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The Asian Elephants in Orissa, India

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The Asian Elephants in Orissa, India ! " # $ !! " # $"#% !& # ' Asian Nature Conservation Foundation (ANCF) is a non-profit public charitable trust set up to meet the need for an informed decision-making framework to stem the rapidly declining natural landscape and biological diversity of India and other countries of tropical Asia. The foundation undertakes activities independently as well as in partnership with government agencies, research institutions, conservation NGOs and individuals from India and abroad, in all matters relating to conservation of natural resources and biodiversity, endangered flora and fauna, wildlife habitats and environment including forests and wetlands. It participates and disseminates the procured information, knowledge and inferences in professional, academic and public forums. Suggested citation: Sar C K, Varma Surendra, (2004). The Asian elephants in Orissa, India - Population status, Conservation and Management of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Elephant Reserves of Orissa, India, Occasional report of Asian Nature Conservation Foundation (ANCF) -Asian Elephant Research and Conservation Centre, Bangalore, India. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this publication for educational or any non commercial purposes is permissible without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged and appropriate credit given. Reproduction of material in this information product for or other commercial purpose is prohibited without the written permission of the copyright holders. Copyright © ANCF 2004 Reprinted 2008 Photo credits: Front and back cover, Chapter-1 Fig. 2a, 2b, 3 & 4. Orissa State Forest Department; Chapter-1 Fig. 6, Chapter-2 Fig. 2, Chapter-3 Fig. 2, Chapter-4 Fig 2 & 4 Chapter-5 Fig 2 & 3 Sar C.K : Project team Principal Investigator Prof. R Sukumar Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012 Co – Investigators Dr. C K Sar and Surendra Varma Asian Nature Conservation Foundation (ANCF), Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012 Acknowledgements We wish to express our warm gratitude to Mr. S C Mohanty, Principal Conservator of Forests (Wildlife), Orissa for his overall support, encouragement and motivation to initiate the survey. We also would like to acknowledge the help and financial assistance of the Orissa Forest Department as a whole, towards bringing out this report We thank Mr. A K Nayak Conservator of Forests CF (Administration, H.Q.); Mr. S K Mishra, Deputy Conservator of Forests (Finance); Mr. S S Srivastava, CF Berhampur Circle; Mr. A O S Bakhla, CF Rourkela Circle; Mr. R N Reddy, CF Angul Circle; T H S Bonney, CF Sambalpur Circle and Dr. L A K Singh, Senior Research Officer for their logistic support and interaction. We thank Mr. A K Mishra, ACF Satkosia Wildlife Division for his interest and involvement in carrying out the survey. We thank K G Avinash of ANCF for providing comprehensive GIS support and Deepika Prasad for editorial assistance in preparing the 2008 reprint of the report. Thomas Mathew Executive Director Asian Nature Conservation Foundation CONTENTS Introduction to the Report ………………………………………………………….... 1 Chapter 1 ELEPHANT RESERVES IN ORISSA Population status, conservation and management of Asian elephants…………….. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………... 3 LOCATION ……………………………………………………………………………. 3 AREA ………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 GEOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………………… 4 HUMAN POPULATION ……………………………………………………………… 4 FOREST AND FOREST TYPES WITHIN THE STATE ………………………...... 5 ELEPHANT POPULATION………………………………………………………….. 5 CONSERVATION PROBLEMS ………………………………………………………. 6 • Elephant population status and management • Human – elephant conflict • Mining and other activities • Encroachment • Illicit felling • Irrigation projects • Roads and railway lines • Industrial establishment • Cattle population and grazing • Forest fire CONSERVATION PRIORITIES / RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………..... 10 • Habitat management • Population monitoring • Management of elephants outside the legally protected forest areas • Management of mining regions • Management of encroachment and other activities • Management of Human-elephant conflict • Anti-poaching measures • Co-ordination priorities between other ERs • Working / management / regional plans for ERs • Identification of stakeholders in elephant reserve management • Formation of advisory committee and its functions CONCLUSIONS ………………………………………………………………………. 13 REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………… 14 Chapter 2 MAHANADI ELEPHANT RESERVE (MER) Population status, conservation and management of Asian elephants……………. Profile ………………………………………………………………………………….…16 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………… 18 • Location • Boundary description • Major towns located within the MER • Approaches to the ER • History • Significance of the reserve for conservation TERRAIN ………………………………………………………………………………. 21 • Geography • Geology • Climate • River system and other water sources • Land use pattern DISTRIBUTION AND LEGAL STATUS OF FORESTS ………….…………………. 23 VEGETATION TYPES ………………………………………………………………. 24 • Density of forest cover LEGAL AND MANAGEMENT STATUS ……………………………………………. 25 • Ownership of lands • Core area available for elephant • Status of working plans and management plans • Prescription for elephant management in working plans / management plans EXISTING CONSERVATION INITIATIVES ……………………………………….. 26 ELEPHANT POPULATION .………………………………………………………… 26 • Elephant population with a comparison of trends • Forest range-wise elephant distribution • Elephant density and age group distribution • Seasonal distribution and movement of elephants within ER and from ER to other areas • Elephant corridors CONSERVATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES ……………………………………… 30 • Encroachments • Illicit felling • Mining activity • Irrigation projects • Roads and railway lines • Industrial establishments • Tea and coffee cultivations • Monoculture plantations • Human population • Cattle population and grazing • NTFP collection • Forest fire • Elephant deaths - Causes • Trend of elephant deaths in the ER area • Status of elephant poaching and its control measures • Human – elephant conflict ELEPHANT CONSERVATION PRIORITIES / RECOMMENDATIONS ………… 35 CONCLUSIONS ……………………………………………………………………..... 36 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………. 36 Chapter 3 SAMBALPUR ELEPHANT RESERVE (SPER) Population status, conservation and management of Asian elephants ……………. Profile ……………………………………………………………………………………38 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………… 40 • Location • Approaches to the ER • History • Significance of the reserve for conservation TERRAIN ……………………………………………………………………………… 41 • Geography • Geology • Climate • River system and water sources: • Land use pattern DISTRIBUTION AND LEGAL STATUS OF FORESTS …………………………. 43 VEGETATION TYPES ……………………………………………………………….. 43 • Density of forest cover LEGAL AND MANAGEMENT STATUS ……………………………………………. 44 • Ownership of lands • Core area available for elephants • Status of working plans and management plans EXSITING CONSERVATION INITIATIVES ……………………………………….. 45 ELEPHANT POPULATION ………………………………………………………….. 45 • Elephant population and trend • Forest Range-wise elephant distribution • Elephant density and age group distribution • Seasonal distribution and movement of elephants within ER and outside ER • Elephant corridors CONSERVATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES ……………………………………… 47 • Encroachments • Illicit felling • Mining activity • Irrigation projects • Roads and railways • Industrial establishment • Tea and coffee cultivations • Monoculture plantations • Human population • Cattle population and grazing: • NTFP collection • Forest fire • Collection of bamboo • Elephant deaths - Causes • Sensitive areas and mortality trend • Status of elephant poaching and its control measures • Human – elephant conflict CONSERVATION PRIORITIES / RECOMMENDATIONS ……………………….....51 CONCLUSIONS ………………………………………………………………………. 52 REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………… 53 Chapter 4 SOUTH ORISSA ELEPHANT RESERVE (SOER) Population status, conservation and management of Asian elephants …………… Profile ………………………………………………………………………………….. 55 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………….. 57 • Location • Approaches to the ER • History • Significance of the reserve for conservation TERRAIN ……………………………………………………………………………… 59 • Geography • Geology • Climate • River system and other water sources • Land use pattern DISTRIBUTION AND LEGAL STATUS OF FORESTS .…………………………… 60 VEGETATION TYPES ……………………………………………………………….. 61 • Density of forest cover LEGAL AND MANAGEMENT STATUS ……………………………………………. 61 • Ownership of lands • Core area available for elephant • Status of working plans and management plans EXSITING CONSERVATION INITIATIVES ……………………………………….. 62 ELEPHANT POPULATION ………………………………………………………….. 62 • Status of elephant population and trend • Forest Range- wise elephant distribution • Elephant density and age group distribution • Seasonal distribution and movement of elephants • Elephant corridors CONSERVATION PROBLEMS AND ISSUES ……………………………………… 64 • Encroachments • Illicit felling • Mining activity • Irrigation projects • Roads and railway lines • Industrial establishments • Tea and coffee cultivations • Monoculture plantations • Human population • Cattle population and grazing • NTFP collection • Forest fire • Elephant deaths - Causes • Trend and sensitive areas of elephant deaths • Human – elephant
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