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Beyondism: the Thinking of Raymond Bernard Cattell (1905–1998) on Religion, and His Religious Thought

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Beyondism: the Thinking of Raymond Bernard Cattell (1905–1998) on Religion, and His Religious Thought BEYONDISM: THE THINKING OF RAYMOND BERNARD CATTELL (1905–1998) ON RELIGION, AND HIS RELIGIOUS THOUGHT by MAGRIETHA ALETHA CORNELIA MAGDALENA LOTZ submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY in the subject RELIGIOUS STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF JS KRÜGER NOVEMBER 2008 ii BEYONDISM: THE THINKING OF RAYMOND BERNARD CATTELL (1905–1998) ON RELIGION, AND HIS RELIGIOUS THOUGHT Summary Having gained a particular understanding of religion from his anthropological knowledge and psychological research, Raymond B Cattell claims that morality and ethics could be motivated scientifically. He further postulates that the results of scientific research could be implemented effectively to thwart the modern trend of moral collapse. Consequently Beyondism is presented as a religion from science, working from without inward by starting from the outer reality and moving inward to intention. Beyondism is based on the acceptance of evolution as the prime process in the universe. It differs greatly from other alternatives to revealed religion such as humanism and existentialism. This study explores Cattell’s views on religion, epistemology, cosmology and morality, reflecting his Darwinian approach of evolutionary advance and cooperative competition. The evaluation of the viability of the idea of religion from science is performed by means of Ken Wilber’s systems theory and JS Krüger’s conditionalist criteria for religion. Read in the light of his work on personality, intelligence, heredity and environmental influence, his approach to genetics is considered outside the fashionable opinion by which his views have suffered negation, misrepresentation and rejection. Considering recent scientific and social developments, his authentic research and visionary interpretation could be of value not only in the field of psychology, but also in the study of religion. Keywords: Religion; psychology; evolution; competition; morality; science, eugenics, survival, cooperation, sociobiology, group mind, Theopsyche, conscience, world society, global community, human nature. iii Declaration I declare that BEYONDISM: THE THINKING OF RAYMOND BERNARD CATTELL (1905–1998) ON RELIGION, AND HIS RELIGIOUS THOUGHT is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Signed: _________________________ Date: 4 March 2009 iv Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people in particular: My parents who had the wisdom to set me free and still believe in me. My children Susan, Louis and Karel for opening up the Wonder in me and keeping me wondering. Susan for taking care of the text with love, special interest and professional skill. My husband Karel for understanding beyond understanding – long before this Beyondist challenge. My colleague-sister-friend Joan, for her pragmatic interest, caring and encouragement, and for the retreat of her home when it was necessary. My supervisor Prof Kobus Krüger for patient guidance blended with intellectual challenge and inspiration. UNISA for becoming part of the family in 1980 as “Tannie Unisa”. v Dedication To Louis (1978–2005) who carried the genes for an exceptional entrance to life embracement of life and exit from life vi CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Research question 4 1.2. Methodology 7 1.2.1 Literature study 7 1.2.1.1 Primary sources 8 1.2.1.2 Secondary sources 8 1.2.2 Correspondence with a family member 8 1.2.3 Application of Beyondism 8 1.2.4 Theoretical orientation 9 1.3 Structure of the dissertation 11 1.4 Biography 12 1.4.1 Cattell's early years 12 1.4.2 The change to a career in psychology 13 1.4.3 Cattell the person 15 1.5 Cattell's reception and influence 16 1.6 Beyondism – background to the focus of this study 19 1.7 Historical perspective 22 2. CATTELL’S VIEWS ON RELIGION 25 2.1 Animism, taboo and morality 25 2.2 The evolutionary path of religion 30 2.2.1 The scapegoat 30 2.2.2 Soul and immortality 32 2.2.3 Evolution of the idea of God 33 2.3 Psychoanalysis and the religious illusion 35 2.3.1 The importance of the early years of childhood 36 2.3.2 Prayer 39 2.3.3 Immortality 40 2.3.4 Sudden religious conversion 40 2.4 Emotional meaning of religion 42 2.5 A new functional religion? 44 vii Page 3. EPISTEMOLOGY 47 3.1 Revealed religion, the “moral morass” and science 47 3.2 The cognitive and emotional qualities of intuition and truth 49 3.3 Wilber’s argument for the integration of truth and meaning 54 3.4 Scientism? 57 3.5 Paradigm shift or wild goose chase? 58 3.6 Intellectual censorship and new high-water marks 61 4. ONTOLOGY 64 4.1 Cosmology 64 4.2 Evolution 64 4.2.1 Freedom/Forced choice 66 4.2.2 Evolutionary Goal/Purpose 67 4.2.3 Views in relation to other systems of thought 70 4.3 Humanity 72 4.3.1 Individual within the group 73 4.3.2 Natural selection 73 4.3.3 Cooperative competition 75 4.3.4 Evolutionary advance 77 4.4 Theopsyche 78 4.4.1 Group mind towards Theopsyche 79 4.4.1.1 Individual mind and group mind 79 4.4.1.2 The properties and characteristics of the group mind 81 4.4.1.3 Immortality 83 4.4.1.4 In this idealistic group mind, what about evil? 85 4.4.1.5 “Divine” qualities of the group mind 86 4.4.2 Theopsyche: Concept of the Divine 90 4.4.2.1 Service: To God or to fellow-men? 90 4.4.2.2 Beyond the Theopsyche: The universal reality 97 4.4.2.3 The physical and psychological vindication of mysticism 101 5. ETHICS AND MORALITY 110 5.1 A citizen (individual) in a society 114 5.1.1 Ego strength 116 5.1.2 Culturo-genetic adjustment gap (CAG) 123 viii Page 5.1.3 Moral rules and actions 125 5.1.3.1 Sexual morals 125 5.1.3.2 Social engineering, birth control, abortion 127 5.2 Government of a group 134 5.2.1 Race 134 5.2.2 Evolutionary ethics 137 5.2.3 Democracy 141 5.2.4 Economic values 142 5.2.5 Education 142 5.2.6 Equality, justice and freedom 145 5.3 Other group governments/world government 146 5.3.1 Ecological environmental issues 154 5.3.2 Militancy or pacifism? 156 5.4. The goal of evolution/Evolutionary Purpose 161 6. BEYONDISM: WHY AND HOW CAN SCIENCE BE RELIGION AS WELL? 165 6.1 What is religion? 165 6.2 Dimensions of religion 168 6.3 Religious qualities of Beyondism 169 6.3.1 Mythic aspects 169 6.3.2 Exterior aspects 173 6.3.3 Interior functioning 174 6.4 Does Beyondism meet certain criteria for religion? 178 6.4.1 Krüger’s criteria for evaluating a religion 179 6.4.1.1 Clarity and comprehensiveness 179 6.4.1.1.1 Coherency 180 6.4.1.1.2 Simplicity 182 6.4.1.1.3 Linking up with existing thinking 184 6.4.1.1.4 Covering the facts 191 6.4.2 Transcending/penetrative power 194 6.4.2.1 Perspectival, relative and historical truth aspects 195 6.4.2.2 Authority and force 196 6.4.2.3 Fruitful and stimulating? 198 6.4.2.4 The difference it makes for the better 200 ix Page 7. EVALUATION IN CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT AND CONCLUSION 203 7.1 Thorny issues 203 7.1.1 Religion 204 7.1.2 Evolution 206 7.1.3 Genetics and eugenics 206 7.1.4 Intelligence 207 7.1.5 Individuality 208 7.2 Destined to obscurity? A return to the research question 209 7.2.1 Questions of a more external nature 210 7.2.2 Question pertaining to Cattell’s religious thinking 213 7.3 Conclusion 218 BIBLIOGRAPHY 220 APPENDIX A: The Four Quadrants 225 APPENDIX B: Integrated Great Nest and Four Quadrants 226 APPENDIX C: The Rose Diagram – Ethical rule subsystems developing 227 from a Beyondist principle x LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1: Wilber's basic holon: Four Quadrants 10 Figure 1.2: Great Nest of Being 10 Figure 3.1: The Big Three 55 Figure 3.2 The Great Nest with the Four Quadrants 56 Figure 4.1 Percentage distribution of cases in a normal curve 92 Figure 7.1 Thorns of the tree Ziziphus mucrunata 203 xi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 5.1 Sixteen personality factors (16 PF) 118 xii The thorns of the tree Ziziphus mucrunata are spaced along the length of every branch in pairs. One of the pair points robustly outward and forward while the other curves back and inwards in the opposite direction. The Nguni African legend says the thorns tell us something about ourselves – that we must look ahead to the future ... but we must never forget where we come from (McCallum 2005:3). CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION Theology is currently studied alongside science of religion/religious studies in an intellectual climate of inter-faith and inter-disciplinary dialogue, including the developments and issues in both the natural and social sciences. As a public librarian and information specialist, I function in an intellectually stimulating environment that is characterised by the flow of a great variety of “digested” presentations of current trends in popular thought as represented in magazines, popular non-fiction, fiction and even children’s books. In the same way the Internet, as an occupational tool in serving a growing information society, is constantly adding perceptions to deal with.
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