Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment Land North of Goddards Lane, Sherfield-On-Loddon, Hampshire

ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT

LAND NORTH OF GODDARDS LANE SHERFIELD-ON-LODDON HAMPSHIRE

January 2016

Local Planning Authority: Basingstoke and Deane Borough Council

Site centred at: SU 467432 157894

Author: Peter Reeves BA (Jt Hons) MIFA

Approved: Paul Chadwick BA FSA MIfA

Report Status: FINAL

Issue Date: January 2016

CgMs Ref: PR/KB/17501

No part of this report is to be copied in any way without prior written consent.

Every effort is made to provide detailed and accurate information, however, CgMs Limited cannot be held responsible for errors or inaccuracies within this report.

© Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office. Licence No: AL 100014723 Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment Land north of Goddards Lane, Sherfield-on-Loddon, Hampshire

CONTENTS

Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction and Scope of Study 2.0 Planning Background and Development Plan Framework 3.0 Geology and Topography 4.0 Archaeological and Historical Background including Assessment of Significance 5.0 Site Conditions, the Proposed Development and Impacts on Archaeological Assets 6.0 Summary and Conclusions

Sources Consulted

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location Fig. 2 Summary of cultural heritage assets (Data from the HHER) Fig. 3 1759 Taylor’s map of Hampshire Fig. 4 1791 Milne’s map of Hampshire Fig. 5 1806 Ordnance Survey Drawing Fig. 6 1826 C & J Greenwood’s map of Hampshire Fig. 7 1841 Sherfield-Upon-Lodden Tithe Map Fig. 8 1872 Ordnance Survey Fig. 9 1888 Ordnance Survey Fig. 10 1912 Ordnance Survey Fig. 11 1956 Ordnance Survey Fig. 11 1969 Ordnance Survey Fig. 12 1981 Ordnance Survey Fig. 13 2010 Google Earth View

LIST OF PLATES Plate 1 Site looking north-east from south-west corner Plate 2 Site looking north toward Bullsdown Hillfort Plate 3 North boundary hedge looking north-east Plate 4 Bow Brook looking north-east Plate 5 View south-east toward site from outside Bullsdown Hillfort south-eastern ramparts Plate 6 View south-west toward site from outside Bullsdown Hillfort north-east corner.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Land north of Goddards Lane, Sherfield-on-Loddon, Hampshire has been assessed for its archaeological potential.

The study site is considered to have a limited/low potential for Prehistoric evidence. Evidence from other periods is not anticipated.

From the Medieval period onward, the site is likely to have been utilised as agricultural land. Ploughing is likely to have had a widespread negative impact on any archaeological remains present.

Due to the low archaeological potential of the site; it is considered that the proposed development is unlikely to have an impact on previously unknown archaeological deposits.

In the absence of designated and non-designated assets on the site, it is considered that should the Local Planning Authority require any further archaeological mitigation measures these could follow planning consent secured by a planning condition.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF STUDY

1.1 This archaeological desk-based assessment has been prepared by Peter Reeves of CgMs Consulting on behalf of Gladman Developments Limited and Sentinel Housing Association.

1.2 The subject of this assessment is land north of Goddards Lane, Sherfield-on-Loddon, Hampshire, centred on National Grid Reference SU 467432 157894 (Figure 1). The study site is bounded by Goddards Lane to the south, Carpenters Farm to the south- west, open fields to the west, Bow Brook to the north, and the gardens of residential properties fronting Goddard Close and Bow Drive to the east.

1.3 In accordance with government policy, National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), this assessment draws together the available archaeological, historic, topographic and land- use information in order to clarify the archaeological potential of the site and the significance of any heritage assets on or near the site. Listed Buildings and any Conservation Area issues are assessed in a separate Heritage Statement

1.4 Additionally, in accordance with the ‘Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessments’ (Institute for Archaeologists 1994, revised 2012), the assessment includes an examination of published and unpublished material and charts historic land-use through a map regression exercise. A site visit was undertaken in July 2014.

1.5 As a result, the assessment enables relevant parties to assess the significance of archaeological assets on and close to the site, assesses the potential for hitherto undiscovered archaeological assets and thus enables potential impacts on assets to be identified along with the need for design, civil engineering or archaeological solutions.

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2.0 PLANNING BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN FRAMEWORK

2.1 National legislation regarding archaeology, including scheduled ancient monuments, is contained in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas (AMAA) Act 1979, amended by the National Heritage Act 1983 and 2002.

2.2 In March 2012, the government published the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF). More recently (March 2014) government published, Planning Practice Guidance (PPG) on-line.

2.2.1 Section 12 of the NPPF, entitled Conserving and enhancing the historic environment provides guidance for planning authorities, property owners, developers and others on the conservation and investigation of heritage assets. Overall, the objectives of Section 12 of the NPPF can be summarised as seeking the:

 Delivery of sustainable development  Understanding the wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits brought by the conservation of the historic environment  Conservation of England's heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, and  Recognition that heritage contributes to our knowledge and understanding of the past.

2.2.2 Section 12 of the NPPF recognises that intelligently managed change may sometimes be necessary if heritage assets are to be maintained for the long term. Paragraph 128 states that planning decisions should be based on the significance of the heritage asset, and that level of detail supplied by an applicant should be proportionate to the importance of the asset and should be no more than sufficient to review the potential impact of the proposal upon the significance of that asset.

2.2.3 Heritage Assets are defined in Annex 2 of the NPPF as: a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions. They include designated heritage assets (as defined in the NPPF) and assets identified by the local planning authority during the process of decision-making or through the plan-making process.

2.2.4 Annex 2 also defines Archaeological Interest as a heritage asset which holds or potentially could hold, evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point. Heritage assets with archaeological interest are the primary source of

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evidence about the substance and evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them.

2.2.5 A Designated Heritage Asset comprises a: World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument, Listed Building, Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield or Conservation Area.

2.2.6 Significance is defined as: The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. This interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.

2.2.7 In short, government policy provides a framework which:

 Protects nationally important designated Heritage Assets (which include World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Registered Parks and Gardens, Registered Battlefields or Conservation Areas).  Protects the settings of such designations.  In appropriate circumstances seeks adequate information (from desk based assessment and field evaluation where necessary) to enable informed decisions.  Provides for the excavation and investigation of sites not significant enough to merit in-situ preservation.

2.3 In considering any planning application for development, the planning authority will be mindful of the framework set by government policy, in this instance the NPPF, by current Development Plan Policy and by other material considerations.

2.4 Local planning policy is provided for by the Basingstoke and Deane Borough Local Plan (1996 – 2011) which was adopted in July 2006. In June 2009 the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government issued a saving direction for a number of the Local Plan policies of which the following policies are relevant to archaeology and heritage;

Landscape Character POLICY E6

PLANNING PERMISSION WILL ONLY BE GRANTED WHERE IT IS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE PROPOSALS WILL BE SYMPATHETIC TO THE LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AND QUALITY OF THE AREA CONCERNED.

DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS SHOULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE REGENERATION, RESTORATION, REPAIR OR CONSERVATION OF ANY LANDSCAPE LIKELY TO BE AFFECTED. IN PARTICULAR THEY SHOULD RESPECT, AND IMPROVE THE FOLLOWING:

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I. THE PARTICULAR QUALITIES OF THE RELEVANT LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREA AS DEFINED IN THE BASINGSTOKE AND DEANE LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT; AND II. VISUAL AMENITY AND SCENIC QUALITY; AND III. THE SETTING OF A SETTLEMENT, INCLUDING IMPORTANT VIEWS TO, ACROSS AND OUT OF SETTLEMENTS; AND IV. THE LOCAL CHARACTER OF BUILDINGS AND SETTLEMENTS, INCLUDING IMPORTANT OPEN AREAS; AND V. TREES, HEDGEROWS, WATER FEATURES AND OTHER LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS AND FEATURES; AND VI. HISTORIC LANDSCAPES, FEATURES AND ELEMENTS

CONSIDERATION WILL ALSO BE GIVEN TO THE IMPACT THAT DEVELOPMENT WOULD HAVE ON SENSE OF PLACE, SENSE OF REMOTENESS OR TRANQUILLITY, AND THE QUIET ENJOYMENT OF THE LANDSCAPE FROM PUBLIC RIGHTS OF WAY.

THE DESIGNATION OF THE NORTH WESSEX DOWNS AONB REFLECTS THE NATIONAL IMPORTANCE OF THAT LANDSCAPE. IN ADDITION TO THE OTHER REQUIREMENTS OF THIS POLICY, APPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE AONB WILL BE DETERMINED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE POLICY IN PPS7 ALSO HAVING REGARD TO THE SETTING OF THE AONB.

2.5 Basingstoke and Deane Borough Council are currently preparing the Basingstoke and Deane Local Development Framework Core Strategy 2006-2027 as a draft document for consultation. Although it is not yet policy, the following policies relating to the historic environment may carry some weight where they are compliant with NPPF:

POLICY EM7 – THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT

THE COUNCIL WILL PROTECT THE HISTORIC ASSETS OF THE BOROUGH FOR THEIR HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE, AND THEIR IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO LOCAL DISTINCTIVENESS, CHARACTER AND SENSE OF PLACE THROUGH REVIEWS OF EXISTING CONSERVATION AREA APPRAISALS AND DESIGNATING NEW ONES WHERE APPROPRIATE AND THE DETERMINATION OF PLANNING APPLICATIONS. AS PART OF THE COUNCIL’S ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP IT IS VITAL THAT DESIGNATED BUILDINGS AND AREAS ARE POSITIVELY MANAGED TO ACCOMMODATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT WHILE AFFORDING APPROPRIATE PROTECTION TO OUR HERITAGE ASSETS WHICH ARE BOTH NATIONALLY AND LOCALLY PROTECTED.

ALL DEVELOPMENT MUST MAINTAIN THE QUALITY OF THE BOROUGH’S HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT AND LOCAL SIGNIFICANCE. NATIONALLY DESIGNATED HERITAGE ASSETS SUCH AS LISTED BUILDINGS, CONSERVATION AREAS AND SCHEDULED ANCIENT MONUMENTS HAVE SPECIAL PROTECTION THROUGH LEGISLATION. IN ADDITION DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS WHICH COULD AFFECT LOCAL HERITAGE ASSETS SUCH AS LOCALLY LISTED BUILDINGS, ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS AND REGISTERED AND OTHER HISTORIC LANDSCAPES, PARKS AND GARDENS WILL BE REQUIRED TO:

I. DEMONSTRATE A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THE SIGNIFICANCE, CHARACTER AND SETTING OF CONSERVATION AREAS BY UTILISING TOOLS SUCH AS CONSERVATION AREA APPRAISALS AND MANAGEMENT PLANS, TO

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ENSURE HIGH QUALITY NEW DESIGN WHICH IS RESPECTFUL OF HISTORIC INTEREST AND LOCAL CHARACTER. II. DEMONSTRATE A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HISTORIC ASSET AND ITS SETTING. THIS WILL BE PROPORTIONATE TO THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ASSET AND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE PROPOSAL III. PROTECT OR ENHANCE THE QUALITY, DISTINCTIVENESS AND CHARACTER OF HISTORIC ASSETS BY ENSURING THE USE OF APPROPRIATE MATERIALS AND DESIGN IV. RETAIN THE SIGNIFICANCE AND CHARACTER OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS WHEN CONSIDERING ALTERNATIVE USES AND MAKE SENSITIVE USE OF REDUNDANT OR UNDERUSED TRADITIONAL HISTORIC ASSETS IN THE COUNTRYSIDE V. ENSURE THAT EXTENSIONS AND/OR ALTERATIONS RESPECT THE HISTORIC FORM, SETTING, SIGNIFICANCE AND FABRIC OF THE HOST BUILDING.

2.6 English Heritage has published guidance and recent draft guidance on the management of change within the setting of heritage assets (English Heritage 2011 and 2014).

2.6.1 The 2011 document, The Setting of Heritage Assets, defines setting as ‘the surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve.’ Setting is also described as being a separate term to curtilage, character and context; while it is largely a visual term, setting, and thus the way in which an asset is experienced, can also be affected by noise, vibration, odour and other factors.

2.6.2 This document provides guidance on practical and proportionate decision making with regards to the management of proposed developments and the setting of heritage assets. It is clearly stated that the protection of the setting of a heritage asset need not prevent change and that decisions relating to such issues need to be based on the nature, extent and level of the significance of a heritage asset, further weighing up the potential public benefits associated with the proposals.

2.6.3 The guidance sets out a five staged process for assessing the implications of proposed developments on setting:

1. Identification of heritage assets which are likely to be affected by proposals. The guidance states that if development is capable of affecting the contribution of a heritage asset’s setting to its significance or the appreciation of its significance, it can be considered as falling within the asset’s setting. Importantly, it is distinguished that an impact on setting does not necessarily equate with harm and may be positive or neutral. This judgement of impact instead depends upon a detailed understanding of the individual heritage asset’s significance, of which setting may form a greater or lesser part.

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2. Assessment of whether and what contribution the setting makes to the significance of a heritage asset. This depends upon an understanding of the history and development of the site, utilising historic mapping where possible. This assessment should also be informed by the physical surroundings of the asset, including its relationship with other heritage assets, the way in which the asset is experienced and the asset’s associations and patterns of use. All this information will inform an assessment of the effects of a proposed development on the significance of a heritage asset;

3. Assessing the effects of proposed development on the significance of a heritage asset. With the information gathered at Stage 2 it will be possible to identify a range of effects development may have on setting, which will be evaluated as beneficial, neutral or harmful to the significance of the heritage asset. The location and siting, form and appearance, permanence and any other effects of proposals will all inform the assessment process;

4. Maximising enhancement and reduction of harm on the setting of heritage assets. Measures to reduce harm could include relocation of all or parts of a development, changes to the layout, screening, etc. Where harm cannot be eliminated, design quality of the proposed development may be one of the main factors in assessing the balance of harm and benefit. Where a development cannot be adjusted and where some harm to the setting of heritage assets is unavoidable, appropriate screening may be required to reduce the extent of the harm caused;

5. The final decision about the acceptability of proposals. This will depend on the range of circumstances that apply to a heritage asset and the relative sensitivity to change. Decisions are therefore made on a case by case basis, recognising that all heritage assets are not of equal importance and the contribution made by their setting to their significance also varies.

2.6.4 The guidance reiterates the NPPF in stating that where developments affecting the setting of heritage assets results in a level of harm to significance, this harm, whether substantial or less then substantial, should be weighed against the public benefits of the scheme.

2.6.5 A Scheduled Monument (Bullsdown Iron Age hillfort) is located approximately 450m to the north-west of the site (HER20768, SU 467080 158380).

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2.7 No World Heritage Sites, Registered Parks and Gardens, Registered Battlefields or Protected Historic Wreck sites lie within the study site or its immediate vicinity.

2.8 Accordingly, in accordance with NPPF, local planning policy and relevant guidance, this assessment considers the significance of any archaeological assets on and near the site and considers the impact of the proposed development on this significance.

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3.0 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY

3.1 Geology

3.1.1 The British Geological Survey data (BGS 2013) indicates that the solid geology in the vicinity of the site consists of London Clay Formation (Clay, Silt and Sand), with the possibility that overlying alluvial drift deposits associated with Bow Brook may be present at the northern end of the site.

3.1.2 No geotechnical data is available for the site.

3.2 Topography

3.2.1 The site is an irregular shaped area of land covering approximately 6.7 ha. The site slopes gently down from the south towards Bow Brook on the north boundary dropping from approximately 68 m Above Ordnance Datum (AOD) on the southern boundary, to approximately 55 m AOD on to the northern boundary. Plates 1 to 3 give a general illustration of the site topography.

3.2.2 The northern boundary of the site borders the southern edge of the flood plain of Bow Brook. Bow Brook (Plate 4), flows from the south-west to the north-east and feeds into the River Lodden approximately 1 km to the north of the study site. The brook defines the boundary between the parish of Bramley, to the north, and Sherfield, to the south.

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4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, INCLUDING AN ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

Timescales used in this report:

Prehistoric Palaeolithic 450,000 - 12,000 BC Mesolithic 12,000 - 4,000 BC Neolithic 4,000 - 1,800 BC Bronze Age 1,800 - 600 BC Iron Age 600 - AD 43

Historic Roman AD 43 - 410 Anglo-Saxon/Early Medieval AD 410 - 1066 Medieval AD 1066 - 1485 Post Medieval AD 1486 - 1749 Modern AD 1750 - Present

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 This assessment comprises a consideration of archaeological finds and features held within a 1.5 km radius of the study site, referred to as the study area, held on the Hampshire Historic Environment Record (HHER) (shown on Figure 2), together with a map regression exercise charting the development of the site from the 18th century.

4.1.2 Records in the HHER for the study area indicate that two major surveys have been undertaken in the area. The Loddon Valley Survey was undertaken in 1994-95 by Thames Valley Archaeology Service and the Medieval Settlement Project was undertaken by RCHME in 1996. The Lodden Valley Survey identified multiple findspots during extensive fieldwalking of the area.

4.1.3 The number of archaeological investigations undertaken within 1.5 km of the site is limited. However, none have found any artefacts, deposits or sites belonging to any period.

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4.1.4 A Scheduled Monument (Bullsdown Iron Age hillfort) also known as Bullsdown Camp is located c. 500m to the north-west of the site, and consists of a triple earthwork hillfort on a low rounded hill (HHER20768, SU 467080 158380).

4.2 Early Prehistoric

4.2.1 A number of Palaeolithic artefacts have been found across the study area, within a 1.5 km radius of the study site. The discoveries were made by fieldwalking during the Loddon Valley Survey.

4.2.2 A cluster of flakes were found centred at SU 467700 157200 (HER 36193) c. 600 m to the south of the site. A single flint was found c. 200 m to the north east of the site at SU 467100 158100 (HER 36195). A group of tools including an awl are recorded c. 1.45 km to the north east of the site at SU 468500 158800 (HER 36205).

4.2.3 The Palaeolithic flakes, much patinated, found at Bullsdown Hillfort (HER 20775, SU 467000 158500) were found prior to the Loddon Valley Survey.

4.2.4 No artefacts belonging to either this or the subsequent Mesolithic period were found within the study site and no Mesolithic artefacts, deposits or sites are recorded in the Hamphire HER within the study area.

4.2.5 The presence of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic material can be notoriously difficult to predict and specific geological horizons and topographical locations are typically required to facilitate such finds. Accordingly, a low/nil archaeological potential is identified for Palaeolithic, and a low potential is identified for isolated Mesolithic lithics, on the site.

4.3 Neolithic and Bronze Age (Late Prehistoric)

4.3.1 From around 4000 BC the mobile hunter-gathering economy of the Mesolithic gradually gave way to a more settled agriculture-based subsistence. The pace of woodland clearance to create arable and pasture-based agricultural land varied regionally and locally, depending on a wide variety of climatic, topographic, social and other factors. The trend was one of a slow, but gradually increasing pace of forest clearance.

4.3.2 By the 1st millennium, i.e. 1000 BC, the landscape was probably a mix of extensive tracts of open farmland, punctuated by earthwork burial and ceremonial monuments

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from distant generations, with settlements, ritual areas and defended locations reflecting an increasingly hierarchical society.

4.3.3 A review of the HHER evidence within the 1.5 km study area has identified a single entry relating to the Neolithic period and no entries relating to the Bronze Age.

4.3.4 A small assemblage of worked Neolithic flint, including a leaf shaped point and scrapers were found close to the later Iron Age Bulldown Hillfort, to the north of the study site (HER 20770, SU 467200 158300).

4.3.5 There are no entries relating to either of these periods in the HER within the study site.

4.3.6 The potential for the discovery of artefacts, deposits and sites/settlements belonging to either the Neolithic or Bronze Age periods within the study site is considered to be very low.

4.4 Iron Age and Roman

4.4.1 There is no evidence in the HHER for either period on the study site.

4.4.2 The Scheduled Monument of Bullsdown Iron Age hillfort is located to the north-west of the site, and consists of a triple earthwork hillfort on a low rounded hill (20768, SU 467080 158380). The monument described as a plateau hillfort covers an area of c 8 ha, with the internal enclosed area equating to half of this. The only surviving entrance is on the north-west side of the hillfort. Bullsdown Hillfort is a nationally important site as it represents one of a poorly understood monument type scattered throughout southern and central England. Despite a proportion of the outer earthworks having been removed in the past, the remaining areas of the monument survive in good condition, retaining a large area which has yet to be studied in detail.

4.4.3 Hillforts generally were located within an extensive cleared environment, punctuated by a pattern of small farmsteads. However, based on the evidence contained within the HHER, there is little evidence for such a landscape around Bullsdown. Modern urban development to the east and west has compromised this original setting, while extensive tree growth within the scheduled area significantly restricts views to and from the monument. There is very limited intervisibility between the monument and the site, Plates 2, 5 and 6.

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4.4.4 A single sherd of Roman pottery has been recorded within the 1.5 km radius of the study area and was found during the Loddon Valley Survey. The sherd is located c. 250 m to the south of the study site (HER 33573, SU 467300 157500).

4.4.5 The evidence for Iron Age activity indicates that there was certainly a presence in the immediate landscape at this time, although this evidence and therefore activity appears to be restricted to the nearby hillfort. As a result, the likelihood of Iron Age activity occurring within the study site is identified as low to moderate.

4.4.6 Due to the extreme paucity of evidence for Roman activity in the search area the potential for discoveries relating to this period within the study site is regarded as nil/very low.

4.5 Anglo-Saxon & Medieval

4.5.1 The HHER does not contain any evidence either within the study site or the study area for Anglo-Saxon activity.

4.5.2 Sherfield-on-Loddon is not mentioned in the Domesday Survey of 1086, this is because the area falls within the Royal Manor of Odiham.

4.5.3 Much of the study area was reviewed as part of the RCHME (Royal Commission for Historic Buildings and Monuments in England) Medieval Settlement Project conducted in 1996. The project used mapping and place-name analysis and the latter is shown on Figure 2 as black stars.

4.5.4 The historic core of Sherfield-on-Loddon is regarded as an ‘Area of Archaeological Potential’, and several Listed Buildings are recorded either side of Reading Road. The village is first mentioned in 1167 as Sirefelda, which means bright open country. Within the ‘Area of Archaeological Potential’, the most significant entry is HER 57578. Known as Wheelers Court it is believed that three buildings of pre-Elizabethan date were demolished in the 1890’s

4.5.5 Two ‘Areas of High Archaeological Potential’ are recorded at SU 468330 157800 (HER 20320) and SU 467170 156840 (HER 20321). The former relates to a moated enclosure that may be associated with the original Breach Farmhouse (HER 41264) a document dated 1274 mentions a la Breche. The latter is in the same location as a possible Medieval deer park (HER 20776, SU 467200 156800).

4.5.6 A possible medieval deer park is recorded in the study area c. 1.2 km to the north of the study site (HER 54082, SU 467000 159000).

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4.5.7 A possible moated site dating to this period, may exist at SU 466400 158600 (HER 20238) and is located c. 1.2 km to the north-west of the study site. C. 200 m to the north-west of this site the RCHME records Bulls Down Farm (HER 38817 SU 466310 158680) which is mentioned in 1313 as Bull Down and Hill Pasture.

4.5.8 A further possible Medieval farmstead is recorded within the study area, to the north (HER 38816, centred at SU 467430 159140) of the study site at Lillyhill Farm. A document dated 1317 refers it to being the home of William de Linlee.

4.5.9 Although there are a number of Medieval places mentioned throughout the study area, there are no artefact find spots reported on the HER anywhere within the study site or study area. This is particularly unusual due to the extensive fieldwalking undertaken for the Loddon Valley Survey and may indicate a pasture/stock dominated agricultural regime which did not require the manuring of fields (a process that often introduces artefacts from midden dumps).

4.5.10 The evidence suggests that during the Anglo-Saxon and Medieval periods the site is likely to have been part of open fields away from the core of local settlements. Accordingly, a low potential is considered for the Anglo-Saxon and Medieval evidence.

4.6 Post Medieval and Modern (including map regression exercise)

4.6.1 During the Post-Medieval period, the site lay within the agricultural hinterland of the village of Sherfield-on-Loddon.

4.6.2 The most significant development within the study area was the creation of Bulls Down Army Camp in 1917. The eastern edge of the Camp is c. 450 m to the west of the study site and it occupies the remainder of the study area from that point westward. During World War II, the camp was a major centre of ammunition production and storage.

4.6.3 Within the Army Camp the RCHME survey identified the possible location of a Post- Medieval kiln or kilns, HER 60236, located at SU 466300 157250.

4.6.4 To the south-east of the study area, c. 1.2 km, a Post-Medieval park and garden is recorded at North Foreland Lodge (HER 51664, SU 468216 156990).

4.6.5 Taylor’s map (Figure 3, 1759) depicts the general study area in a low level of detail. The study site is located in open ground in the vicinity of Shirfield Green, to the west of

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Shirfield village. The study site appears unchanged in 1791 (Figure 4), although Milne spells Sherfield with an ‘e’.

4.6.6 The Ordnance Survey drawing of 1806 (Figure 5) depicts the site as occupying an enclosed agricultural landscape and the current field layout can just be discerned. The wooded outline of Bulls Down Camp is shown to the north of the study site.

4.6.7 C & J Greenwood’s map of 1826 (Figure 6) does not depict field boundaries, but does indicate the general topography.

4.6.8 The Sherfield Upon Loddon Tithe map of 1841 (Figure 7) provides the first detailed view of the site and its immediate environs. The site boundary falls within an area occupied by six different plots, four of which are arable with the remaining two pasture (Plots 64 and 67). Carpenters Farm is depicted adjacent to the south-west site boundary. It is noted that the current floodplain of Bow Brook, adjacent to the north boundary of the study site, is subdivided into meadows.

4.6.9 By 1872 (Figure 8) the fields within the study site are reduced to four. No further changes occur to the layout of the site in 1888 (Figure 9), 1912 (Figure 10) and 1956 (Figure 11).

4.6.10 The HER records the location of two World War II Pillboxes constructed at SU 466800 158500 (HER 24387) and SU 468300 158200 (HER 24386). The former would have formed part of the outer defence for the Ammunition Depot, whereas the latter was protecting the main road linking Basingstoke to Reading (A33) and was part of a network of Pillboxes forming a major Stop Line.

4.6.11 By 1969 (Figure 12) significant development of Sherfield Green has occurred with the area between the main street (Greenway Path) and the study site’s eastern boundary infilled by housing (Goddards Close and Bow Drive). The fields within the study site have been amalgamated into a single field.

4.6.12 By 1981 (Figure 13) the field previously adjacent to the north-east corner of the study area has also been infilled with Bow Drive now extended to link up with Bow Grove.

4.6.13 Figure 13, a Google Earth View, shows the site in 2010, the layout of the site remains unchanged.

4.6.14 The potential for significant below-ground archaeological remains on the study site of Post-Medieval and Modern date is low. The site remained as agricultural fields throughout this period.

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4.7 Assessment of Significance

4.7.1 There are no designated archaeological assets located within the study site.

4.7.2 The Scheduled Monument, a designated asset, of Bullsdown Hillfort is located approximately 450m to the north west of the site. The designated nature of the hillfort indicates the site is of national significance.

4.7.3 There are no undesignated archaeological assets recorded within the study site.

4.7.4 Based on available evidence the site is considered to have a very low to low potential for as yet to be discovered archaeological assets. If present, evidence is anticipated to comprise of a low density of Prehistoric artefacts (lithics). On balance, any such remains would be considered as of local significance.

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5.0 SITE CONDITIONS, THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACTS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSETS

5.1 Site Conditions

5.1.1 The site is currently occupied by a single field in arable cultivation (Plates 1-3).

5.1.2 Bow Brook, flows from the south-west to the north-east and the hedge forming the southern edge of the floodplain defines the study sites north-eastern boundary (Plate 3).

5.1.3 No features of archaeological/heritage interest were identified within the study site.

5.1.4 From the medieval period onward, the site is likely to have been utilised as agricultural land. Modern ploughing is likely to have had a widespread negative impact on any archaeology remains that might be present.

5.2 Proposed Development Impact

5.2.1 The site is proposed for residential development.

5.2.2 The Development Framework retains existing hedgerows particularly along the northern site boundary. This particular hedge ensures that intervisibility between the application site and the Scheduled Monument (Bullsdown Hillfort) is minimal.

5.2.3 With specific regard to potential settings issues and the Scheduled Monument (Bullsdown Hillfort) the hedgeline forming the north boundary of the proposed development will be retained. The hedgeline is very robust and of such a height that intervisibility between the monument and the site is minimal.

5.3 Setting Impacts

Step 1: Identify which heritage assets and their settings are affected

5.3.1 The starting point of the analysis is to identify those heritage assets likely to be affected by the development proposal (Step 1). Listed Buildings are dealt with in a separate Heritage Statement (CgMs, 2014).

5.3.2 The SAM an Iron Age hillfort, known as Bullsdown Hillfort lies c.450m north of the proposed development (see paragraphs 4.4.2 and 4.4.3 above). On the schedule the

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monument is named as Bulls Down Camp however all parties refer to the monument as Bullsdown Hillfort.

Step 2: Assess whether, how and to what degree these settings make a contribution to the significance of the heritage asset

 The approach to Step 2 as laid out in ‘The Setting of Heritage Assets’ indicates that to determine “what matters and why”, one first has to outline the key attributes of the heritage asset. After this the following things should be considered: the physical surroundings of the asset, including its relationship with other heritage assets;  the way the asset is appreciated; and  the asset’s associations and patterns of use.

5.3.3 Using the following heritage values as outlined in ‘Conservation Principles’, the key attributes of the heritage asset can be described as follows:

a) Evidential value - The SAM includes multivallete defences covering an area of 4.0ha, surrounding an internal area which also covers 4.0ha. On the east side of the hillfort the earthworks include an inner bank, a ditch, a wide berm with a bank on its outer lip, another ditch and an outer bank. On the west the natural slope falls by c. 3.0m across the ramparts and the defences are defined by a wide terrace with upper and lower scarps, made by levelling the slope, and a ditch and outer bank. There is an entrance in the north-west defined by a break in the earthworks with the outer bank inturned across the line of the ditch. On the north-east side of the hillfort, for a distance of over 100m, the earthworks have been largely destroyed through later activity.

b) Historic value - The SAM can provide historic value as it belongs to a class of poorly understood plateau hillforts, which could illustrate changing land function and the distribution of wealth in the area.

c) Aesthetic value- The site is scheduled as an ancient monument and aesthetic value is not one of the Secretary of State's non-statutory criteria for defining nationally important monuments. The SAM is visible from a distance as a heavily wooded copse, and its true form, especially the bank and ditches, is only apparent with proximity. Views to the monument are limited from the study site to the field within which it sits (Plate 2).

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d) Communal value- A track, originating from Sherfield Road, to the north-east, leads into the centre of the scheduled area however this is not a formally designated footpath. The track may give the SAM some communal value as it is publicly accessible, but it is not considered to have a high communal value overall.

5.3.4 The SAM represents a poorly understood type of hillfort and has had no prior archaeological investigation. The site is heavily overgrown with mature trees and bushes scattered across and around it. It is likely to have always been surrounded by agricultural land, as remains the case.

5.3.5 There is very limited intervisibility between the proposed site and the SAM due to the existence of a substantial tree/hedge screen along the northern boundary of the site (Plates 5 and 6). The trees covering the Scheduled Monument are visible from the study site however, the earthworks comprising the Scheduled Monument are not. The intervening topography between the study site and the SAM means that when standing on the north-east corner, the visibility is reduced even further (Plate 6). The form of the site can only be appreciated from a close distance. From further away, the SAM appears to be an area of rough ground marked by a copse.

5.3.6 It seems reasonable to assume that this hillfort would have had a relationship with an extensive rural environment punctuated by a pattern of small settlements. However, based on the evidence held in the HHER, there is little evidence for such a landscape around Bulldown. The map regression demonstrates that the SAM was separated from the study site by a field boundary and Bow Brook since at least 1841 (Figure 8), earlier maps show the Brook but not the hillfort (Figures 3 to 6). The 1841 map shows the study site as arable land, the centre of the hillfort is shown as clear whereas the ramparts are wooded. A map of 1888 indicates the SAM is completely wooded, and separated from the study site by a tree lined boundary and Bow Brook (Figure 9). Access to the hillfort via the track is first depicted on the 1969 Ordnance Survey (Figure 12).

5.4 Impact on Archaeological Assets

5.4.1 The proposed development would not impact any designated archaeological assets.

3. Assess the effects of the proposed development, whether beneficial or harmful, on that significance

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5.4.2 In regards to the setting of the SAM, the proposed development is on land that has historically been separated from the area around the hillfort by a hedge and the Bow Brook (Plates 2-6), with no apparent direct access or association to the site of the hillfort. This land is therefore considered to make a negligible contribution to the significance of the SAM. A small part of the proposed site is currently visible from the SAM through a gap in the tree line (Plates 6 and 7), but a slight change in the view from the SAM is considered to have a negligible impact on the monument’s setting and a negligible effect on the significance of the monument.

5.4.3 The site lies approximately 450m south of the Scheduled Monument of Bullsdown Hillfort, with minimal intervisability due to the intervening topography and vegetation, particularly the dense woodland growth across the ramparts and interior of the monument and the significant height and dense nature of the hedge forming the study sites northern boundary (Plate 3). Due to the distance of the site from the Scheduled Monument and lack of visibility between the two locations, the proposed development will not impact the setting of the Scheduled Monument and its significance will not be affected.

5.4.4 Similarly, development would not impact any non-designated assets on the site.

5.4.5 Any potential archaeological remains on the site are assessed to be of purely local importance.

4. Explore ways of maximising enhancement and avoiding or minimising harm

5.4.6 In terms of mitigating impacts on the setting of the SAM this can be achieved through design measures and screen planting. The draft masterplan indicates that proposals already include retention of the northern hedgeline.

5.4.7 By closing the small gap in the existing hedgeline, the screening can be further enhanced, minimising any visual impact and enhancing the historic field boundary separating the study site from land to the north.

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6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

6.1 Land at Sherfield-on-Loddon, Hampshire has been assessed for its archaeological interest.

6.2 In accordance with central and local government planning policy and guidance, a desk- based assessment has been undertaken to clarify the archaeological significance of any assets on the site.

6.3 The study site can be considered to have a very low to low potential for sub-surface archaeological evidence.

6.4 From at least the medieval period onwards, the site is likely to have been utilised as agricultural land. Modern ploughing is likely to have had a widespread negative impact on any archaeology remains present.

6.5 The site is proposed for residential development.

6.6 In the absence of designated and non-designated assets on the site, it is considered that should the Local Planning Authority require any archaeological mitigation measures to secure the limited archaeological interest of the site, this could follow planning consent, secured by a planning condition.

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SOURCES CONSULTED

1. General Hampshire Heritage Environment Record British Library Hampshire Records Office

2. Bibliographic

British Geological Survey Geology of Britain Viewer http://www.bgs.ac.uk/ 2013

English Heritage The Setting of Heritage Assets 2011

Margary, I. Roman Roads in Britain 1973

Victoria County History A History of the County of Hampshire: Volume 4 1911

3. Cartographic

1759 Taylor 1791 Milne 1806 Ordnance Survey Drawing 1826 C & J Greenwood 1840 Bramley Tithe Map 1875 Ordnance Survey 1897 Ordnance Survey 1912 Ordnance Survey 1968 Ordnance Survey 1982 Ordnance Survey 2010 Google Earth View

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N:\17000-17999\17501- Sherfield on Loddon\Figures\Mapping\GIS\Projects\A4Berkshire Figure 1 Portrait.mxd MB / 21.07.14 Stratfield Saye West End Green

Fair Oak Green

Stratfield Turgis

Turgis Green Bramley Green

Bramley Hampshire BASINGSTOKE AND DEANE DISTRICT Sherfield on Loddon HART DISTRICT Hartley Wespall

Vyne Park Church End

Rotherwick

A33

Chineham Newnham Isle of Wight 158500 158000 157500

467000 467500 468000

Scale at A4: 1:10,000 0 250m

Site Boundary ± Figure 1: Site location

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$+20777 57818 $+^38816

14425 #* Þ54082 52608 52609 159000 $+ $+

$+2173 Site Boundary Search Area

GF36205 (1.5km radius)

2175 $+ Designated 38817 ^$+ $+66397 2176 Heritage Assets:

!(20238 #* Listed Building $+2286 Scheduled !( !( $+2289 24387 GF20775 57536 #*$+2288 Monument 158500

Bulls Down camp $+51274

!(20768 Non-Designated Heritage Assets: GF20770 #* #* !( Monument

$+57732 24386 GF Findspot !(#* #* Þ Historic Park or 36195 Garden GF #* ^ Name $+#* 14294

158000 #*$+3613 $+ Historic Building 61 $+ $+ 2669 52589 14004 $+57580 $+ Water Meadow 1353 $+ $+52590 #* #* Area of 12620 $+ 52578 $+ !(#*$+ ^41267 52577 ^ 52576 Archaeological 41264 20320 $+ 52586 Potential 2665 $+$+$+ 52587 #* 52588 !(57578 Area of High

$+57579 Archaeological $+1046 Potential #*#*

33572 GF 33573 157500

$+2677

$+57730 $+2680 ^60236 GF36193

$+54803

$+55572 #* Þ51664 157000 #* #* 52585 52583 20321 !( $+$+ 52584 ± #* 20776 !( $+52582 $+#* 52580 $+52581

Scale at A3: 1:12,000 $+57728 0 400m #*

Figure 2: 156500 Summary of cultural heritage assets (data from the HHER)

465500 466000 466500 467000 467500 468000 468500 469000 469500 © Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office. Licence No: AL 100014723 © English Heritage 2014. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2014 The Dataset contained in this material was obtained on 23/06/2014

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Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

Site Location Figure 3: 1759 Taylor's

C ONSULTING map of Hampshire

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

© Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office Licence No: AL 100014723 N:\17000-17999\17501- Sherfield on Loddon\Figures\Mapping\CAD\01 current\Figures.dwg MB / 21.07.14

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

Site Location Figure 4: 1791 Milne's

CONSULTING map of Hampshire

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

Site Location Figure 5: 1806 Ordnance Survey

CONSULTING Drawing

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

Site Location Figure 6: 1826 C & J Greenwood's

CONSULTING map of Hampshire

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

Site Boundary Figure 7: 1841 Sherfield Upon

CONSULTING Lodden Tithe Map

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 8: 1872 Ordnance Survey CONSULTING

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 9: 1888 Ordnance Survey CONSULTING

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 10: 1912 Ordnance Survey CONSULTING

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 11: 1956 Ordnance Survey CONSULTING

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 12: 1969 Ordnance Survey CONSULTING

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 13: 1981 Ordnance Survey CONSULTING

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Not to Scale: Illustrative Only

N Site Boundary Figure 14: 2010 Google Earth View CONSULTING

Planning ● Heritage www.cgms.co.uk

Plate 1: Site looking north-east from south-west corner

Plate 2: Site looking north towards Bullsdown Hillfort N:\17000-17999\17501- Sherfield on Loddon\Figures\Mapping\CAD\01 current\Plates.dwg MB / 21.07.14

Plate 3: North boundary hedge looking north-east

Plate 4: Bow Brook looking north-east N:\17000-17999\17501- Sherfield on Loddon\Figures\Mapping\CAD\01 current\Plates.dwg MB / 21.07.14

Plate 5: View south-east toward site from outside Bullsdown Hillfort south-eastern ramparts

Plate 6: View south-west toward site from outside Bullsdown Hillfort north east-corner