DOCSLIB.ORG

“Holiday of Holidays” Festival in Haifa: Between Hope and Reality

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Holiday of Holidays” Festival in Haifa: Between Hope and Reality Festival in Haifa “Holiday of Holidays” third largest city of Israel, has gained the Festival in Haifa: between reputation of a model of tolerance among mixed localities. This might be partially Hope and Reality explained by the history of Haifa, where Jews and Arabs lived under the same Yelenevskaya, Maria municipality prior to the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 (Yacobi 2009, 1). Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, In the empirical study conducted by Falah Israel et al., the ranking for positive perceptions Fialkova, Larisa of coexistence is highest in Haifa for 1 The University of Haifa, Israel Arab respondents and second highest for Jewish respondents (2000, 787). At the Introduction: Haifa as a Mixed City same time, the international conference ll localities in Israel are divided From Mixed to Shared: The Haifa Alternative into three groups according to organized by the NGO New Israel Fund their ethnic composition: Jewish, reported results of a study based on the A discussions with 165 residents in 22 focus Arab and mixed. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), eight groups which indicated that “the majority XUEDQ ORFDOLWLHV DUH GHÀQHG DV PL[HG of the town’s residents live in a sort of These towns “with a large majority of cultural indifference devoid of neither Jews, but with a considerable minority desire to interact with members of other of Arabs” are: Jerusalem, Tel Aviv-Yafo, populations nor outright hostility” (New Haifa, Akko, Ramla, Lod, Ma’alot- Israel Fund 2010). In addition, like in other Torshiha and Nazerat Illit (CBS, Statistical Israeli towns, the interethnic relations in Abstract of Israel 2010, 2011, 29). Life in Haifa visibly deteriorated in the period nd these cities is a subject of heated academic of the 2 Intifada also known as Intifada and public discussions. Academics Al Aqsa (2000-2005), when there were who study planning and development several terrorist attacks in Haifa buses strategies, distribution of housing, public and restaurants and clashes between space and resources believe that on the Arab demonstrators and policemen. one hand, Arab neighborhoods are treated Animosities that soared in that period as ‘internal frontiers’ into which Jewish were hardly alleviated by the fact that presence keeps expanding thus turning among the victims of the terrorists were mixed cities into urban ethnocracies, not only Jewish but also Arab and Druze where citizenship is unequal, and residents of Haifa. resources and services are allocated on The total population of the Haifa the basis of ethnicity rather than residency district which includes the city’s suburbs (Yiftachel, and Yacobi 2003, 680, 690). On is 880,000. The Arab sector makes 213,600, the other hand, the mixed city context may the rest being “Jews and others” (CBS, be favorable for forming perceptions of Statistical Abstract of Israel 2009, 2010, coexistence (Falah et al. 2000, 792). Among 106). 2 Like other mixed cities, Haifa is the mixed urban localities, Haifa, the still ethnically divided into the so called Cultural Analysis 10 (2011): 141-156 © 2011 by The University of California. All rights reserved 141 Maria Yelenevskaya and Larisa Fialkova Festival in Haifa “Arab” and “Jewish” neighborhoods. the Rubin Conservatory located in one The former are located in the low- of the Arab neighborhoods of the city. prestige areas of the city. In fact, Jews Despite a long history of living under also live there, although not by choice the same jurisdiction and abundance EXW GXH WR ÀQDQFLDO FRQVWUDLQWV 5LFK of contact zones, Jews and Arabs in neighborhoods are primarily occupied Haifa continue being apart maintaining by Jews, although socially upward social networks and engaging in leisure mobile Arab families have corners in activities primarily within their own them as well. One Arab neighborhood in ethno-cultural groups. the old part of the city stayed empty for Attempts to bring Haifa communities 50 years after the War of Independence closer to each other are made by Beit which took place in 1948 after the State of Hagefen—the Arab-Jewish Center Israel had been proclaimed. According to founded in 1963 (information about Beit Israeli law, abandoned houses cannot be Hagefen’s activities can be found on its transferred to other owners for a period website (http://www.beit-hagefen.com/En_ of 50 years. Since Palestinian refugees Web/En_%20Home_Index.htm, accessed are not allowed to return to Israel, the 9/01/2012). Its current head, Asaf Ronen, real estate was appropriated by the city says that from 2003 to 2010 the center and today this district is in the process was in crisis and only now is trying to of renovation. Most of the restored reinvigorate residents’ interest in its EXLOGLQJVKRXVHRIÀFHVDQGVKRSV initiatives (Korin 2012). One of the most On a daily basis interaction between successful among them is the December Jews and Arabs occurs in the work place, festival known as Holiday of Holidays. It for example in hospitals where both Jews was launched in 1993 as a joint venture and Arabs can be found among the staff of the Municipality of Haifa and Beit and patients, in shopping centers and Hagefen. The name and the time of the PDOOV LQ SKDUPDFLHV DQG SRVWRIÀFHV festival was chosen because the holidays and at the universities and colleges (see of the three main religions represented Blumen & Tzafrir 2011). One can add that in Haifa - Christmas, Hanukkah and at the universities, there are many more Ramadan happened to be almost at the Arabs among the students than among same time in that year. Moslems use the the professors, engineers, librarians, and lunar calendar, and since then neither secretaries. Notably, although there are Ramadan nor any other Moslem holiday four mixed bilingual schools in Israel3 has fallen on December, yet in the none of them is in Haifa (Mor-Sommerfeld consciousness of the residents the festival et al. 2007, 11). Yet some Arab and Druze is still associated with the three religions, parents send their children who intend to although the events of the festival are go to the university to Jewish high schools VHFXODU 7KH ÀUVW H[SHULHQFH RI KROGLQJ in order to facilitate their further studies, an intercultural festival was successful because instruction at Israeli universities and from year to year it is getting more is in Hebrew. In addition, both Arab popular attracting Israelis from all over and Jewish children, including Russian- the country as well as foreign tourists. speaking immigrants, study together at Today it is generously covered in the 142 Festival in Haifa media, including electronic sources. The of Beit Hagefen, Asaf Ronen. We read festival has its own web page which posts and analyzed internet materials devoted the schedule of events, announcements to the festival on institutional and non- and photographs (http://www.haifahag. institutional sites, such as discussion co.il/, accessed 10/12/2011). It is covered forums and blogs in English, Hebrew on the site of the Haifa Municipality and Russian. Unfortunately, we were (http://www.haifa.muni.il/Haifa/Pages/ unable to cover sites in Arabic, although NewsItem.aspx?One1Id=306, last accessed we spoke about the festival with our 20/01/2012) and on the homepage Arabic-speaking colleagues and students. of Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs Moreover, we conducted a short online (http://www.altawasul.com/MFAAR/ interview with Roseland Daeem, a Ph.D. israel+beyond+politics/society+co- student in the Department of Hebrew and existence+and+peace/Holiday-of-Holidays- Comparative Literature of the University Festival-celebrated-in-Haifa-13122011.htm, of Haifa, specializing in folklore, and a last accessed on 20/01/2012). Note that lecturer at the Academic Arab College of on the municipal site the page is given Education. in Hebrew, Arabic and English, and The Holiday of Holidays in Haifa is the Ministry adds the Russian page. In an attempt to promote Haifa’s image of 2011 we also found that the festival was a tolerant multicultural city by creating advertised on the web pages of travel a unifying festival. At the same time, agencies in Russia and Ukraine (see e.g., for years Haifa has struggled to shed its http://tours-service.ru/news/9161 and http:// image of a provincial city, which has little www.rv.org.ua/blog/prazdnik-prazdnikov- to offer to young and ambitious people.5 v-haife/ ,4 last accessed 20/01/2012). A widely used method of revitalization 7KH DUWLFOHV RQ WKH RIÀFLDO ,VUDHOL VLWHV of a city’s image, developing its economy underscore the inter-confessional and place identity, and capitalizing on nature of the holiday, contributing to cultural resources is conducting festivals peaceful coexistence of ethno-religious (Cheng-Yi and Woan-Chiau 2009, 1317- groups. Sites for tourists, on the other 1322). This trend is a distinctive feature hand, emphasize a playful and happy of post-industrial societies, where atmosphere and the entertaining nature urban landscapes “become less tied to of the events. production and more concerned with This essay is based on participant organization of consumption” (Zukin observation and monitoring of websites. 1991, 57). We have attended events of Holiday of Holidays since the year it was launched, The Festival and Its Chronotope ÀUVW FRPLQJ DV FXULRXV PHPEHUV RI WKH The term “Chronotope” (literally “time- audience, and in the last two years talking space) was introduced into literary to participants, watching behavior studies by Mikhail Bakhtin for the and reactions of children and adults, DQDO\VLV RI QRYHOV +H GHÀQHG LW DV FROOHFWLQJ DGYHUWLVLQJ OHDÁHWV PDNLQJ “intrinsic connectedness of temporal and notes in our ethnographic diaries. In spatial relationships that are artistically January 2012 we interviewed the head expressed in literature” (Bakhtin 1981, 143 Maria Yelenevskaya and Larisa Fialkova Festival in Haifa 84).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/26/2021 05:52:32PM Via Free Access Studies in Critical Social Sciences
    Stateless Citizenship Shourideh C. Molavi - 9789004254077 Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 05:52:32PM via free access Studies in Critical Social Sciences Series Editor David Fasenfest Wayne State University Editorial Board Chris Chase-Dunn, University of California-Riverside G. William Domhofff, University of California-Santa Cruz Colette Fagan, Manchester University Martha Gimenez, University of Colorado, Boulder Heidi Gottfried, Wayne State University Karin Gottschall, University of Bremen Bob Jessop, Lancaster University Rhonda Levine, Colgate University Jacqueline O’Reilly, University of Brighton Mary Romero, Arizona State University Chizuko Ueno, University of Tokyo VOLUME 54 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/scss Shourideh C. Molavi - 9789004254077 Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 05:52:32PM via free access Figure 1. Taken in Haifa on October 06, 2012, the cover image is a graffiti in the predomi- nantly Arab district of Wadi Nisnas and says “Haifa is the heart of Palestine” in Arabic. Painted in a city praised in official channels as exemplifying Israeli democracy and peace- ful coexistence between Arabs and Jews, the graffiti illustrates the alienation of the Arab citizenry from Israeli society and the strong connection to their Palestinian identity. Interestingly, by the next evening, on October 07, the graffiti was already painted over. This too accounts for Arab marginalization in Israel and reveals the mechanisms of control and surveillance of Arab political and social expression in the country. Photo by Shourideh C. Molavi. Shourideh C. Molavi - 9789004254077 Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 05:52:32PM via free access Stateless Citizenship The Palestinian-Arab Citizens of Israel By Shourideh C.
    [Show full text]
  • Catholic Radio Dinner by Sean Gallagher Task Because He Said That, As a Presbyterian Their Children Are Minister, He Often Led People out of the Catholic Christians
    Inside A Promise Photo by Mary Ann Wyand MaryPhoto by Ann to Keep Colts player and wife encourage teenagers to make the right choices in Criterion life, page 3. Serving the Church in Central and Souther n Indiana Since 1960 CriterionOnline.com April 23, 2010 Vol. L, No. 28 75¢ Pope meets Celebrating a wonderful life abuse victims, expresses shame and sorrow for Photo by John Shaughnessy Photo by their suffering VALLETTA, Malta (CNS)— Pope Benedict XVI met with eight victims of priestly sex abuse in Malta, and promised them the Church would do “all in its power” to bring offenders to justice and protect children. The pope was “deeply moved by their stories, and expressed his shame Pope Benedict XVI and sorrow over what victims and their families have suffered,” a Vatican statement said after the private encounter on April 18. “He prayed with them and assured them that the Church is doing, and will continue to do, all in its power to investigate allegations, to bring to justice those responsible for ab use, and to implement effective measures designed to safeguard young people in the future,” the statement said. “In the spirit of his recent letter to the Catholics of Ireland, he prayed that all the victims of abuse would experience healing Students at St. Roch School in Indianapolis rejoice with Father James Wilmoth following a school-wide tribute on April 8 that celebrated their and reconciliation, enabling them to move pastor. The school celebration recognized Father Wilmoth’s selection as one of the 10 priests from across the United States who recently received the forward with renewed hope,” it said.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reproduction of Settler Colonialism in Palestine
    JPR The Reproduction of Settler Colonialism in Palestine Marcelo Svirsky Abstract: Critical scholarship on Palestine/Israel tends to focus on conceptualising the settler colonial practices that characterise this conflict but have failed to account for how these practices are reproduced and sustained over time. To address this gap, rather than focusing on Israel’s quantifiable strengths such as military might, the use of law, the economy, and diplomacy, this article investigates the reciprocal relations between the formation of Israeli modes of being or subjectivities, on the one hand, and the generation and distribution of settler colonial surplus, on the other. The examination of the processes of subjectivity formation in their settler colonial register on the side of the coloniser allows understating how the circuits of settler colonial power endure. Keywords: Israel, Palestine, settler colonialism, subjectivity Introduction mages of Israeli aggression abound in the media: reports, photographs and video clips of Israeli soldiers and police officers beating and shooting unarmed Palestinians; airplanes indiscriminately bombing cities and towns in the Gaza Strip; Israelis uprooting Palestinian Iolive groves in the West Bank; army tractors using their blades to flatten Palestinian villages; Israeli politicians announcing new discriminatory laws against the Palestinian citizens of Israel, or threatening a new attack on Gaza or the West Bank; everyday harassment occurring at checkpoints; interviews with Israeli passers-by shouting out their
    [Show full text]
  • Shlomo Sand: the Invention of the Jewish People (2009)
    The Invention of the Jewish People The Invention of the Jewish People Shlomo Sand Translated by Yael Lotan VERSO London • New York English edition published by Verso 2009 © Verso 2009 Translation © Yael Lotan First published as Matai ve'ekh humtza ha'am hayehudi? [When and How Was the Jewish People Invented?] © Resling 2008 All rights reserved The moral rights of the author have been asserted 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Verso UK: 6 Meard Street, London W1F 0EG US: 20 Jay Street, Suite 1010, Brooklyn, NY 11201 www.versobooks.com Verso is the imprint of New Left Books ISBN-13: 978-1-84467-422-0 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Typeset by Hewer Text UK Ltd, Edinburgh Printed in the US by Maple Vail To the memory of the refugees who reached this soil and those who were forced to leave it. Contents PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE EDITION ÎX INTRODUCTION: BURDENS OF MEMORY 1 Identity in Movement 1 Constructed Memories 14 1. MAKING NATIONS: SOVEREIGNTY AND EQUALITY 23 Lexicon: "People" and Ethnos 24 The Nation: Boundaries and Definitions 31 From Ideology to Identity 39 From Ethnic Myth to Civil Imaginary 45 The Intellectual as the Nations "Prince" 54 2. MYTHISTORY: IN THE BEGINNING, GOD CREATED THE PEOPLE 64 The Early Shaping of Jewish History 65 The Old Testament as Mythistory 71 Race and Nation 78 A Historians' Dispute 81 A Protonationalist View from the East 87 An Ethnicist Stage in the West 95 The First Steps of Historiography in Zion 100 Politics and Archaeology 107 The Earth Rebels against Mythistory 115 The Bible as Metaphor 123 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflexive Coexistence and the Discourse of Separation by Regev
    Living in a Mixing Neighborhood: Reflexive Coexistence and the Discourse of Separation by Regev Nathansohn A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Professor Stuart Kirsch, Chair Associate Professor Carol B. Bardenstein Associate Professor Damani J. Partridge Associate Professor Amalia Sa’ar, University of Haifa Regev Nathansohn [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7236-4722 © Regev Nathansohn 2017 DEDICATION In memory of Juliano Mer–Khamis (1958–2011), an inspiration that knows no bounds. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I love Anthropology. But loving anthropology is not enough for guaranteeing that one will be able to show their love in the form of a completed research project. It always takes more than that. It is thanks to many people who are mentioned here, and many more that I cannot mention here by name, that I am able to present this dissertation. The completion of this dissertation comes ten years after I started crafting my research proposal, first as a PhD student at Tel Aviv University (TAU) before moving to the University of Michigan (U-M). During that period I met many people who helped me in various ways to develop and improve my research and writing. Some of them had a major role in several critical junctions, but the final decisions, whether successful or not – were always mine. Of the people who shared with me their time, wisdom, kindness and bread I particularly wish to thank Stuart Kirsch, the chair of my dissertation committee, who always pushed me to go beyond what I imagined are my intellectual limits.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel and the Occupied Territories
    2009 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices March 11, 2010 Israel is a multiparty parliamentary democracy with a population of approximately 7.5 million, including Israelis living in the occupied territories. Israel has no constitution, although a series of "Basic Laws" enumerate fundamental rights. Certain fundamental laws, orders, and regulations legally depend on the existence of a "State of Emergency," which has been in effect since 1948. The 120-member, unicameral Knesset has the power to dissolve the government and mandate elections. The February 10 elections for the Knesset were considered free and fair. They resulted in a coalition government led by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces within Israel. (An annex to this report covers human rights in the occupied territories. This report deals with human rights in Israel and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.) The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens, although there were problems in some areas. There were several high-profile cases involving corruption by political leaders. Institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against Arab citizens, Palestinian Arabs, non-Orthodox Jews, and other religious groups continued, as did societal discrimination against persons with disabilities. Women suffered societal discrimination and domestic violence. The government maintained unequal educational systems for Arab and Jewish students. While trafficking in persons for the purpose of prostitution greatly decreased in recent years, trafficking for the purpose of labor remained a problem, as did abuse of foreign workers.
    [Show full text]
  • Arab Citizens Behind Barbed Wire
    Haaretz | Thursday, May 28, 2020 11 WEEKEND Arab citizens behind barbed wire Documents in Israel's State Archives reveal disturbing truths about the military restrictions imposed on Arab city dwellers during the War of Independence Adam Raz had worked hard, in the face of serious limitations imposed by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, to improve the situ- he curfew and lockdown im- ation of the Arabs who remained in the posed in Israel during the country, nonetheless found itself shut coronavirus epidemic may down in the middle of 1949. Additional have begun to feel like a documentation of great importance in faded memory, but few know the Israel State Archives and the Israel Tthat many of the country’s citizens en- Defense Forces and Defense Establish- dured a similar situation in the past. ment Archive is still sealed. Then, however, the approach was quite In other documents and papers from aggressive, with the use of barbed-wire the period, which were declassified over fences and the demarcation of zones the years, we sometimes encounter con- that were called ghettos and concentra- temporary attempts to conceal and fil- tion camps. ter various remarks that would grate on The imposition of a curfew and the Jewish ears. These attempts are recent, sequestration of the country’s Arabs and not related to security issues: Cen- began immediately after Israeli forces, sorship is being resorted to solely for during the 1948 War of Independence, propaganda purposes. conquered cities that were either Arab or mixed (Arab-Jewish) in their makeup. The battles left thousands of urban Arab Hard-to-swallow term residents under Jewish control.
    [Show full text]
  • City of Haifa
    City of Haifa Intercultural Profile 1. Background1 A common saying in Israel is that ‘Jerusalem prays, Tel Aviv plays and Haifa works’. This undoubtedly derives from the years of the British Mandate when Haifa was developed rapidly as the Levantine coast’s major port, oil refinery and a leading rail hub. In more recent years it also acknowledges the presence in Haifa of two of Israel’s leading universities, and their association with many high-tech enterprises and spin-off companies in the area. But this rather does Haifa an injustice as it is far from being the dourest or most ascetic of Israeli cities today, and is in fact a relatively relaxed and urbane place. But it may also have been the industriousness of its recent history which has contributed to its reputation as Israel’s most ethnically mixed city. Today, the city is a major seaport located on Israel's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa covering 63 square kilometres. It is located about 90 kilometres north of Tel Aviv and is the major regional centre of northern Israel. Two respected academic institutions, the University of Haifa and the Technion, are located in Haifa in addition to the largest k-12 school in Israel, The Hebrew Reali School. The city has an important role in Israel's economy and is home to Matam, one of the oldest and largest high-tech parks in the country. Haifa Bay is a centre of heavy industry, petroleum refining and chemical processing. Haifa was formerly the western terminus of an oil pipeline from Iraq via Jordan.
    [Show full text]
  • Stateless Citizenship Studies in Critical Social Sciences
    Stateless Citizenship Studies in Critical Social Sciences Series Editor David Fasenfest Wayne State University Editorial Board Chris Chase-Dunn, University of California-Riverside G. William Domhofff, University of California-Santa Cruz Colette Fagan, Manchester University Martha Gimenez, University of Colorado, Boulder Heidi Gottfried, Wayne State University Karin Gottschall, University of Bremen Bob Jessop, Lancaster University Rhonda Levine, Colgate University Jacqueline O’Reilly, University of Brighton Mary Romero, Arizona State University Chizuko Ueno, University of Tokyo VOLUME 54 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/scss Figure 1. Taken in Haifa on October 06, 2012, the cover image is a graffiti in the predomi- nantly Arab district of Wadi Nisnas and says “Haifa is the heart of Palestine” in Arabic. Painted in a city praised in official channels as exemplifying Israeli democracy and peace- ful coexistence between Arabs and Jews, the graffiti illustrates the alienation of the Arab citizenry from Israeli society and the strong connection to their Palestinian identity. Interestingly, by the next evening, on October 07, the graffiti was already painted over. This too accounts for Arab marginalization in Israel and reveals the mechanisms of control and surveillance of Arab political and social expression in the country. Photo by Shourideh C. Molavi. Stateless Citizenship The Palestinian-Arab Citizens of Israel By Shourideh C. Molavi LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • For a Historical-Sociological Approach to the City of Haifa Roberto Cipriani
    For a Historical-sociological Approach to the City of Haifa Roberto Cipriani How to cite Cipriani, R. (2017). For a Historical-sociological Approach to the City of Haifa, Journal of Mediterranean Knowledge-JMK, 2(2), 187-205. DOI: 10.26409/2017JMK2.2.13 Retrieved from http://www.mediterraneanknowledge.org/publications/index.php/journal/issue/archive 1. Author's information University of Roma Tre 2. Author's contact [email protected] Article first published online: December 2017 - Peer Reviewed Journal Additional information about Journal of Mediterranean Knowledge-JMK can be found at: About the Journal-Board-On line submission For a historical-sociological approach to the city of Haifa ROBERTO CIPRIANI University of Roma Tre Abstract The city of Haifa, in the northern part of Israel, has been the theatre of harsh clashes between Jews and Muslims for many years. Haifa was heavy involved in the Great Arab Revolt of 1936-1939 and during the 1948 the Palestinian population, about 80.000 people, was evacuated by the Jewish militias. After the establishment of the State of Israel, several terror attacks took place in the city. Today, several religious groups live in Haifa, with non easy relations. Nevertheless, each year the city celebrates the Holyday of Holydays, an interfaith festival. The city presents significant traits that may help us test Tönnies’s idea of a dichotomy between community (Gemeinschaft) and society (Gesellschaft). In different moments of city life, we find features typical of community and, in certain others, characteristics typical of society. Keywords: Haifa; Intercultural relations; Israeli-Palestinian Conflict; Urban sociology.
    [Show full text]
  • GOLDA MEIR a POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY Meron Medzini Golda Meir
    Meron Medzini GOLDA MEIR A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY Meron Medzini Golda Meir Meron Medzini Golda Meir A Political Biography An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org This book is based on the Hebrew original: Meron Medzini Golda: Biyografyah Poliṭit Tel-Aviv: Yediot Aḥaronot: Sifrei Hemed, © 2008 ISBN 978-3-11-048734-3 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-049250-7 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-048979-8 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, as of February 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2008 Yediot Aḥaronot: Sifre ḥemed, published by De Gruyter Oldenbourg This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. Cover Image: Golda Meir, © Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books Typesetting: Konvertus Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Preface to the English edition This book originally appeared in Hebrew in 1990 under the name The Proud Jewess—Golda Meir and the Vision of Israel.
    [Show full text]