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The Educational System of Bulgaria. Education Around the World

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DOCONMIT RESUME ED 156 600 95 :SO 01.1 AUTHOR Georgeoff, Peter John TITLE, . The Educationil System cf Bulgaria. Educaticn around the World, INSTITUTION Office .of Education (TEEN), Washingtcn,-L.C. PUB DATE 77 .4 NOTE , 28p.; Not available in hard copy from ENS due to small type size of parts of the original document AVAILABLE PROM1SuperintegAent of Doemments, U.S., Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 ($1:20 pdperbound) EDBS PRICE MF-,$0:83 Plus Postage. HC Not` Available from' EDBS. DESCRIPTORS *Comparative Education.; Curriculum Design; Early Childhood Education; Educatic251 Finance; *Educational History; * Educational Programs; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Ccuntries; Higher Education; Post Secondary Educaticx; *School Systems; Special Education; Teacher Education; Vocational Education IDENTIFIERS *Bulgaria AESTRACT 1 The document describes the educational syttem of Bulgaria which is in the process of keing modified in reEEcnse to' decisions.made,by the Bulgarian Communist party at the end of the 1960s and during the 1970s. One of the main purposes cf ,reform was to lover the age by which a student ccmEletes seccndary education from 18 to 16a and thus increase Bulgarias available manpcwer. A short history of Bulgarian education is given first plus a summary of education administration, planning, financing, grading, and enrollment. Infants may be admitted tc nursery schools at one year and remain there until the age of three, when they sty attend. kindergarten. "They then attend intermediate and seccndary schools until they graduate at 1 yeats of age. Four post-secondary schoOl options are available. Vocational schicls train semiskilled and skilled workers, technical institutes,train technicians, and semi-higher institutes train teachers, railroad, post office4 telephone, and telegraph workers. The higher education institutes are either general universities or specialized institutes in areas such as agriculture, finance and .economics, and music. A list cf higher institutions is provided. The document gives scse detail cn teacher educatipn, conti4uing education, special aducaticn; and extraccirricular activities. A glossary and tibliograpby ccnclude the document. (BC) 4 ******************************************************************* Reproductions supplied by EDRS axe tire-best that can be made from the original document. *************************ip********************************************* k I U SOEPARTMEItT OF HEALTH y" EDUCATIONS. WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTEOF EDUCATION 1HIS. DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLYA, RECEIVED FROM The Educational System . THEPERSON OR A TING IT POINTSORGA.VIZATION ORIGIN- OF VFSW OR OPINIONS ° of Bulgaria STATED DO NOT SENT OFFICIAL NATION,ALNECESSARILY REPRE INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITIONcza POLICY by PeterJohn Georgeoff Professor of Education Purdue.University US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, ANDWELFARE Joseph A. Califano, Jr.,- Secretary Mary.F. Berry, Assistant Secretary for Education Office of Education Ernest L. Boyer, Commissioner Robert Leestma, Associate Commissioner for Institutional Development and Interna4onal Education ti THE COUNTRY AND T "JE PEOPLE OfficizLName: People's Republic of Bulgana, Population: 8 7 million (January 1975) Location: Southeastern Europe,on cher Balkan Perunsula, Size: 42,785 square miles People: 85 perc(t Bulgarian, 9 percent Turk, 6 percent Armenian, Gree Main Subdivisions: 27 Provinces(Okr"zi) and t capital , Gypsy, Macedonian, and Romanian. city, Sofia, which is a separate administrativeunit Literacy Rate: Approximately 95 percent. Official Language: Bulganan. Goveriment: Communist "ivies Republic Ih THE BASIC SYSTEM From 1879 to 1910 the number ofschools trebled and the number of studentsincreased Historical Background fivefold. In 1878 the National Settlement of the Russo-Tiirkish Library was War in 1878founded in Sofia, andin 1888 a "higher school" \ ended the period of about 500years during(which subsequently became which Bulgaria formed the Universiiy- of part of the Turkish°Sofia) was established with three facultieshis- Ottoman Empire, and establishedmuch of whattory ,and philology, physics and mathematics, is presently northern Bulgaria'as a principalityandlaw.. In 1895 a school ofart was founded, under nominal allegianceto Turkey. The unionand in 1911 the Bulgarian Academy of this principality with'Eastern of Sciences Rumelia in 1885was established'. By 1910, literacy had reached brought contemporary Bujgaria into existence,63 percents in towns and cities and35 percent in although its formal independencefrom Turkey.villages, Dtfrtng this post-1878 was not proclaimed until 4908. period, American missionaries organizeda number of educational Education' developed /rapidly after Bulgaria'sinstitutions, including- kindergartensand pre- quasi-independence a a principality in 1878school centers, elementair-andsecondary "2. "` 6 %teats SlIntre 6 TotbssP.s0 Rowed° 41111 Slurp.° TOrgorrOts° Mad, Proved-7y), 4"4 . v,,zc,ze Tvak se Gebrops4 <a BLACK .6141 Stow% , -- SCA Kentaro` <-.- 'Portolsar ...'-"----<_____\ .., TY ornnstse ' Sturse_, atone 'r- 6.(arnbot ,..- .....- Stars Zama° Zapf. ;,Sevrolov 1 2 --.....zer:flIZItih Ft Kriornore Drm.trorfred 96ssortrao AsesOspred 4119 TS, t. Phestoso. Shermas. KOrathel Smosysio. ,14<encltsred 3 3 schools, teacher-training institutions, a collegenist ideological tenets,. Private schoolswere, in Sofia, and theolggical institutes. either closed or confiscated and convertedto In the late 19tp and eaely 20thcentury,public purposesEducation was reorganized educatibn in Bulgria was organized essentiallyfrom the Ministry of Education downto the according to the., following pattern. Elementarylocal communal lesel to correspondin organiza- education from grades Ito 4 was follOwed by 3tion with the Bulgarian communist Party and years' schooling in the "progymnasium." Gradu-to plate Party members and sympal,hizersin ation from thisinstitution admittedstudents topositions of responsibility The Chaz'darcheta (for the 3-year "Kea!" school, to the gymnasiumchildrdn 7-9), the DimitrosPioneers (for youth '(academic general secondary school) if their9-14), and the Dimitrov CommunistLeague (for grades were above av9age and they passedan persons 14-27) became mass extracurricular, ide= entrance. examination or to certain vocational social, and educationalorganizations schools, such as middle commercialschools andfor young people vocational trade schools. After 3 years inth-e- In 1949, all'Ichools became coeducationalAt gymnasium, students could apply foradmission the same time, theprimary and secondary to certain specialized schools, suchas the schoolschools of the countrywere consolidated into for railroad, telegraph, and postal workers, ofone I I-year unit, with an 8-yearprimary cycle any of a number of elementary teacher-training and`a 3-year secondary cscle, and a special 5- schools. After 5 years in thegymnasium, stu- year foreign language school (describedonP. dents cotzid apply for admissionto a university 11) was established By 1939, despite serious economic and politi- Also during' the immediate post"-WorldWar cal difficulties between World War I and WorldAI period, the number andtypes of schools '''War II, school attendance had become theoreti-were increased, with a correspondingrise in cally compulsory, and the literacy rate was aboutenrollments. Campsfor children and youthwere 75 percent In a country with a population ofexpanded under theauspices of the Dimitros only a little over 6 million,over 1 millionPioneers and Komsomols, and schobl boarding persons were attending schools at all levels.,Ofunits were Increased and emphasized Thenum- these, approximately 13,000 were childrenen-ber of clatahshta (reading clubs),museums, and rolled in 254 kindergartens, and9,504 werelibraries also increasedAll these institutions youth studying in postsecondary schools. Also,and programs helpedserve ideological purposes three new faculties had been'added to the In 1951, socational schoolswere reorganized, University of Sofia, a new Free Universityforand in1957 a mandate of the Council of Economic an0 Commercial Sciences hadbeen Ministers arid the Central Committeeof the established 'in Sofia, and other higher educa-Bulgarian Communist Party introducedpoly- tionaliAsututions had been founded. technica.kontent at all grade leselsTwo years The gymnasium during this period largelylater, the )'959 General Lawon Education cre- followed the traditional European pattern ofated a new form of secondary educationalinsti- academic general secondary education,consist- tution, the general polstechnical schccol (le- ing of three distinct programs classical, in which.scnbeil on. pages 9 and 10),,extencled«irnpulsor% both Latin and Greek were taught,semiclassical,education from 7 to 8sears, and mandated that in which .Latin but not Greek was offered, andall students at all leselsengage.in "socially useful the scientific and "real" schoolsin which theseactivities" that "educate in labor languages were excluded andsciences and math- ematicsoitressed instead. Structure The Second World War_generally halted Bul- The Bulgarian educationalsystem currently garian educational development A Communist consists of a 3-year(rAltie(nursers .s( hool), a 4- I&1 coalition called the FatherlandFront cameyear kindergarten, an II-sear general pols- tovpower on September 9, 1944 Three yearstechnical school with threestages (a 4-year pri- later, on December 4, 1947,a new Constitrition mary, a 4-year intermediate, anda 3-year se(-
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