (doh"r) education have not yet been put into effect, 3 = average (sreden) graduates still must decide upon the type of 2 = poor (slab) 1,7 very poor (lash , if any, they will attend. Presentlf., about 111,000 students complete the Under the present system, pupils must obtaineighth grade annually. Qf these, about 70 per- at least a grade of "3" in every subject in ordercent, or 78,000, attend vocational schools, and to be promoted. Students receiving a grade ofthe remaining 30 percent either begin grade 9 ''2" in one or two subjects are required to takeof the general polytechnical school (about 29,000 another examination on the subject at the startgraduate each year or enter the labor market of the next school year. Successful completionWith the total numker of those attending voca- of this examination permits them to continue in,tional schools of all kinds consisting not only of the next grade. No pupil may repeat a particularthe approximately 78,000 recent grade-8 gradu- grade more than once, nor repeat more than 2ates but also of persons returning to school to grades dunng his entire school careerSpeciaj.,learn a vocation, about 25,000.each year com- intensive makeup classes are conducted by teach-plete a secondary vocational school, 17,000 com- ers in the summer to help failing students soplete a school of less than full secondary rank, that they may move on to the next grade. and 40.000a technic1im or air art school.' A campaign has been in effect for some time Of those continuing their education beyond now to decrease the numberof repeaters in thethe secondary level, about 4,000 will eventually elementary grades. Teachers are expected tograduate from semi-higher education institu- tutor their failing students inspecial, intensivetions and 13,000 from higher education institu- ,makeup classes during the summer vacation intions. Of these 13,000, about 5,600 will have order to bring them up to the Minimum level,specialized in engineering, 1,000 in agriculture, of their class. In past years, approximately,IQ2,000 in economics, 1,000 in some branch of percent of elementary studentsparticipated inthe health sciences, 2,500 in some field of makeup programs of .this type, and ofthiseducation, and the rest in law, physical educa- percentage about half were able to, movewithtion, and the fine arts. the rest of their class to the next grade.

Under the new system, pupils in grades Ito Nencho Stanev, Minister,of Public Education, in a state 3 will automatically be passed to a higher grademint published in Slavyani. September 1975, pp 8-9 at the end of the school year and willreceive a Narodna Republika 13"Iganya (People's Republic of Bul- written rather than a numerical evaluation ofgaria)Slateshcheskt godulunk na Narodna Republika B"lganya, 1974 (Slatumal Yearbookofthe People's RepublicofBulgaria. their work. At all levels, grades will be elimi-1974) SofiaMintsterstVo na informausiyata i s-obshtenlyata nated in , vocational training,(Ministry of Information and Communication), 1974 pp singing, and drawing. 344-51

8 Table 1. Number of schools, student, and teachers, by levelor type of school: 1976-77 -1indicates no data given.]

Level or type of school Schools Students Teachers

Total ." 111649 1;852,470118,243 _...- Kindergartens .. , 7,256 394,716 25,884 r, General polytechnical schools, day 3,607 1,070,7 I 5 56,035 Primary (391,498)(16,392T Intermediate (585,300)(32,493) Secondary " ' (99,917)(7,150) General polytechnical schools, evening, -- 40 13!740 633 Special schools , 125 17,980 2,341, Technicums, day 217 94,658 9,421 Teehnicurps,sr. evening , . . , 15 '16,7,10 426 Other vocational schools ..\ 318 149,729 9,559 Seini-higher institutes 45 '19,143 2,325 Higher education institutions r ' 26 3 7 5, 0 79 11,619 There are In addition 18.566 correspondence students "There arein addition 3,437 correspondence students. 'There are in addition 1,279 evening students and 27,304correspondence students Source Adapted from People's Republic of Bulgaria. Mirustry of Public Education Education an the People's Republu of Bulgaria in the 1975-1977 School YearsReport presented tothe 36th International Conference on Education. Geneva. SepternbCer 1977 Sofia. The Ministry. 1977 Pp. 143-49

The numbers of Bulgarian schools, students,parents' days off from work. (2) half-daynurs- and teachers by various levels and types duringery kindergartens. (3) seasonal kindergartens, the schoolyear 1976-77 are shown in table 1. maintained primarily in ruralareas during an- nual pealt-irk periods (i.e.. generallyduring PRESCHOOL EDUCATION the haQesison); or (4) all-daykindergartens, open from about 7 a.m. to 5 or 6 p.m: The last Nursery Schools is the most frequent type. Infants may be admitted to the nursery Activities contribute to the development of schools {Dash) at the age, of 10 months andlanguage, number concepts, rhythmic and remain there until the age of 3 years, when they sing- ing skills, and ethical and politicalvalues. For- may enroll in regular preschool education pro-eign languages alpmay be included, being grams. These nursery schools are not actuallytaught through part of the school system but are under the conversation, play, and song jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health. Attend- ance is not compulsory, the nursery schools GRADES I THROUGH 11 being operated primarily as childcare centers for the convenience of parents who are both em- At the age of 7 (or now often 6 under the ployed. Some fee is generally charged. reformed system), children begin attending the general polytechnical school (Sredno obshtoobrazo- Kindergarteps vatelno polttekhntchesko uclultshleilterally, middle Kindergartens (detski gradmi) may be attendedgeneral education polytechnical school). As by children from age 3 until they enroll in a,noted earlier, its currentI I-year program is in general polytechnical school at age 7 orin-the process of being shortened to 10years, and creasingly under the new reformsage 6. At-other changes are being initiated that will be tendance in these preschool institutions is notdiscussed under "The Reformed System"on required, and a nominal tuition fee is usually'pages 12 and 13 charged. The general polytechnical school servesa two- Kindergartens may be of several type," s.(I)fold function. (I) To provide students ?with Boarding institutions where the children, staygeneral education in the social sciences (includ- throughout the week, g ing home only on theiring Communist theory and practice), mathemat-

9 1 0 ics, the natural and' physical screnggs, and Mod-tially, the vocational aspect,was given considera- ernlanglges and literature, anal (2) to trainble emphasis, but during the late1960's and them in at least one vocation -at sufficientlyearly 1970's there was a move toward increased advanced level to qualify them for entrance intogeneral education, with the humanities and oo- the work force. "Education in labor" forms ancial sciences receiving more attentionThis integr'al part of the school curriculum at allchange accelerated after the 1969 arid1971

levels; from grade 1 through grade 8, andplenums of the Central Committee of the Bul-, practical work experience in an industry relatedgarian COmmunist PaFty, which decided upon to a student's vocation is mandated. In addition,the significant reforms of Bulgarian education preinductiori military training is now also re- The general polytechnical school is divided quired of upiper-grade -students. The curriculuminto Three levels or ools"primary, inter- for the 11-year program of the general poly-mediate, and seco dary. technical school is shown in table 2. The balance between general education and"Primary Schools vocational training has shifted since the poly- Sometimes referud to as the elementary , technical school was established in1959fru-school, the primary school(nachalno techthshte)

,Table 2.Hours per week by grade level in each subject in the general polytechnical school curriculum: 1977 4 (indicates zero hours per week] Grade

Subject 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 General and literature 10 10 9 '8 6 6 5 5 4 3 4

'Russian language . 2 3 3. 4 3 2 2 1+ I WesterA language' 2 3 3 2 Mathematics 5 5 6 6 6 5 4 3 '3 4 5

Study of the motherland 1 I 1 2 Physics and astrdnomy 3-2 2 3 3 4 Chemistry 2 2 2 3 2 f_ ' Biology I - 2 2 2 2 2 Geography - ,I-2 2 2 2 2 2 2 History and' the constitution 2 2 2 20 2 2 2 2

Psychology and logic 1 1-2 2-3 Fundamentals of ,F7 7 Physical education: 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

Fine Arts 1 1 2 2 2 2.

Singing and music 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1

Military-technical training . 2 Vocational'

Education in labor' . 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Fundamentals of agriculture 2 ( Production practice 4 3 6 6 cc In addition to the listed required courses. electives in the 5th throughI Ith gradeincliide the fyllowing additional coursework ih the Russian language or In a Western language. Latin, Turkish. mum. drawing( stenography. and automobiles and tractors Also. 2 weeks per year are assigned in every grade for excursions and socially useful work 'Western foreign language'n obligatory However. where a school offers more than one foreign language, the-student ordinarily may select the one he will study 3Practicil work experience is required of students each year from grade S-10 'Of the hours for education in tabor.I hour per week has been allotted to work in the 'educational agncultural field" of the school In grades 5 and 6, and a total of 20 hours per year in grade 7 Source Adapted from People s Republic of Bulgaria. Ministry of Publit Education Edutation in the People's RepuMu of Bulgaria in the 19754977 School /tartReport presented to the i6th International Conference on Education, Geneva. September 1977 Sofia, The Ministry. 1977

10 1 1 , M

until recently consisted of grades 1 through 4.grades 8 through1,1, with a sep,arate year The reformed primary program, whichwas tobetween grades 7 and 8 devotedto.preparatory be fully effective in school year 1975-76, iswork of 24 hours per week. Thus, theRussian shown in table ;2. The latter program consoli-program iset or11 years in length, and in dates into 3 years the work formerly accom-either case involves the same total number of plished in 4 years as the regular school .program; whereas the program for French, German, and English Intermediate Schools requires 5 years of study, making the total Sometimes referred to as theprogymnasiumlength of the combined schoolprogram for its (prognmnauya), the intermediate school consistsstudents 12 years. Admissionto the schools is of grades 5 through 8 Forsome students.(about,by competitive examination. --- 4 percent) this stage terminates their formal In the Russian prtgram, Russianis the sole education The curriculumis shown in table 2iiedium of instruction from thevery beginning. Saidents completing the first 8 grades of theIn the other languageprograms, from the 8th general polytechnical schoolare awarded a cer-grade on, an increasing number ofsubjects are tificate (saletetstvo).To proceed-on to the sec-taught in the respective foreign language, tint') ondary school or gymnasium (gzmnauya),stu-in the llth grade all subjects (except Bulgarian) dents must pass examinationsin mathematicsare taught in the foreign, language and the Bulgarian language Thisrequirement must be met whether they plan to continue VOCATIONAL - TECHNICAL, EDUCATION their'studies in thesame school unit or go to another one Students who fail these,examina- Since about 1960, vocational-technical educa- tions usually either terminate their schoolingortion has been provided in a number of ways for enroll in 1: lower voclional school Enrollment students who have completed 8 years of study invocational schools is not, ofcourse, limited toAlso, students who have completed the full students who have failed these examinations general' polytechnical school(11 years of study) and desire to specialize in some trade or vocation Secondary Schools often can enroll in a technicum or in a less Sometimes termed the gymnasium (gtmnaziya),advanced vocational school and complete the the secondary school presentlyconsists of gradescourse of; study in as little as 2 year's This route 9 through II Successful completion of the workis sometimes pursued by youths who are not at this level earns the students the secondaryadmitted to a higher education institution Since school certificate, the matura. the mid-1960's, enrollment in the variousvoca- Graduates of the fugeneral polytechnicaltional schools has been more than twice that fn oschool can apply for admissionto an),. Bulgarianthe secondary level of the general polytechnical University, higher or semi-higher educationinsti-schools tution, technical, or vocational school Changes now being made in vocational edu- cation will be discussed under "The Reformed Foreign Language Schools System" on page 13 Another form of the general polytechnical In terms of purpose, program, and structure, school, foreign language schoolstrain specialiststhese vocational institutions can generally be in Russian(politekknicheskt uchiltshtu.sprepodavanedivided into three types"--lower vocational na rusk) ezik) and in the major Western Europeanschools. middle vocational schools, and techni- languages. French,German, and Englisb cums. lekhnicheskt uchiltshlas prepodavline na frenski,ne- n:whit), th anglaskt ezik)The curriculum in theseLower Vocational Schools schools is generally identicalto that in the Operating on the trade, or perhaps even sub- regular program of the general polytechnicaltrade level. the lower vocational school (projesion- school, and graduates meive thesame certifi-alno-tekhnichesko uchtlphte,literally, professional cate (the mantra) as those completing the regularvocational-technical school) provides students %program with basic and practical skills that can be applied The Russian program is offered for gratlesI imarediately and directly on a job Students through 11, althoug4i students in'certaincasesgenerally enter after completAn of the eighth may enroll initat the end of grade 7thegyde. although some may be admitted after program in tfik other languagesis offered forthe seventh grade and some transfer from other 12 11 )(r

. , secondary or vocational programs. The amount A state examination in Bulgarian and mathe- of general course work included iv ate curricu-matics (both written and oral) is required for lum is limited. The course of study in most ofgraduation from a technicum. In addition, a these schosis is 2 year; in duration, and studentsdiploma project is necessary, which usually in-

/3- completing it receive a vocational schoo aving,volves solving a practical ppablem in the stu- certificate and usually enier the work for dent's area of specialization. Laltly, the student must pass a practical examination irris or her Phlidt1:41PocitionalSchoOls specialty, _Minding vocational education of a somewhat Students successfully completing these re- more advanced nature and more general coursequirements receive the ma/1;ra andacerti work thanihe lower vocational schooLthe mid-,of qualification as technicians in their par dle vocatiotlal school (srecind profesionalno-tekhni-specialty. They are, furthermore, entit

.chesko uclultshte, literally, middle vocational-tech-apply for admission to any higher edutatio nical school) generally offers programs of 3 orinstitution. Again, because of the relative y more years. At the end of the program, studentsgreater emphasis on ,vocationally oriented tech- nical subjects than on general academic sytbjec.ts, 4 4are required pass a matriculation examination (both written and oral) in Bulgarian and mathe-mostgraduatls ofa technicum who elect to i. mancs and -a qualification examination on theircontinue their education do so at a specialized special subject of. study and its related practicalhigher education institute in their particular work. Successful students receive tooth the ma-technical field. . tura- and a certificate or qualification (ktmihfitsiran rabotritk) listing their level or grade of proficiencyOder Vocational Education* and ,,entitling them to work at their particular Vocational education crop limited nature is trade or vocation. They may also occasionallyalso provided by the general polytechnical apply for admission to,alligher education insti-school, since all students are required to study tution if their academic program has been sub-some trade or vocation in addition to their stantially the same, in courses and content, asacademic studies: Vocional, training is likewise that of the general polytechnical school. available in secondary-level music and art schools, the State Choreographic Schotil,' the T_ echnicums Theological Seminary-of- the Bulgarian Ortho- The purpose of the techniciim (tekhnikum) isdox Church, and various similar schools. to. train, students to be technicians (rather than semiskille r skilled .workers) for various tech- THE REFORMED SYSTEM nicah econ ,medical, and agricultural fields. The-program is usually 4 years in duration, although spme are only 31/2 years and some, as Tile reformed systlin will introduce changes long as 5 years..411 students in technicums mustboth in. the structure of general and vocational not only take cojirse work in a specialized'education (as, outlined under ?Structure" on p. 4) and, concomitantly, in the curricillium of the vocational-technical area, but also complete, a .9 specified number of hours on the followinggeheral polytechnical school, which will be called general academic subjects,which comprise aboutthe ' "unified secondary polytechnical schoOl." ,5 percent of thewtotal number of hours in theBegun iri1973-74, these changes are being technicum program; instituted gradually over a number of years.

Length of Program Subject Hours The course of study in the general polytech-- Bulgarian language and literature 351 nical school will be shortened fromI Ito 10 Chemistry 1.42 Fundamentals of communism 76 years. This change is being effected by reducing 142 History . ... . the length of primary education from 4 to 3 457 Mathematics' .. . . years. The content of the primary grades has Military-technical educad&i- 142 been redistributed over a 3-year cycle. Grade I Physical training .. 270 came under the new program in 1973-74, grade Physics . 178 142'2 in 1974-75, and grade 3 in 1975-1976, thus RUisian , . . Western language . 142''completing the period of transition. Grade .5 .2042 has become grade' 4; although the tonteot Total . .

12 .1 -I.

I generally the 'same as before, so that the finalin the Bulgarian language and Wathematics. grade will be grade 10 instead of grade 11. This reform of the examination process in Bul- ' garia is currently in a state of flux and may be ,Age of Admission. changed somewhat in the hear future. Plans call, for lowering th admission- to:theigeneral (or unified) cal schoolVocational Edu4ation to 6 from 7, the generall t e enrollment Under the new reforms: vocational schools age under the old syste''Althogh grade 1iswill gradually be upgraded or replaced by' post- tiow under theireformedsy , the lower agesecondary institutions. This nvans that much of of admission has not been fully effected. Thusthe vocational preparation now occurring in most young people will complete their secondaryvocational schools at thesecondary level will 'education by theage of 16 and either enroll ineither be provided in the geneial polytechnical a technical school or higher education institu%schoolor be deferred to the postsecondary level. tion, or enter the work forceat an earlier age.,The name of the newly restructuredinstitution This has the effect of increasing Bulgaria'shas been changed to "unified polytechnical available manpower, whiCh isone of the main.school" (edinnoto sredrio poluekhntchesko uchatshte, purposes of the reforms. literally, unified secondary [or middle] poly- technical school) to reflect the new aims and Compulsory Attendance functions set for it, namely, providing all the The number of years of required schoolat-varied secondary school programs fffiterly of- tendancewill be increased from 8to 10 years,fered by a great number of different institutions. 41. or until the age of 18 (for students who because Persons who for one reason pr another drop of 'nrhad to repeaConeor more gradesout will be required to qualify for some occupa- hay tt graduated earlier). Thus, since studentstion through on-the-job training or othermore will begin, grade 1 at 6years of age, attendanceinformal, but organized, Vocationalcourses out- will generally be required throughoutthe newside the 'regular school program. 10-year program in the unified polytechnicorThose who continue vocational educationin school (Note that 4ithoggh the nev\zamein-the technicums may be "trained production cludes the term "secondary," theschool includesworkers" at iFe`a e of 17 or 18, and those who the primary and intermediate levelsas well aselect some for f university level studies "will the secondary level.) be specialistsith a higher education diploma" at 19 or 20.4 Requirements The training leading to qualification in The curriculum of the unified polytechnicalvocation or skilled 'trade generally will take place school will be divided into three broadareasat the postsecondary level either (I) in programs nature and mathematics, the humanities, andof industrial education supported primarily by manual-polytechnical training. Within eacharea,factories and other enterprises or (2) in techni- there will be both required and electivecourses.cums. The technicums will be organized as a &Meats completing' grade 10 withno gradeseparate' independent subsystem in the total lower than "3" clktring the lastyear of schooleducational structure and will be mostly of will be permitted'to takea series of final exami-postsecondary rank. nations in the Bulgarian language (oraland written), mathematics (oral and writtep), and . HIGHER EDUCATION Russian, physics, chemistry, and Bulgarianhis- tory (all oral); if they pass, they will be awarded The goals for Bulgarian higher education a diploma that will qualify them to apply forhave been stated many times innumerous offi- admission td any vocational/technicalschool orcial Government and Communist. Party docu- higher education institution. Thosestudentsments. The main tasks of the university include. whoare not allowed to take these examinations, (training) scholarly cadre and speaahsts . capable of elect not to take them, or fail them, will simply discovering the most direct, most effectual, and most be given a certificate of graduation (svidetelstvo) economic paths for the practical application and utilization and pill enter the labor pool. Pupils withan of new research discoveries in the different areaof average grade of at least "3" during their entire secondary school career are exempt from all ' Todor Zhivkov (Communist Party First Secretary) Robot- examinations except the writtenparts of thosenwhesko Delo (Labor's Cause..) Aug. I, 1969, p

14 13 socialist life.... It requires ... Marxist-Leninist principles tion.institutions in Bulgaria.6 Of these, 14 were ... a highlydeveloped consciousness of the social calling, located in Sofia, 5 in , 3 in Varna, 2 in and a responsibility of the schofaii and specialist as the , and 1 each in Ruse, , Svistov, builder of a new social order....' and Veliko, Turnovo.' (Sources differ on the. It thus requires a person who is both Marxistnumber of higher education institutions, which and a specialista pe,rson who adheres to Partyis carried as 24 for 1974-75 in most sources. principles (whether or not he is officially aThe situation appears to be in flux.) member) end who 4, the same time possesses Of all the higher education, institutions, only high vocationalcompetencewith.,which he canthree are termed "universities" and provide a "It* contribute to the Bulgarian socialist society. more general liberal `arts offering. The oldest \ Higher education in Bulgaria is provided in(1888) and largest (17,000 students) is the Uni-

, what are known as semi-higher institutes and inversity of Sofia, Clement of Ohrid. The other ,higher education institutions. two, the University of Plovdiv, Paisii of Hilendar, and the University of Veliko Turnovo, Cyril and Metbodius, were founded in 1971, as exten- sions of higher pedagogical institutes and to- Semi-Higher 'Institutes gether have less than half4he enrollment of the Postsecondary educational programs of 2 to 3University of Sofia. All other institutions of years' duration are provided by semi-higherhigher learning in Bulgaria provide specializO, institutes (p'oluvissiu institich) for Students whotechnical, or professional (casger) training. of have received the matura. Graduates qualify at a some type. lower level in their, particular specialty than do Since 1973, the new education reforms have graduates -of the full higher education institu-reorganized 'various institutions in An effort to tions. promoje interdisciplinary programs of study and Semi-higher institutes include those for train- research. Areas currently receiving empha as ing primary, intermediate, secondary; and voca-a result are agrophysics, agricultural econom cs, tional teachers; railroad personnel; and postcomputer technology and mathematics, e office, telephone, and telegraph Workers. Someneering and economics, and interdisciplinary of the more important Bulgarian institutes inteacher-training programs. The trend is toward this category are the Insfitute for Librarians,broader training in a field ,and elimination of with a 2-year program, .the Winter Inititute ofsome highly specialized programs.' 'Agriculture and the Postal, Telegraph, and Tel- Specific examples of this reorganization in- ephone Institute, each w4h a 3-year program,clude: (i) consolidating the Bulgarian Academy and the various institutes for teachers (uchaels:laof Sciences, historically an administratively inde- institute); with 2- and 3-year courses for futurepengent research institution in a large number teachers of the primaiy and intermediate schoolof scientific and humanistic fields, with the levels, respectively. University of Sofia; (2) establishing the George Dimitrov Agricultural Academy by amalgamat- ing two colleges and a dozen research and Higher Education Institutions experimerftal centers for the advanced training With 4- to 6-year programs of study, higherof agriculthral specialists; and (3) organizing an education institutions (vzssla uchebnz zavedenzya)Academy of Medicine that integrates three for- may be divided into two categories: (1) universi-merly independent medical schools and the In- ties and (2) specialized Institutes in various tech-stitute for the Post-Graduate Training of Physi- nical areas such as agriculture, -Pnance andcins. economics, art, music, physical education, engi- neering, mathematics, and medicine. As table ,3 'Institutions of university rank not usually listed in Bulgar- shows, in 1973-74 there were 28 higher ed A Ian informational materials for overseas consumption also include(l) G Benkovskt VNVVU (Vushe narodno voenno v"zdushno uchtluhk)(G. Benkovski Higher Peoples Air Acad- 4 Todor Zhivkov (Communist Party First Secretary). "Nau-emy),(2) G. Denutrov VNVAU (Vushe narodno voenno artderusko kata i obrazovanieto v sluzhba na zhivota" ('F,ducatiori anduchtlulue)(C Dimitrov Higher People's Artillery Academy), Scholarship in the Service of Life"),lzbratu 3"chtnenya_ (Col-(3)V Levsk, V NVU (Vushe narodno voenno uclltslue)(V Levski N Vaptsaror 0lectedWorks). Sofia: Partizdat, 1971. 8.375 Speech given onHigher People's Military Academy). and (4) Oct. 14, 1971, at the opening of the University of VelikoVNV'ML,'(Vushe narodno voenno morskt uchthshie) (NVaptsarov rrnovo, Cyril and Methodius Translation by the author. Higher People's Naval Academy).

14 Tahle 3.Higher education, institutions, with location and date founded: 1973-74

Nance Location \ 2 Dafounded Universities Sofiski universitet "Kliment Ohridski" Sofia 1888 as a pedagogical institute. Be-

(University of Sofia, Clement of came a- university in 1 4; granted a Ohrid) chaiter in 1909. Plovidivski unive'isitet "Pami Hilen- - Plovdiv 1971. Formerly a higher pedagogical darks:" institute of the same name. (University of Plovdiv, Paisii of Hilendar) Veliko T"rnovski untversitet "Kiril : Velikol-turnovo. 1971. Formerly a higher ,pedagogical Metodii" institute of the same name. (University of Veliko Turnovo, Cyril and Methodius)

Specialized Institutes Vissh Institut za izobrautelni izku,stva Sofia 1896. Reorganized in 1921, raised to "N. Pavlovich" present status and title in ip54. (N. Pavlovich Higher Institute of Fine Arts) . - B"Igarska d"rzhavna konservatona Sofia 1904. Reorganized in 1921; acquired (Bulgarian State Conservatory) present status and title in 1954. Vissh meditsinslu' institut Sofia 1918 as the Faculty of Medicine of (Higher Medical Institute) .the University of Sofia. Detached ,and reorganized as a separate institute in 1950.

Visjh ilionomicheski ,institut "tarl Sofia 1920.- Marx" (Karl Marx ,Higher Institute of Economics)

Vissh institut za narodnoto stopanstvo, Varna 1921as a-school of commerce. Be- "Dim:1'r Blagoev' came a Faculty of Economics in 1945; (Dimit "t Blagoev Higher Institute .- established as an independent insti- of National Economics) tute in 1953. Vissh selsko:stopanski institut "Georg: Sofia 1921. Reorganized in 1948. Dimitrov" . (George Dimitrov Higher Insti- tute of Agricultural Economics) Vissh veterinarnomeditsinskiinstitut Sofia 4923 as a Faculty of Veterinary Medi- "Prof. Georg: Pavlov" cine of the University of SofiaBe- (Professor Georgi Pavlov Higher .carrie part of the Institute of Agricul- institute of Veterinary Medicit turein1948;reorganizeda a separate institution in 11)53 0 Vissh lesotekhnicheski institut' D"rvenitsa Sofia 1925. Reorganized in, 1953. (Higher Institute of Forestrey) Vissh finansavo-stopanski institut SV istov 936. as a sOpol of commerce. Be- mitre A. Cenov" came a school of economics and social (Dimitre A. Cenov Higher- Irtsti: science in 1948-49, reorganized in tute of Economics and Finance) 1952-53 in its present fq.rm. e 15 Table 3.Higher education institutions, with location anckdate founded. 1973-74 (contiMisd)

Name Location Date founded

Vissh trigenerno-st'foitelen Institut Sofia 1942 asa' technical school Constituted -(Higherinstitute of Civil Engi-. As a polytechnical instittite in1947; neering) acquired its present status in 1953.

Vissh Institut za, fisicheska kultura . Sofia 1942 as a school_ Reorganized in "Georg: Dimitrov" 1944; acquired its present status and ( Higher title in "1953 cute of Physical Education) Vissh mashinno-electronicheski Institut Sofia 14342 as a faculty of mechanical engi- ''V. 1, Lefnin" neeringReorganized as an institute (V. L Lenin Higher Institute of ID1953 Electrical and Mechanical Engi- neering) 9 Vissh kkimikotekhnologrcheski Institut Sofia 1945 as a4Department of the State (Higher Institute of Chemical Polytechnical Institute Became a fac- Technology) ulty in1951 and a separate institute in 1954

Vissh meditsinski Institut "Ivan P Plovdiv 1945 as a faculty of the University of Pavlov" Sofia Detached in its present form in (Ivan P.-134ov Higher Institute A 195p of Medici Vissh seao-stopanski inslilttt ."Vasil Plovdiv 1945 as a part of another institution Kolarov" Reorganized inits present form in 1 (Vasil Kolarov Higher Institute of 1950. Agricultural EConornics)

VIssh Institut pochranitelnaivliusova Plovdiv 1948 as a department of agricultural promishlenost techrrology. Became a faculty of food

(Higher Institute of the Food and technology p 1950; raised to the sta- z Tobacco Industries) tus and title of an institute in 1953 Vissh instut za teatralno izkustvo Sofia 1948 "Kristu .Sarafov" '(Kristus Sarafov Higher Institute for the Theatrical Acts) Vissh mino-geolozhki Institut D"rvenitsa Sofia 1953 ,(Higher Institute of Mining and Geology) VIssh ;nstitut po mashinostroene, mehan- Ruse 1954 izatsiaielektrzfikatsia na selskotosto- panstvo (Higher Institute for Machine- Construction, Mechanization, and Electrification'in Agriculture) Vissh meditsinski insiitut Varna 1961 (Higher Institute of Medicine) Vissh khimikotekhnologicheski institute Burgas 1963 (Higher Institute of Chemical Technology)

16 Table 3.Higher educatioj institutions, with location and date founded. 1973-74 (continud)

Name Location Datefountded Vush masluno-elektrotekhnkheskiinsti- Varna 1963. tut (Higher Institute of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering) Vush mekano-elektrotekhnichesk: Institut Gabrovo 1963. (Higher Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Technology) Vush obshtotekhnicheski zadochen insti Gabrovo 1964.

tut O (Higher General Technical Ex- tension Institute) Kush pedagopcheski instuut po muzika- Plovdiv 1972. (Higher Pedagogical Institute of Music)

Sources Adopted fromInternationalesLnursi s-Handbuch,MunichVerlag Doku men tation,1971 VolI.pt,1, International Handbook of L niveriales and Other Institution, of Higher Learning, 6thed Paris The International Association of Universities. 1974. andThe World of Learning, 1975-1976,25th ed London Europa Publications 1,,td, 1973 Vo!I Admustons.In practically all cases, the statedcompetition' bUt inside the admission, quotas is requtrerrients for admission to higher educatidngiven to the following categories of applicants include the secondary school *certificate (the Candidates who are winners of the republic apt( inter- matura).and satisfactory grades on the particular national olympiads e , contests] in mathematics. physics, higheetaucation institution's entrance examina- and chemistry and the holders of government and Kom tions. Theoretically, except for certain highly somol commendations (the gold- emblem] for scientific and technical creativity, (and] those whO Nave comptetea specialized categories; anyone who has received mathematics high schools with excellerkgrades in the the matura may apply directly for admission to specialty of mathematics " any higher education institution, butin many cases this 'is not possible because he orshe There are still other special categorie,,. One would lack many needed specialized vocationalconsists of persons or children of persons in a 'particular vocation whin applying to specific courses. Each higher education institution has an ad-vocationally related institutions, e.g., miners or mission quota and employs a point system inminers' children applying to the Sofia Higher ranking candidates. Using a 'somewhat involvedMining and Geological Institute. Another cate- formula, both the points scored by a candidategory includes "children of workers and peas- or the matura examinations and also his orherants," who compete arEdng themselves for a full scores 'on the largely written entrance examina150 percent of the openNgs in the higher educa- tions 9f the admitting institution are taken intotional institutions in the arts. Although ostensi-,,, account in determining this rank. For admissionbly not a selection criterion, a good retard in to institutions in the fine arts, performance-the D-tmitrov Communist Youth League and based criteria are very important involvement in Party-approved activities are de- Preference in admission to all higher educa-sirable and veyy helpful. tion institutions (except those specializing infine Most institUtions accept students for regular study who are not over 35 years of age, although arts)is given without competition and outside the admission' quotas to "candidates who are40 yearsis the cutoff point in some instances, active fighters against fiocism and capitalism,especially' for correspondence study, However, children of per-the Higher Physical Culture Institute sets 27 heroes of socialist labor, [and] Higher sons who perished inthi'-antifascist struggleyears as the maximum age, while the and PatrionsiNar."7 Preference also withoutInstitute for Theatrical Arts makes 25 years the' maximum The higher military shoots setthe Durzhaven restnik(State Journal). No 30, Apr 16,1971, pp 1-6 " !bid S- 17 1 s age limit at 23 years of age, except the air forceforce of the Committee for Science, refh- academy, which sets it at 21. In almost all cases,nical Progress, and Higher Education, who then however, "active fighters against fascism andappoints them fofmally to their respective of- capitalism are admitted as students, regardlessfices. (In some specialized technical schools un- of age." 9 der the direction of a ministry, ratificationis Students admitted to higher educational insti-given by the appropriate miters with) the tutions who have participated in preparatoryap_provArbf the Committee for Scienfe, Techni- courses organized by Provinces must also sign,cal Progress, and Higher Education.) upon admission, a statement that they will work There are'also deans of schools (or faculties) for a period of 5 years after graduation withinand associate deans, elected by the General the respective Province. Assembly of the respective schools or faculties. In Bulgaria's planned econimay, the admis-The elections of these deans must be ratified by sions quota at a higher education institution inthe rector of the institution, who then proceeds a particular field of study isdetermined accord-to appoint them to office. Likewise, the term of ing to the state's projected need for qualified.office for deans and associate deans is 4 years, personnel irf that field, as reflected in the yar-and they may not serve more than two consecu- ious state plans for techniCal-socioeconomic de-tive terms. velopment of the country, Since the number of Responsibility for most administrative func- applicants is much larger than total state plantions and routine decisions in operating an quptas, this procedure has resulted in a largeinstitution falts to its chief administrative officer, number of students being refused admission towhose position is more or less permanent. Major higher education institutions. In l97, for in-policy decisions in most cases are made by the /stance, only 22.000 students were admitted outinstitution's Academic Council, which usually of a total of 80,000 applicants, or roughly oneincludes the-rector, who'serves as the chairman, in four. This situation poses a particularly diffi-the. associate rectors, faculty deans, four tosix cult problem fot students because a studentmembers of every 'faculty, the secretat\of the may apply to only one institution. institution's committee of the Bulgarian Com- With about 73 percent of the applicants un-munist Party, and the secretaries of the institu- successfffl, a large group annually must eithertion's committees of the and the seek employment or try again the.next year. InTradclinions. The rector is ultimately respon- '1972, the Government began rigorously to en-sible for the functioning *of the institution and force the laws against "idle youth," forcingrepresents it before the Committee for Science. approximately 40,000' young people during aTechnical Prcigress, and Higher Education and/ few months either ifo find emplo'Yment or toor the appropriate minister receive training in a lower level skill or occupa- The major academic ranks in higher educa- tion. tion institutions are profecor (professor), dotsent Administration. In a Bulgarian university or(docent), glaven aststent (chief assistant), starshi other higher education institution, officers in-asotent (senior assistant), asistent (assisuint), starshi clude a rector, who is elected by the Generalprepodavatel (senior lecturer), prepodavatel, (lec- Assembly'° for a 4-year period, one or moreturer), and mladcla prepodavatel (Junior lecturer). associate rectors, also elected for the same length The rank of, assistant professor (as:steno may -of time, a chief administrative'officer, a chiefbe granted to a person with a diploma fromh financial officer, and other administrative per-,higher education institution who isno` older sonnel; The election of the rector and associatethan 35 years of age, unless he also has a rectors, none of whom may serve more thangraduate degree of Candidate of Sciences or two consecutive terms, must be ratified by theDoctor of Sciences, in which case the maximum age limit is extended to 40 years. ' Durchaven vestntA (State Journal), No 30, Apr 16,1971, Curn' culums and diplomas Most full higher PP 4-5 education,instittitions provide 5-year programs, althoUgh.as a result of the recently inaugurated " The General Assembly of an institution isusuallyeducational reforms, most courses of study in composed of all senior professors, repreientatives of the Junior stAff, represerttatives of the students, and pmfessionboth the higher education institutes and the als in the field(s) for which the Institution prepares studentsuniversities will be shortened to 4 years This The General Astrmbly of a school or facultyissimilarlyshortening will, become possible because of the ocganized trend, mentioned earlier, toward broad training 18 in a field and eliniination of some highly special-mas differently, e.g., the University of Sofia ized programs. Bulgarian officials have_ ex-faciity of physics awards a diploma Nauchno- pressed the view that much of higher educationp-rotzvodstven profit geofiztka indicating that the was too specialii.Ed and limiting, stressing mas-program was for industrial work in geophysics, tery of innumerable factual, data and informa-and the faculty of biology gives the Biologtya- tion which students did not need or which waspedagoguheskt profil for a program for tathing dated by the time they entered the labor force.biology. Emphasis will henceforth be placed on broad Upon completing their studies, st gradu- theoretical principles and creative thinking inates are required by law to work in e location the field of specialization. Thus students will beassigned to them by the Government for a

...4 able to finish their university education by ageperiod of 3 years. Although this procedure has 19 or 20 and then either enter the professionalenabled localities that would otherwise have work force, take further specialized work forI difficulty obtaining specialists and Professionals or 2 years, or enroll in graduate training for up,(such as teachefs, doctors, and° engineers) to ,, to 3 more years. .2 obtain the services of such qualified personnel, Currently, law has a 4-year course of study, .it has also meant that these communities oftert dentistry and the Institutes of economics, 41/2,are served mostly by individuals with limited the agricultural Institutes, 41/2 to 5:pharmacy,experience who must be replace,d, if and when 5, and medicine, 51/2. The curriculums differ,they choose to leave after their required 3 years of course,- depending upon the institution andare past. subject of study. All include intensive study and Subsequently, an individual may continue his practical work experience in a student's ownor her studies on a -graduate basis, write a subject area. In almost all cases, they havethesis,tand,recei the degree kandtdat na net/Jte several other,espects in common. A study of the(Candidate fence). Usually the additional history of the Bulgarian (and sometimes alsoamount of time needed for all the requiremtnts, the Soviet) Communist' Party is always Included,to be met is a minimum-Al 3 years beyond the even for students in 'engineering and the sci-initial diploma A further degree, dok,ior na

, ences. In addition, students in 'some programsnauktte (Do4tor of Sciencej, may be awarded may be expected to take other related ideologicalsomeone of 'considerable stature and profes- . courses, such as political economy, philosophy,sional experience in a field, who has presented scientific communism, or dialectical materialismstill another thesis, highly original and of signif- (as a branch of philosophy) as part of the coreicant scholarship.It:, may also be awardedirea requirements. Depending upon the program ofperson whcthas shown parOular distinction in study, as much as a semester of the total pro-his or her profession or contributed to progress gram_ may be devoted to courses of this type. in the national economy Also required are physical education (In many The new Law Governing Scientific Degrees instances) and a course in civil defense for alland Titles which was adopted in 1972 expands . Foreign students, on the other hand,the basis by which advanced degrees may be are required by some institutions to pass a last-awarded According to the new provisions, semester course in the "International Working only scientific research, but creative achieve- and National Liberation Movement." ments int fields of construction. design. technologreal A diploma and title, are awarded after a work's and ii,entions which have been or could be put student completes the(igher education program into use, are e basis fOr granting ofscientific degrees " of studies and passeprescribed examinations.

Graduates in the field of economiS receive the , TEACHER EDUCATION professional title tkononust or ilconomutka; in en- gineering, nzhener or rnzhenerka,in medicine, Teachers for nursery schools, kindergartens, War or medttstnskt doktor or doiiorka,in pharand primary grades generally receive their prep- rnacy, aptekar or aptekarka (sometimes maguteraration in 2-year programs of serm,higher teach- phartneutae),.and in dentistry, zabolekar or zabole ers institutes (poluuts.sht uciatelskt Instautt) after karka. University diplomat name the institution, " Sava Ganovski Vethern: novsnt (Evening News), May 11: date, field of study, area of concentration (profit), 1974. ppI and 4 (U S Joint Publications Research Service and/or specialty (spetuhzawya) within the field translaiion) See also. Durthaven ',ninth (State Journal). No Thg, various faculties may describe their chplo- 36. May 9. 1972

19 2r, comple on of secondary education. (Formerly,and literature and the Russian language, (2) such preparation* was given in 5-year institutesBulgarian language and literature and one West- after elementary school, but this program wasern language, (s3) phylics and mathematics, (4) discontinued on a gradual basis beginning inchemistry.and biology, and (5) geography, hts- 1964.) tory,-and preparation for work with the Pioneer Studentsenrolled in the preschoolteacherorganization of schools. education program may elect one of three ma-, To teach in secondary schools, graduation Jors: (1) 'Kindergarten-nursery, school teaching,from a higher education institution is, usually (2) kindergarten-nursery school teaching in mu-required. Teachers of academic subjects take sic, and (3) kindergarten-nursery school teachingtheir training at one of the three universities A ' in the Rcissian language. Students taking the-teacher education institution of university rank primary-school teacher education program also.was recently Wished in the city of have three majors from which to choose.to prepare aitional teachers for the secondary (1)Primary school teaching with Russian lan-schools. Th program of academic subjects for guage as a specialty, (2) primary school teachingsecondary to cher-sis called a pedagogichtslu with music as aspecialty, and (3) primary schoolor education major, and is 4 years in lengthIt teaching with drawing and education-in-labor as''includes specialized subject-matter courses as a specialty. Certain higher education institutionswell as Bork in educational methods and psy- also have 2-year primary teacher preparationchology. programs. Secondary school teachers in physical educa- The program of study for students preparingtion are prepalied in the _George Dimitrov to teach in primary schools includes ideological,Higher Institute of Physical Education in Sofia professional, and general courses. In common(Vissh Institut za fizuheska kulthra "G Dimitrot") with most'students in higher and semi - HigherSecondary school art 'teachersivelve their edu- institutions, prospective primary school te'acherscation in the N Pavlovic Hi Eer Institute of have to take such ideologically related coursesFine Arts in Sofia (Vissh Institut za izobraztte/ni as the history of the Bulgarian Communistithustva "N Pavlova ")Music and voice teacher's Party, dialectical and hatoncal materialism, po-receive their preparation at one of three institu- litical economy, ethics, and scholarly commu-tions the Bulgarian State Conservatory/in Sofia nism. They take such professional courses as(B "lgarska d"rzharna konsenoiorrya), its branch in child and , history ofPlovdiv, or in the Department" of Voice and education and Bulgarian education, dramatics,Music in the new Higher Pedagogical Institute children's literature, introduction to education,in Shumen educational tecihnolog-y, practice teaching and Teachers of industrial arts and crafts (i.e, the classrodm observation, and the methods ofso-called program of educition in labor) for teaching, such subjects as arithmetic, physicalgrades 5 to 8 are prepared Iry one of the semi- education, drawing, school hygiene, Bulgarian,higher institutes in a 2-year program And history, geography, and Science. Their generalteachers of practical vocational courses are pre- education includes Bulgarian language, history,pared in semi-higher pedagogical institutes after mathematics, geography,and natural sciencecompleting a secondary vocational school them- Coursed in education in labor- and civil defenseselves. also fOrm part of the curriculum. Teacher education for the elementary and To teach the Intermediate grades, graduationsecondary levels is also provided by correspond- from an institution of university rank is pre-ence (zadochno) by some of the semi-higher ferred, but three semi-higher teachers institutespedagogical institutes in 2- and 3-year programs also prepare teichers for this level in a 3-WarInservice and preservice teacher training (espe- program. This program is considered a tempo-cially for vocational teachers) isalso given at rary expedient to provide teachers for ruralthree institutes for the Improvement of Teach- areas, and plans call for its eventual discontin-ing (Institut: za zavershvane no uchiteli) uation. Students major in one of five broad instructional areas (or related subjects) ratherADULT AND - than in specific subjects, so that they may be adequately prepared to teach in the departmen- Adult and continuing education programs of talized program in. the intermediate grades.considerable magnitude exist in Bulgaria in ad These five areas are. (I) Bulgarian languagedition to those carried out in regular day school 20 21 1- settings. These include general polytechnicaloften translated "hostels"), (2) semi-boarding evening classes at the primary, intermediate,schools (poh.internati), and (3) study halls (zani- and secondary level as tvell as technical eveningmaini). The first two serve as,adjuncts to some education in technicums and secondary voca-schools, with the first providing room and board tional schools. to students who are unable to live at home Some industrial enterpnsesalso provide on-while attending school,,and the second provid- the-job training as well as training in industry-ing board and functioning as a type of center affiliated schools. Schools of this type generallyfor children after classes. In 1977 approximately are under the junsdiction of the state ministry,one -third of all school children attended these under which the particular industry falls rathersemi-boarding schools The third simply offers than under the Ministry of Public Education. guided play and learning activities for children Likewise, most semi-higher institutes andby persons who are nogregular classroom teach- higher education institutions provide so-calleders These tutors (t."zpaateh, literally, "trainers"). correspondence courses (zadochno) folle studentshelp students prepare their assignments for the empyed full time. Students prepare'repare tor exam-next day, direct work projects, and organize inations on the basis of the syllabus furnished tovarious games, sports, and other recreational them by the institution In some cases, they mayactivities also meet with instructors from the school at certain "correspondence centers" before taking EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES the examinations. Passing or fallingis deter- mined'solely on the basis of these examinations Networks of extracurricular activities for chil- Successful candidates have exactly the samedren and youth comprise a rather wensrve and nghts and pnvileges and obtain the same diplo-very important element in Bulgaria 1's education mas and certificates as those enrolled ih regularprogram In most cases, they are located in the daytime courses.'The institutions providing suchschool and are a supplementary part of the programs extramurally include the universitiestotal school programIn other instances,the and most other higher education institutions asactivitiesare carried out in separate institutions, well as the following specialized semi-higherbut nevertheless remain extensions of the school institutes.Institutes for nursery-kindergartenprogram school teachers, primary school teachers, inter- mediate school teachers, and teachers in produc-The Dimitrov tion training, respectively; the institute for El- Children entering the primary grades at the branans, the Postal, Telegraph, and Telephoneage of 6 or 7 are inducted into the Chavdarcheta Institute, and the institutes for international(literally, "Little ChaYdars"), so named after a tourism medieval Bulgarpn haxiuk (patriotic britcind) SPECIAL EDUCATION 4140 fought against the Turks This is the junior branch of the Dimitrov Pioneer Organization Bulgaria maintains a number of specialThird graders become 'regular members of the schools for physically or mentally retardeI chil-Dimitrov Pioneer Organization "Septembrists; dren Included this category are "climatic"perhaps the most important of The youth orga- schools (for children with pulmonary. car.cho-nizations becauw of its almost total inclusiveness rheumatic, and other related diseases). whichand consequent sizeFounded on September are modeled in some ways along the Imes of the22, 1944, at the direction of George Dmitri:0,, drier American open-air schools. schools for thePremier of Bulgaria at the time and First Secre- mentally retarded. schools for the physicallytary of its Communist Party, the organization disabled; schools for the deaf-mute and forhas as its primary purpose the ideological teach- children with defective hearing' schools foring of youth'In the process, itprovides an stammerers, schools for the blind and for chil-extensive and vaned program of activities for dren with defective sight, and schools for juve-children from grades 3 through 8, at which nile delinquents (so-called problem- children) time most students become members of the BOARDING SCHOOLS AND EXTENDED senior organization, the ,Dimitrov Communist DAY SCHOOL PROGRAMS - Youth League, to which they can belong until age 28 Three important education-related programs Much of the work of the Pioneers takes place inBulgana areI) boarding schools tiniernati,in study groups ikr"zhochi) center d on a speLific 9 field of study, topic, or hobby. These studyfor the age group enrolled. In addition,itis groups meet once or twice a week under theespecially active in involving youth in brigade direction ofd teacher or dther person' qualifiedwork (brigado during summers and school vaca- in thehparticular area. As members of suchtion periods. Brigade work is of many different circles or of school classes, Pioneers engage intypes but most often involves general construc- conservation efforts .(e.g., planting trees) andtion, road building, or farm work. The League recycling projects (gathering waste paper, scrapserves as one means for screening and training metals, etc ),visit geographic landmarks andfuture members of the Bulgarian Communist historic sites significant to tie nation or theParty. Communist Party, take field trips to state and The organization is centralized attcl structur- ,collective farms and industrial enterprises, studyally similar tgthe Bulgarian Communist Party. 'music, dancing, literature, art, history, geog-Units of the League are found in almost all raphy, and dramatics, and participate in chess,secondary schools and higher education institu- checkers, and other games. In recent years,tions and in many factories, industrial plants, particular emphasis has been placed on sportsand state and collective farms., and on technological and' scientific projects in fields such as model building, woodworking,Other Organizations mathematics, electronics,, astronomy, physics, For secondary, school students, college stu- chemistry, agriculture, and biology dents, and working youth and adults, there are Each school has at least one Pioneer Battalionadditional organizations devoted to specific in- (druzhina) 1two if it operates in two shifts. Eachterests. Those l'promoting sports and physical druzhina is governed by .a soviet and is dividedtraining are perhaps the most important The into companies ,(otoadi, plural of otryad) thatoverai:administration and coordination of ,generally are identical to the classes in a school.sports is pOvided by the Bulganan Union for Finally, each company is formed into unitsPhysical ClfI ii d Sport (B "lgarski s"uzza termed zvena. fizicheska kultura 1sport)Other organizations Supporting the school .Pioneer work are sev-involved in activities relating to physical nth- -r..ralt auxiliary institutionsIn the Palace of the, aiki sports include the BulgarianAnion Pioneest (Tkoreti na pionent.e) in Sofia and inof Tourists (B"Igarsk2 turistIcheski s"uz [BTS), the about '140 Pioneer homes (Pionerski domote),National Hunting and Fishing Union (Narodniyat school children are trained as Pioneer leaders inloynci-nbarski s"uz), and the Paramilitary Organi- the various activities, study groups, and pro-zation for. Assistance, in Defense (Dobrovolruita grams of the Pioneer movement The chorus oforgaruzatslya za s"detstvle na otbranata[DOSOH). the Palace, named Bodra Smyana; the children's.' his last oicotvqization, created in 1951 by merg- ballet, and the szniphony orchestra are outstand-ing the Union of the Fighters Against Fascism ing, in their technical expertise and perform-and Capitalism (S"uza na boltsut- protiv fashizma ances, although many compositions and much oftzpltallzma [SBPF]) and the National Union for

the,ichoreography selected is of an ideologicalSports and Technology (Narodni s"uz za sport 1 nature. Related institutions devoted solely totekhnika [NSST]), has both quasi-rmjita-ry and encouraging promising students in technologicaleducational functions. It conducts programs of and scientific studies are the Station of Youngapplied education ina great variety of fields Technicians (Staruszya na mladue tekhnitsi) in Sofiathrough an extensive network of clubs devoted and a similar one in Pernik, an importantto automecharncs, electronics, radio, riflery and industrial and mining town An institution hav-marksmenship, boating, flying, motorcycling, ing like purposes in the field of agriculture isgliding, signaliqg, etc. Other extracurricular or- the Station of Yming Agriculturists (Stantsiya naganizations include. The *micidtle agrolnolozhi) And for children and youth(B"Igarsk: cherven kr"st [BChK]) and its junior with an interest in literature, there is the Home'division, the Bulgarian Union of Esperantists of Children's Literature (bora na detskata kruga).(B"Igarsk: esperantskuz) and various language The activities of the Dimitrov ague of Comstudy centers, and reading clubs ichttalishia) with munist Y?uth, the senior orgazation, are simi-their varied literary, cultural. ideological, and lar to those of the Pioneers; b t are appropuatyrecreational activities

22 GLOSSARY OF SELECTED EDUCATIbNAL TERMS

,\A Doklad Report, lecture, paper

Arronorichtsk, fakultet School (Faculty) of Agriculture Doidor na naukue Doctor of Knowledge (or Science), awarded to a holder Akaderrucheski s(.tet Academic council of a higher of the Kandsdat na naukste after education institution an additional thesis and professional recognition as a Aststent Graduate appointed to assist a scholar, may also be awarded professor, often supervising for distinction in a profession the students' practical work, or contnbuticK, to progress in as assistant lecturer in a the national economy higher education institution Daunt Lecturer in a higher education AsPrranr(rnasc.), asistrantka Graduate student institution (fern.) Druzhma Battalion, a unit of the AsPrrantura Graduate study, research, or Dimitrov Pioneer course work Organization, often compnstng an entire school Atestat Certificate, diploma E B

Echnnoto sredno Betas Zoysia Mullet Urufied polytechnical school, School (Faculty) of Theology poltlekhnichesko uchiluhtecomprising grades 1-10 under the reformed structure Blgarska ak.adeintya.na Bulgarian Academy of naukste Sciences F B"Igswsla obsht "aroden Bulgarian Generalational studentsks s "yuz Stusient Union Fabnchno-zavocEsks uchduhta Factory and plant schools

C Fakultet Faculty or school (primary subdivision) of a higher Chavdarcheta Little Chavdars, members of education institution, group of the junior branch of the professors in a higher Dimitrov Pioneer Organization education institution

Chaaluhte Reading room or club Fakulteten s"vet Faculty Council 0X D Fakuliet za stoPansia School (Faculty) of Economics) sotnalm nauks and Social Sciences Detska gracana Kindergarten for children aged 3 to 6 (literally, children'sFilologschesks fakultet School (Faculty) of Philology garden) Fflovvskiutonchesks fakultetSchool (Faculty) of Philosophy Dtmurovsks konsunuttchesia League of Communist Youth, and History mladezhki s"yuz the country's major silor organization for age's 7h to 27 Fizscheska kultura Physical culture

Dtinglrovska pionerska ,Dimitrov Pioneer OrganizationFiuko-rnaternatscheski fakultet School (Faculty) of Physics organizatstya "Siptembnst," the major junior Mathematics "Septeravruche" youth organization, eprolhng children from the ages of about 10 to 14 G

Director na uchiluhte Director of a school Gminaztya Gymnasium, or secondary level of the general (or Duertatstya Dissertation unified) polytechnical school

23 1 24 k

Goren kurs Secondary level (literally, M upper`course) of the general 4 (or unified) polytechnical Mahsra Ceigificate of graduation from school the secondary level of the .- general (or tined) - I polytechnical sool, required for admiss on to higher lkonomscheski tekhntrunt Technicum of ,sututions ,-- s hutstut Institute, a higher education Matunteten up/ School - leaving examination for or research institution that the ntatura specializes in a particular field such as agriculture, medicine, Maturdeten predmet gubject included in the final economics*, or technology examination for the matura

Boarding school Medstsvuba fakultet School (Faculty) of Medicine e Examinauon Mekhano-tekhntchesito Mechanical and technical . ,:. uchauhte school, J Mtnutersks s "vet Council of Ministers (of which the Minister, of Public lash Nursery school; for children Education is a member) under 3 years of age

e Muusterstvo na narodnata Ministry of Public (National) K prosveta. Ed ucalion

Kandsrlat na naulute Candidate of Knowledge (or Mladtzlik otechestven front Fatherland. Youth Front Science), a first graduate degree awarded to a holder of 'the initial university diploma N after completion of at least 3 additional years of study and aNachalen white( (mast ), Primary school teacher thesis; also the holder of the nachalna uchtullta (fern ) degree ' NadusIno uchtluhte Primary school Kandsrlat na technschedate Candidate of Technical nauk Sciences, graduate diploma, Nauchno-pedagogtchesba Professional education field also the holder of the diploma proof

Kal;dra Department of a fakuket t 0 Khridodtestverli akadernria Academy of fine arts

Obshtestveno-pohticheskt Social sciences Kololarturn Preliminary oral examination match

KotrWet za nauka, ithustvo i Committee for science, art, &snovna uchikshte Elementary school, grades 1-8 kulturzir and culture

Otryad Company in the Dimitrov Komsomol Komsomol, the Dimitrov Pioneer Organization, usually League of Communist Youth a school class

Konitursen irpst Competitive examination P I Kezhok Study group Ptoner (mast ), psonerka Pioneer, a member of the Kvalstrinran ratrotntk Certificate of qualification for (fern ) Dimitrov Pioneer Organization a vocation Armen :oft Written examination L Polstekhntchesko obrazovatur Pobtechnical education or Lektor Lecturer, reader, teacher training

24 2r- PolaUthruchesko uchtkshje s Foreign language school to Sredno obshtoobrazovatelno General polytechnical school, prepodavanena rusksezth train specialists in Russian poladthnichesko uchtfuhtecomprising grades 1-11 underi the current structure Pattekhntchtsko adult-date s Foreign, language school to prepodavane na frensb, train specialists in French, Sredno profeuonalno- Middle vocational school, nunashia, th anemia eukGerman. and English tekhnahesko achauhte,,, offering a program of 3 or more years leading to the Po lu-tnternat Semi- boarding school, matura and a certificate of providing board and care for qualification in a vocation children after classes Sredno uchiltshte Intermediate school, offering Poluvush tustata Semi-higher institute, post= 4 year of schooling between secondary school offering a 2- the primary and secondary to 3-year program levels

Poluvush uchaelsk, institute Semi-higher teachers institute Searshi asutent Senior assistant

Pokraysklen :Ott Makeup examination Step en Degree, rank, level, grade

Prabuhtsla uprazhnenlya Practical work in a seminar Svtdeleistvo Certificate of graduation'

Prepodavakl(max ), Teacher, instructor, lecturer prepodavaletka (fern ) T

Prtsmen tzpti Entrance exarnmation Teknikum Technicum, currently used for certain specialized secondary Prirodo-matemaischtski School (Faculty) of vocational-technical schools fakultet Mathematic; and Natural it atwill become postFconlaryt Sciences institutions in the reformed educational structure, offers a 4- or 5-year course leading to Profestona !noabrazovanie Vocational ed ucation or the matura and a certificate of training qualification in a vocation, s more advanced training than Profestonalno-teknuhesko Lower vocational school that of the middle,. vocational tanduhte (literally, vocational-technical school school), offering 1- or 2-year courses at the secondary level Teza Thesis R - Trudovo ohaehente Education in labor Redoven profesor Ordinary professor, holding a Tsentralen instaut za chair in the subject he teaches Central Institute for the ILS "rshenstvuva ne na Advanced Training of uehathte Teachers Rektor Rector, head of &university. elected by the academic staff, Tsentralen kossufet usually for a,4-year period na Central Committee of the DirnUraiisla s"yuzna Dimitrov People's Youth S narodnata mladezh League

Sekretar Secretary, the chief executive' . administrative official of a U higher education institution Uchiltshte zatrudovi reserve' Vocational school Septemvruche Septembrist, a member of the Mmitrovska Ptonerska Uchael (mascuchaetha Teacher Orgaizatsiya"SePtelrache" (fern )

Shkola School Listen tzpa Oral examination

Sofriskt d-rzisaven univeratet Sofia State University, an alternate name for the V University of Sofia, Clement of Ohrid Vdshe bogoslovskt at-bk.:hie Advanced Theological School

25 2c 4 .

Vitshe t"rgovsko Higher School of Commerce, which provides courses in accountirm, economics,,,, Zadochno obruclzente. Correspondence courses business management, add denfography ZanNalna Study hall, offering guidd play and learning activities fcT Visshe uchebno zavedenie Higher eduEation institution children of working parents of university rank. Zhelevip"tno uchslishte School for Training Railvaci Vusheto stchilishtezdstopans4iHigher School for Eccinomic Employees "(literally, RaiIAd i sotsialni nauki and Social Sciences School)

Zrelosten lost Final examination . Y Zveno Asurtit of children within a Yurididieskifakulter School (Faculty) of Law Pioneer otryad, or company

ti

vit

26 4

SELECTED READING LIST 7 Apanasewicz, Nellie, and Seymour M. Rosen. Education in Ion, eds. New York. Harcourt, Brace and World, 1970 Bulgaria. U.S/Department of Health, Education, and Pp. 315-325. Welfare, Office of Education. Washington: U S. Govern- The Social Education of Bulganan Youth. Minneapolis: + merit Printing Office, 1965. 27 pp. University of Minnesota Press, 1968. tVra ova, Bistra. Education yri Bulgaria. Sofia: Sofia Press,Grant, Nigel. "Bulgaria," Society, Schools and Progress in 19 (?)!;t78 pp. Eastern Europe Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1969. Pp. 331- BrowJames F. -"Educational Policy and the Problems of 844. -4^ You, ".Bulgaria Under Communist New York: Prae- ger, 1910. Pp. 215-239. Keefe, Eugene K., et al. "Education," Area Handbook for Bulgana The Amencan University, Foreign Area Studies) "Bulgaria," International Handbook of Unwer,smes and Other Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974 Pp Institutions of Higher Education (6th ed.): Paris: The Inter- 93-122. * national Association of)iniversities, 1974. Pp. 153-160. .People's Republic of Bulgaria, Ministry of Public Education "Ffulgaria," The World of Learning, vol.1, 1975-1976 (26th Education in the People's Republic of Bulgaria in the 1971-73 ed.). London. Europa Publications, lid ,1975. Pp 218- School-Mrs Report presented to ..the 34th International 222. Conference on Education, Geneva, September 1973 Sofia. The Ministry, 1973. 202 pp. "Bulgaria," World Survey of Education V: Educational Policy, Legislation, and Adminiarstion. Paris-. United Nations Edu- . Education in the People'sRepublic of Bulgaria in the cational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 1973-75 School Years Report presented to the 35th Inter- 1971. Pp7.225-236. national Conference on Education, Geneva, September "Bulgaria," World Survey of EducationIV: Higher Education. 1975. Sofia: The,Ministry, 1975 172 pp. Paris: UNESCO, 1966Tp. 240-249 . Education in the Peopk's, Republic of Bulgaria inthe "Bulgana," World Survey of Education IL Primary Education. 1975-1977 School Years. Report presented to the 36th Pans: UNESCO, 1958. Pp. 178-188. International. Conference on Education, Geneva, Septem- ber 1977. Sofia: The Ministry, 1977 "Bulgaria," World ;Survey of EducationHI: Secimdary Educa- tion. New York: international Documents Service, a Divi-Pundeff, Mann V. "Education for Communism," Eastern sion of Columbia University Press, 1961. Pp. 277-292. Europe m the Sixties. Stephen A. Fischer-Galati, ed. New York. Praeger, 1963. Pp. 26-51. Education m Bulgaria. Sofia: Foreign Languages Press, 1959 55 pp. UNESCO Statutical Yearbook, 1974- Paris UNESCO, 1976 894 pp., Georgeoff, John. "Elementary Education in Bulgaria," School and Society, XCIV jFeb. 5, 1966), pp. 71-74 U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. Translations on Eastern Europe: Politwal, Sociological, and Military Affairs A her Education in Bulgaria," Educational Forum, senes of translations published monthly on various dates XXXI (M y 1967), pp. 455-464. Available from. the National Technical Information Serv- onalism in the History Textbooks of Yugoslavia ice, U S Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va and Bu ria," Ccrmparaftve Education Review, X (October 2216r 1966), pp. 442-450. U.S Department of State. Background Notes Bulgaria VA'sh . "Sofia," Education in Cases. The World Year Book of ington U S Government Printing Office, November 1975 Education, 1970. Joseph A. Lauwerys and David G Scan- 6 pp

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