DOCSLIB.ORG

Indecon International Economic Consultants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Indecon International Economic Consultants An Economic/Socio-Economic Evaluation of Wild Salmon in Ireland Submitted to the Central Fisheries Board by Indecon International Economic Consultants INDECON International Economic Consultants www.indecon.ie April 2003 © Copyright Indecon. No part of this document may be used or reproduced without Indecon’s expressed permission in writing. Contents Page Glossary of Terms i Executive Summary iii 1 Introduction and Background 1 Introduction 1 Background and Context to Review 1 Scope and Terms of Reference of Evaluation 2 Approach 4 Acknowledgements 4 2 Review of Existing Research on Socio-economic Value of Atlantic Salmon 5 Irish-based Research 5 International Evaluations on the Economic Value of Salmon 13 Conclusion 18 3 Review of Salmon Management in Ireland 19 Developments in Salmon Management Policy 19 Historical Trends in the Salmon Catch 28 Conclusions 39 4 Economic Impact of Commercial Salmon Fishing 41 Regional Structure of Commercial Salmon Catch 41 Analysis of Commercial Catch by Type of Fishing Licence 46 Indecon Survey of Commercial Salmon Fishermen 49 Estimates of Total Commercial Salmon Revenue 59 Summary and Conclusions 68 Indecon April 2003 i Contents Page 5 Economic Impact of Salmon Angling 70 Regional breakdown of Rod & Line Salmon Catch 70 Value of Overseas Salmon Tourism 72 Value of Domestic Salmon Angling 95 Indecon Survey of Tourism Interests 104 Analysis of Salmon Angling Accommodation 108 Summary and Conclusions 110 6 Views of Commercial Salmon Fishermen, Tourism and Angling Interests 111 Views of Commercial Salmon Fishermen 111 Views of Tourism and Angling Interests 118 7 Estimation of Socio-Economic Value of Wild Salmon 133 Scenarios for Management of Commercial Fishery 133 Scenarios for Commercial Salmon Fishing Revenue 135 Scenarios for the Salmon Angling Sector 143 Present Socio-Economic Value of Salmon Angling 145 Value of Commercial versus Rod & Line Salmon 148 Conclusions 150 8 Recommendations re Options/Models for Sustainable Management 151 Review of Salmon Management in Other Countries 151 Recommendations re Models for Management of Wild Salmon Resource in Ireland 156 Conclusions 162 Annex 1 Summary of Main Submissions Made to Consultancy Team 163 Annex 2 Copies of Survey Questionnaires 170 Indecon April 2003 ii Glossary of Terms Glossary of Terms Marginal Willingness to Pay. A person's willingness to pay for one more unit of a good or service. From the demand function for a good or service it can be read as the price the person is willing to pay for a given quantity of that good/service. Marginal Value. The maximum amount that an individual is willing to pay for one extra unit of a resource or for the extra outcome(s) resulting from its provision. Differs from the average value, which equates to the mean value of a resource over a number of units. Mean. The mean is the average of the scores in the population. Numerically, it equals the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean average is, however, subject to greater influence by relatively high or low values (‘outliers’) in the sample. Median. The median of a population is the point that divides the distribution of scores in half. Numerically, half of the scores in a population will have values that are equal to or larger than the median and half will have values that are equal to or smaller than the median. This statistical measure is less influenced by extreme low or high values in a sample than is the mean average (defined above). Multiplier. The multiplier is concerned with how national income changes as a result of a change in an injection, for example investment. The multiplier was a concept developed by the economist, John Maynard Keynes, which stated that any increase in injections into the economy (investment, government expenditure or exports) would lead to a proportionally bigger increase in National Income. This is because the extra spending would have knock-on effects creating in turn even greater spending. The size of the multiplier would depend on the level of leakages. It can be measured by the formula 1/(1-MPC-MPM) where the MPC is the marginal propensity to consume and the MPM is the marginal propensity to import. Net Benefit. The net overall economic benefit derived from an activity (such as salmon tourism angling). They differ from gross benefits in that they represent the net contribution to Irish economic activity after subtracting expenditure on imported inputs and the opportunity cost of labour and other resources used in supplying such services. Indecon April 2003 i Glossary of Terms Opportunity Cost. The value of the best foregone alternative use for a resource. In the case of the salmon recreational angling sector, the net benefit of the sector to the economy must take account of opportunity cost of labour and other resources used in supplying products and services (e.g. hotels and catering services) purchased by overseas anglers where these resource may be put to use elsewhere in the economy. Present Value. The present value is a mathematical formula used to determine how much money should be invested today to result in a certain sum at a future point in time. It is the discounted value of a future stream of payments or receipts calculated by applying an appropriate discount rate to each future payment of receipt. Revenue. The total value of receipts during a specified period. In the case of salmon fishing, revenue represents the value of sales of salmon landed. Skewness. A measure of the lack of symmetry in a statistical distribution of data points. Data from a positively skewed (skewed to the right) distribution have values that are bunched together below the mean, but have a long tail above the mean. Data from a negatively skewed (skewed to the left) distribution have values that are bunched together above the mean, but have a long tail below the mean. Standard deviation. The standard deviation is a measure of the variability present in a data sample. It represents the squared sum of the difference between the mean and each data point in a sample. A high standard deviation points to a high degree of variance within a sample. Value-added. The value of output minus the value of all intermediate inputs used in production, representing therefore the contribution of, and payments to, primary factors of production. In the case of the wild salmon sector, value added may represent the additional value created in downstream industries such as processing. Indecon April 2003 ii Executive Summary Executive Summary Background and Context This report represents an independent economic/socio-economic evaluation of wild salmon in Ireland. The report has been prepared for the Central Fisheries Board. The evaluation addresses the requirements for the long-term sustainable management of wild salmon stocks, within an economic and socio-economic context, to ensure the viability of this important resource. The wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fishery in Ireland comprises a commercial and a recreational fishery. The commercial fishery comprises a number of elements, depending on the method of harvesting. The largest, in terms of the proportion of commercial salmon harvested, is the drift net fishery, which extends offshore to 6 miles and accounts for 87% of the total commercial salmon catch. The draft net fishery is confined to the estuaries and tidal stretches of the river systems and accounts for just over 11% of the commercial salmon catch. The recreational fishery is confined to the river systems, of which over one hundred are recognised as salmon and sea trout fisheries. Salmon angling in Ireland attracts a large number of participants, including both local anglers and overseas visitors, and in 2001 close to 33,000 salmon/sea trout licences were sold to anglers. The Central and Regional Fisheries Boards are the statutory agencies responsible for inland fisheries in Ireland and operate under the aegis of the Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources. The principal function of the Central Fisheries Board is to advise the Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources on policy in relation to the conservation, protection, management, development and improvement of inland fisheries, while the regional fisheries boards have responsibility for the implementation of policy across the seven fisheries board regions. In addition, the National Salmon Commission was established in 1999 to assist and advise the Minister on the management of the national salmon resource and, in particular, in relation to the operation of the wild salmon and sea trout tagging and logbook scheme. Scope and Terms of Reference The overall objective of the study is to provide an “economic/socio economic evaluation of wild salmon in Ireland.” In line with the terms of reference, this study entails: • Consideration and quantification of the economic/socio economic value and importance of the commercial wild salmon fishery in Ireland; • consideration and quantification of the economic/socio economic value and importance of the salmon rod angling fishery in Ireland; • setting out options/models on how both segments of the industry should be sustainably managed from an economic/socio economic perspective in the future; and, • while this is a national study, consideration is given to the importance of wild salmon to coastal and rural communities. Indecon April 2003 iii Executive Summary Review of Existing Research on Economic Evaluation of Wild Salmon The evaluation began by reviewing a number of Irish-based and international studies concerning the economic/socio-economic value of the Atlantic wild salmon resource. In relation to the international research, existing studies in respect of the salmon fisheries in Great Britain, Iceland and Canada have each pointed to a substantial gap between the economic values attributed to commercial and recreational salmon fishing, with recreational activity typically yielding a large multiple of the values estimated for commercial salmon fishing.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sturgeon Making Comeback in Lake Ontario He Lake Sturgeon Is a Living Dinosaur of Sorts
    by Bill Hilts, Jr. Sturgeon Making Comeback in Lake Ontario he lake sturgeon is a living dinosaur of sorts. The origin Tof this interesting species can be traced back 200 million years, which is one heck of a long time ago, maintaining the same physical characteristics as its ancestors. To people associated with fish and fish- ing, they appeared to be a limitless resource here in New York and the Province of Ontario. Despite this longevity, our knowledge of these fish is amazingly limited. Tales of long stringers of sturgeons were backed up with photos and filled area bragging boards in the 19th Sturgeon along the shoreline of the Niagara Gorge in May. and 20th centuries. Overfishing for meat and caviar combined with “We are trying to collect as Niagara River — with most of them habitat degradation and pollution much information as possible,” says being in the Niagara River. The to whittle away population levels Gorsky, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife receiver is anchored to the bottom for this fish. In less than 200 years, Service employee. “So far in five of the river with a concrete block lake sturgeon numbers were declin- years of setting overnight setlines in and picks up signals from the fish ing rapidly. It was feared that they the Niagara River, we have managed transmitter. When it comes time to would soon be going the way of the to catch, tag and release in excess collect the data, they simply scuba- blue pike (now extinct) and stur- of 800 lake sturgeons. The amazing dive into the river or lake and pick geon became a protected species.
    [Show full text]
  • New Jersey FREE Fish & Wildlife Digest a Summary of Rules and Management Information VOL
    New Jersey FREE Fish & Wildlife Digest A Summary of Rules and Management Information VOL. 15 NO. 3 MAY 2002 20022002 MarineMarine IssueIssue Visit our website at: www.njfishandwildlife.com New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection © Carol Decker New Jersey Fish & Wildlife Digest The Director’s Published by the New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife P.O. Box 400, Trenton, NJ 08625-0400 Message www.njfishandwildlife.com State of New Jersey By Bob McDowell James E. McGreevey, Governor Department of Environmental Protection Bradley M. Campbell, Commissioner Value of the Marine Resource— Division of Fish and Wildlife Robert McDowell, Director Cost of Management: Who Pays the Bill? David Chanda, Assistant Director Martin McHugh, Assistant Director ew Jersey is fortunate to have a rich coastal heritage. The state has 120 miles of ocean coastline, Thomas McCloy, Marine Fisheries Administrator James Joseph, Chief, Bureau of Shellfisheries Nover 390,000 acres of estuarine area and inlets spread all along the coast allowing easy access Rob Winkel, Chief, Law Enforcement between bays and the ocean. Fishery resources are both abundant and diverse with northern species in Jim Sciascia, Chief, Information and Education Cindy Kuenstner, Editor the winter, southern species in the summer and others available year round. Large recreational fisheries are supported by these diverse resources. Every year about one million recreational anglers spend over The Division of Fish and Wildlife is a professional, five million days fishing New Jersey’s marine waters. New Jersey’s recreational saltwater anglers spend environmental organization dedicated to the protection, management and wise use of the state’s about $750 million annually on fishing related products, with a resultant sales tax income to the state of fish and wildlife resources.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Journal
    THE OFFICIAL Supplied free to members of GFAA-affiliated clubs or $9.95 GFAA GAMEFISHING 2020 JOURNAL HISTORICAL THE OFFICIAL GAME FISHING ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA 2020 JOURNAL THE OFFICIAL GAME FISHING ASSOCIATION SPECIAL FEATURE •Capt Billy Love – Master of Sharks Including gamefish weight gauges, angling Published for GFAA by rules/regulations, plus GFAA and QGFA records www.gfaa.asn.au LEGENDARY POWER COUPLE THE LEGEND CONTINUES, THE NEW TEREZ SERIES OF RODS BUILT ON SPIRAL-X AND HI-POWER X BLANKS ARE THE ULTIMATE SALTWATER ENFORCER. TECHNOLOGY 8000HG MODELS INFINITE POWER CAST 6’6” HEAVY 50-150lb SPIN JIG 5’10” MEDIUM 24kg CAST 6’6” X-HEAVY 65-200lb SPIN JIG 5’8” HEAVY 37kg THE STELLA SW REPRESENTS THE PINNACLE OF CAST 6’6” XX-HEAVY 80-200lb SPIN JIG 5’9” MEDIUM / HEAVY 24-37kg SHIMANO TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION IN THE CAST 7’0” MEDIUM 30-65lb OVERHEAD JIG 5’10” MEDIUM 24kg PURSUIT OF CREATING THE ULTIMATE SPINNING REEL. CAST 7’0” MEDIUM / HEAVY 40-80lb OVERHEAD JIG 5’8” HEAVY 37kg SPIN 6’9” MEDIUM 20-50lb SPIN 7’6” MEDIUM 10-15kg SPIN 6’9” MEDIUM / HEAVY 40-80lb SPIN 7’6” HEAVY 15-24kg TECHNOLOGY SPIN 6’9” HEAVY 50-100lb SPIN 7’0” MEDIUM 5-10kg SPIN 6’9” X-HEAVY 65-200lb SPIN 7’0” MEDIUM / LIGHT 8-12kg UPGRADED DRAG WITH SPIN 7’2” MEDIUM / LIGHT 15-40lb SPIN 7’9” STICKBAIT PE 3-8 HEAT RESISTANCE SPIN 7’2” MEDIUM lb20-50lb SPIN 8’0” GT PE 3-8 *10000 | 14000 models only SPIN 7’2” MEDIUM / HEAVY 40-80lb Check your local Shimano Stockists today.
    [Show full text]
  • A Baseline Survey of Juvenile Lamprey Populations in the River Feale Catchment
    A baseline survey of juvenile lamprey populations in the River Feale catchment Irish Wildlife Manuals No. 22 A baseline survey of juvenile lamprey populations in the River Feale catchment William O’Connor Ecofact Environmental Consultants Ltd. Tait Business Centre, Dominic Street, Limerick City, Ireland. t. +353 61 313519 f. +353 61 414315 e. [email protected] Citation: O’Connor W. (2006) A baseline survey of juvenile lamprey populations in the River Feale catchment. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 22. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland. Cover photo: The River Feale at Listowel © William O’Connor Irish Wildlife Manuals Series Editor: F. Marnell © National Parks and Wildlife Service 2006 ISSN 1393 – 6670 Contents Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 4 2. Methodology 5 2.1 Selection of sites 5 2.2 Electrical fishing equipment 5 2.3 Description of sites 6 2.4 Identification of lampreys 7 2.5 Assessment of conservation status 7 3. Study Area 9 3.1 The Feale catchment 9 4. Results 11 4.1 Electrical fishing site characteristics 11 4.2 Lamprey catch 12 4.3 Distribution, abundance and characteristics of lamprey populations 12 4.4 Lamprey habitats in the River Feale catchment 19 4.5 Quantitative electrical fishing assessments 21 4.6 Conservation status of lampreys in the Feale catchment 21 5. Conclusions and Recommendations 23 6. Bibliography 24 Appendix 1 List of sites investigated 26 Feale Lamprey Survey 2005 --------------------------- Executive Summary ¾ Three indigenous species of lamprey occur in Ireland; the non-parasitic resident brook lamprey Lampetra planeri, the parasitic anadromous river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis and sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus.
    [Show full text]
  • Cashen-Feale.Pdf
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the help and co-operation of the CEO Mr. Eamon Cusack, the assistant CEO Mr. Sean Ryan and the staff of the Shannon Regional Fisheries Board. The authors would also like to gratefully acknowledge the help and cooperation from all their colleagues in the Central Fisheries Board and especially Dr. Jimmy King for his guidance with the transitional waters surveys. We would also like to thank Dr. Martin O’ Grady (CFB) and No. 3 Operational Wing, Irish Air Corps (Aer Chór na hÉireann) for the aerial photographs. The authors would also like to acknowledge the funding provided for the project from the Department of Communications Energy and Natural Resources for 2008. The report includes Ordnance Survey Ireland data reproduced under OSi Copyright Permit No. MP 007508. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Ordnance Survey Ireland and Government of Ireland copyright. © Ordnance Survey Ireland, 2009 2 INTRODUCTION A fish stock survey was carried out at sites on the Cashen/Upper Feale Estuary, as part of the programme of monitoring for the Water Framework Directive (WFD), between the 12 th and 14 th of September 2008 by staff from the Central Fisheries Board (CFB) and the Shannon Regional Fisheries Board (ShRFB). The Cashen/Upper Feale Estuary is located in County Kerry and is separated into the upper (Upper Feale Estuary) (Fig. 1) and lower (Cashen Estuary) (Fig. 2) estuaries for WFD sampling and reporting purposes. The Upper Feale Estuary is located just downstream of Listowel and covers an area of 0.37km² (93 acres). The Upper Feale Estuary starts at the confluence of the River Galey and the River Feale and continues up to Finuge Bridge (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Irish COUNTRY SPORTS and COUNTRYY LIFE Including the NEW IRISH GAME ANGLER Magazine 5.00 €
    To 26thON Feb SALE 2016 Irish COUNTRY SPORTS and COUNTRYY LIFE Including The NEW IRISH GAME ANGLER magazine 5.00 € 02 Volume 14 Number 4 Winter 2015 £3.00 / Volume 9 771476 824001 Less weight, more shooting There are many reasons for choosing a lighter weight gun. Obviously, they’re the perfect solution for ladies and youngsters, who might struggle with a standard 12 bore. Increasingly lighter KYRWEVIGLSWIRF]WLSSXIVW[LS½RH them less tiring to carry and enjoy the faster handling characteristics. ULTRALIGHT CLASSIC - 12g from £1,900 The receiver is machined from a single block of aircraft quality aluminium alloy, with a Titanium insert in the breech face. It aims to match the strength and durability of steel but with 65% less weight. ULTRALIGHT GOLD - 12g from £2,025 All the strength of the Ultralight Classic receiver with enhanced styling, selected walnut stock and contemporary, gold inlaid, gamescene engraving. SILVER PIGEON 1 - 20g £1,600 The Silver Pigeon 1, in its fully scaled down, 20g version weighs in at around 6lbs. Also available in 28g and .410. SILVER PIGEON CLASSIC - 20g £2,975 With a delightful scroll and gamescene vignette engraving, plus ‘Class 3’ premium walnut the Silver Pigeon Classic offers an irresistible combination of reliability, durability and above all desirability. NEW 690 III - 20g £2,500 (Autumn 15) Featuring an elegant gamescene IRKVEZMRK[MXLTEVXVMHKIERH[SSHGSGOMR¾MKLXXLIRI[KEZIVWMSRSJXLI 690 III Field will be available in the UK from the Autumn. www.beretta.com FOR FURTHER PRODUCT INFORMATION PLEASE CALL BE0815UL GMK ON 01489 587500 OR VISIT WWW.GMK.CO.UK Irish COUNTRY SPORTS and COUNTRY LIFE Contents 4 Northern Comment 84 Raising Ghostly Fenland Spirits - by Julian Schmechel 5 ROI Comment 88 There’s More to Game Than 8 Countryside News Pheasants - says Johnny Woodlock Front Cover: Great Game Fairs of Ireland ‘Roaring Ahead’ from a 30 New Director of Development & 91 Hunting Roundup - With Tom Fulton painting by John R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of a Roving Creel Survey to Monitor Exploited Coastal Fish Species in the Goukamma Marine Protected Area, South Africa
    The use of a Roving Creel Survey to monitor exploited coastal fish species in the Goukamma Marine Protected Area, South Africa by Carika Sylvia van Zyl A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Technoligae, Nature Conservation Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University 2011 i I, Carika Sylvia van Zyl (s208027504) hereby declare that the work in this document is my own. ii Abstract A fishery-dependant monitoring method of the recreational shore-based fishery was undertaken in the Goukamma Marine Protected Area (MPA) on the south coast of South Africa for a period of 17 months. The method used was a roving creel survey (RCS), with dates, times and starting locations chosen by stratified random sampling. The MPA was divided into two sections, Buffalo Bay and Groenvlei, and all anglers encountered were interviewed. Catch and effort data were collected and catch per unit effort (CPUE) was calculated from this. The spatial distribution of anglers was also mapped. A generalized linear model (GLM) was fitted to the effort data to determine the effects of month and day type on the variability of effort in each section. Fitted values showed that effort was significantly higher on weekends than on week days, in both sections. A total average of 3662 anglers fishing 21 428 hours annually is estimated within the reserve with a mean trip length of 5.85 hours. Angler numbers were higher per unit coastline length in Buffalo Bay than Groenvlei, but fishing effort (angler hours) was higher in Groenvlei. Density distributions showed that anglers were clumped in easily accessible areas and that they favored rocky areas and mixed shores over sandy shores.
    [Show full text]
  • South Carolina Marine Game Fish Tagging Program 1978 -2009
    South Carolina Marine Game Fish Tagging Program 1978 -2009 Robert K. Wiggers SEDAR68-RD23 June 2019 This information is distributed solely for the purpose of pre-dissemination peer review. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy. South Carolina Marine Game Fish Tagging Program 1978 - 2009 By Robert K. Wiggers South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Marine Resources Division DNR SOUTH CAROLINA MARINE GAME FISH TAGGING PROGRAM 1978 - 2009 By Robert K. Wiggers Marine Resources Division South Carolina Department of Natural Resources P.O. Box 12559 Charleston, South Carolina 29422 June 2010 This project was funded through the South Carolina Saltwater Fishing License. Table of Contents Page List of Tables……………………………………………………………………..ii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………iii Introduction………………………………………………………………………1 Methods…..………………………………………………………………………2 Results…………………………………………………………………………… 5 Results by Species……………………………………………………………….. 9 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………45 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….51 Literature Cited……………………………………………………………………52 Appendix I………………………………………………………………………...53 Appendix II……………………………………………………………………….54 Appendix III………………………………………………………………………55 i List of Tables Table Page 1. Number of target species tagged and recovered in the Marine Game Fish Tagging Program, 1978-2009…………………………………………………………6 2. Tagged greater amberjack recovered in the Gulf of Mexico…………………………9 3. Tagged bluefish recovered outside South Carolina…………………………………..11 4. Tagged cobia from the MGFTP recovered in the Gulf of Mexico…………………....14 5. Tagged dolphin recoveries from the MGFTP………………………………………..15 6. Tagged black drum recovered outside South Carolina………………………………16 7. Tagged flounder (species not identified) recovered outside South Carolina…………18 8. Tagged red drum with 6 recapture occurrences………………………………………23 9. Tagged crevalle jack recovered outside South Carolina……………………………..25 10. Examples of king mackerel recoveries by month…………………………………...28 11.
    [Show full text]
  • REFERENCE LIST Status Report: Focus on Staple Crops
    AGRA (Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa). 2013. Africa Agriculture REFERENCE LIST Status Report: Focus on Staple Crops. Nairobi: AGRA. http://agra-alliance.org/ AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science). 2012. download/533977a50dbc7/. “Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors on Labeling of Genetically AgResearch. 2016. “Shortlist of Five Holds Key to Reduced Methane Modified Foods.” Emissions from Livestock.” AgResearch News Release. http://www. Abalos, D., S. Jeffery, A. Sanz-Cobena, G. Guardia, and A. Vallejo. 2014. agresearch.co.nz/news/shortlist-of-five-holds-key-to-reduced-methane- “Meta-analysis of the Effect of Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors on Crop emissions-from-livestock/. Productivity and Nitrogen Use Efficiency.” Agriculture, Ecosystems, and AHDB (Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board). 2017. “Average Milk Environment 189: 136–144. Yield.” Farming Data. https://dairy.ahdb.org.uk/resources-library/market- Abalos, D., S. Jeffery, C.F. Drury, and C. Wagner-Riddle. 2016. “Improving information/farming-data/average-milk-yield/#.WV0_N4jyu70. Fertilizer Management in the U.S. and Canada for N O Mitigation: 2 Ahmed, S.E., A.C. Lees, N.G. Moura, T.A. Gardner, J. Barlow, J. Ferreira, and R.M. Understanding Potential Positive and Negative Side-Effects on Corn Yields.” Ewers. 2014. “Road Networks Predict Human Influence on Amazonian Bird Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 221: 214–221. Communities.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281 (1795): 20141742. Abbott, P. 2012. “Biofuels, Binding Constraints and Agricultural Commodity Ahrends, A., P.M. Hollingsworth, P. Beckschäfer, H. Chen, R.J. Zomer, L. Zhang, Price Volatility.” Paper presented at the National Bureau of Economic M.
    [Show full text]
  • Pelagic Fisheries Research Program (PFRP) Over the Period 1993–2003
    Research and writing: Noreen M. Parks Editing: John Sibert Layout:May Izumi Cover Photo: Richard Herrmann ~ UH-NOAA~ Executive Summary This report highlights the accomplishments of the Pelagic Fisheries Research Program (PFRP) over the period 1993–2003. Operating from the University of Hawaii-Manoa, the program supports the scientific research needs of the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, in conjunction with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. More than 70 projects have been funded to address questions in fisheries biology, oceanography, statistics and modeling, genetics, protected species, fish- eries economics and socio-cultural issues. The PFRP has played a leading role in promoting research in support of the ecosystem approach to fisheries. Through its links with the University of Hawaii, the PFRP is able to assist in training new fisheries scientists. In its scientific collaborations and partic- ipation in multinational forums for fisheries management, the PFRP also has played an important role in fostering international cooperation for the sustainable management of pelagic fisheries throughout the central and Western Pacific. Responding to emerg- ing scientific needs for responsible fisheries stewardship, the program continues to sponsor cutting-edge, multidisciplinary research. i ii THE PACIFIC OCEAN—HEART OF THE BLUE PLANET, HOME TO THE WORLD’S RICHEST FISHERIES If you hitched a ride on a space shuttle circling the globe, during much of the voyage the Pacific Ocean would dominate your view of Earth. Our “blue planet” owes much of its liquid character to the Pacific, which covers nearly one third of the globe—an area larger than all the landmasses combined.
    [Show full text]
  • Rough Skate (Rsk)
    ROUGH SKATE (RSK) ROUGH SKATE (RSK) (Zearaja nasuta) Waewae 1. FISHERY SUMMARY 1.1 Commercial fisheries Rough skate (Zearaja nasuta, RSK) are fished commercially in New Zealand in close association to smooth skates, which are also known as barndoor skates. Although rough skates grow considerably smaller than smooth skates, RSK is still landed and processed. Two other species of deepwater skate (Bathyraja shuntovi and Raja hyperborea) are large enough to be of commercial interest but are relatively uncommon and probably comprise a negligible proportion of the landings. Skate flesh ammoniates rapidly after death, so the wings are removed at sea, and chilled or frozen. On arrival at the shore factories, the wings are machine-skinned, graded and packed for sale. Most of the product is exported to Europe, especially France and Italy. Skates of all sizes are processed, though some factories impose a minimum weight limit of about 1 kg (200 g per wing), and occasionally wings from very large smooth skates are difficult to market. Rough skates occur throughout New Zealand, but are most abundant around the South Island in depths down to 500 m. Most of the catch is taken as bycatch by bottom trawlers, but skates are also taken by longliners. Significant longline bycatch has been reported from the Bounty Plateau in QMA 6. There is no clear separation of the depth ranges inhabited by rough and smooth skates; however, smooth skate tend to occur slightly deeper than rough skate (Beentjes & Stevenson 2000, 2001, Stevenson & Hanchet 2000). Many fishers and processors do not distinguish rough and smooth skates in their landing returns, and code them instead as “skates” (SKA).
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study Description Shannon River Basin
    Case Study Description Shannon River Basin T. K. Mc Carthy & Marcin Blaszkowski Department of Zoology, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland Telephone: +353-(0)91-512008 Fax: +353-(0)91-750526 [email protected] [email protected] 1 Introduction The River Shannon, Ireland’s largest river system, has a network of lakes in which European eel is an important natural component of the fish assemblages. Like many other European rivers, the hydrological features of the River Shannon have been altered during development of navigation routes, by weirs constructed for flood control and when it was harnessed for hydroelectricity generation (Cullen, 2002). These and other environmental changes are reflected in the history of its eel fisheries and have stimulated a series of research activities that are ongoing (Moriarty, 1982, McCarthy et al., 1999, McCarthy & Cullen, 2000 a, 2000 b, 2002, Cullen & McCarthy, 2000, 2002, 2003, Arai et al., 2006) The Shannon river basin district (Fig 1), defined with respect to the objectives of Water Framework Directive, includes an area of about 18,000 km2 , mostly in the lowland central area of the Republic of Ireland but with a small part (6km2) of the upper River Shannon basin extending across the border to Northern Ireland. It includes areas referable to Ecoregion 17 (rivers, lakes) and Ecoregion 1 (transitional and coastal waters). It has been estimated that there are more than 1,600 lakes, totalling about 440km2 surface areas, though the majority are less than 0.5km2, and about 16,000 km of river channel in the river basin district.
    [Show full text]