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Toxicokinetics and Biomarkers/Environmental Sources of Exposure TM Normal Human Levels Levels ToxGuide

General Populations Toxicokinetics Biomarkers for . . The primary route of exposure for the Animal data indicates that acrylamide is . Results of epidemiological studies general population is ingestion of readily and rapidly absorbed following support the use of hemoglobin adducts contaminated . inhalation and oral exposure, and of acrylamide and/or as Acrylamide somewhat less rapidly following dermal biomarkers of exposure. . Acrylamide is formed in that are exposure.

rich in carbohydrates when they are fried, . grilled or baked. Starchy foods such as Once absorbed, acrylamide is widely Environmental Levels distributed throughout the body. -based products typically contain Air C3H5NO the highest levels of acrylamide, whereas . Acrylamide is rapidly metabolized; protein-based foods contain smaller glycidamide is the principal . Limited data indicate that acrylamide CAS# 79-06-1 amounts. toxicologically significant metabolite. concentrations in the atmosphere are very low. December 2012 . In places near plastic and dye plants, . Acrylamide is excreted from the body as Sediment and Soil drinking water may contain acrylamide. metabolites in the urine. . . Concentrations in soil near Exposure may also occur through acrylamide/ producers inhalation of tobacco smoke (including Normal Human Levels range from <0.02 to <0.08 µg/g. U.S. Department of Health and second-hand smoke). Human Services . No data available. Water Public Health Service . Concentration of acrylamide in river and Agency for Toxic Substances Occupational Populations tap water is <5 µg/L. . People involved in the production or use and Disease Registry www.atsdr.cdc.gov of acrylamide and acrylamide-containing

products are more likely to be exposed Reference than the general population. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Contact Information: Registry (ATSDR). 2012. Toxicological Division of . Exposure may also occur in laboratories and Human Health Sciences utilizing polyacrylamide gels. Profile for Acrylamide. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Environmental Toxicology Branch Services, Public Health Services. 1600 Clifton Road NE, F-57 Atlanta, GA 30333 1-800-CDC-INFO 1-800-232-4636 www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp

Routes of Exposure and Chemical and Physical Acrylamide in the Relevance to Public Health (Health Effects) Information Environment

Acrylamide Route of Exposure Health effects are determined Health Effects . Acrylamide is a colorless, odorless, . Inhalation – Minor route of exposure for by the dose (how much), the . The primary targets of acrylamide toxicity crystalline solid that can react violently the general population; major route for duration (how long), and the are the nervous system and reproductive system. when melting. When it is heated, acrid individuals exposed to tobacco smoke. route of exposure. fumes may be released. Major route of occupational exposure . Central-peripheral neuropathy has been . Acrylamide is used to make through inhalation of dust or aerosols. Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) observed in humans and laboratory animals. In humans, the hallmark polyacrylamide, which is mainly used to . Oral –Predominant route of exposure for Inhalation treat effluent from water treatment plants general population through ingestion of symptoms are ataxia and skeletal muscle and industrial processes. contaminated food. . No acute-, intermediate-, or chronic- weakness. duration inhalation MRLs have been . In addition, acrylamide and . Dermal – Primary route of occupational . Pre- and postimplantation losses and derived for acrylamide decreased number of live fetuses have are used in the exposure through contact with handling . production of dyes and organic bags and drums of the chemical. been observed in animals; effects are Oral likely male-mediated. Decreased sperm chemicals, contact lenses, cosmetics and toiletries, permanent-press fabrics, paper . An MRL of 0.01 mg/kg/day has been mobility, degenerative effects in and textile production, pulp and paper Acrylamide in the derived for acute-duration oral exposure spermatids and testicular atrophy have production, ore processing, sugar Environment (≤14 days). also been observed in animals. refining, and as a chemical grouting agent . Acrylamide is most commonly found in . An MRL of 0.001 mg/kg/day has been . Acrylamide has caused several types of and soil stabilizer for the construction of water and soil, but is rarely found in air. derived for intermediate-duration oral in animals. DHHS considers tunnels, sewers, wells and reservoirs. acrylamide reasonably anticipated to be a . It is not considered highly persistent in exposure (15–364 days). human , IARC consider it a the environment and is expected to be . An MRL of 0.001 mg/kg/day has been probable human carcinogen, and EPA highly mobile in soil and water. derived for chronic-duration oral exposure has characterized it as likely to be . When released to land, acrylamide does (≥365 days). carcinogenic to humans. not bind to soil, and will move rapidly through the soil column and into ground Children’s Health water. It is removed from soil through enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis. . Acrylamide is expected to affect children

. Acrylamide is not expected to in the same manner as adults.

significantly bioconcentrate in aquatic . Acrylamide can cross the placenta and organisms. has been detected in breast milk. . Neurodevelopmental effects have been observed in the offspring of animals exposed to acrylamide during pregnancy.