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A New Species of Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) from Brazil

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A New Species of Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) from Brazil Systematic Botany (2009), 34(3): pp. 505–509 © Copyright 2009 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists A New Species of Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) from Brazil Maria de Fátima Freitas, 1, 3 Alice de Moraes Calvente , 2 and João Marcelo Alvarenga Braga 1 1 Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, CEP 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 2 Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica - IB, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo-SP, Brazil 3 Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Communicating Editor: Daniel Potter Abstract— A new species of Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) from Rio de Janeiro State, in southwestern Brazil, is described and illustrated. The new Rhipsalis aurea is circumscribed in the subgenus Erythrorhipsalis and is morphologically most similar to R. pulchra Loefgr., but is distinct by the smaller, sub- erect habit, smaller secondary stem segments of determinate growth, golden yellow flowers, depressed-globose fruit, and epidermis and pollen grain features. Following the IUCN criteria this new species is vulnerable due to its restricted area of occurrence and reduction of the quality of habitat observed in the pres- ent and projected for the future. A taxonomic key to the subgenus Erythrorhipsalis is included. Keywords— Atlantic forest , endemic , neotropical , new species , taxonomy. Cactaceae is composed of more than 1,500 neotropical spe- the subgenus Erythrorhipsalis together with the most simi- cies. Only Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S. Muell.) Stearn exceeds this lar species R. pulchra Loefgr., based on the arrangement and distribution, occurring in Africa and part of Asia ( Barthlott shape of the flowers. 1987 ). The main centers of biodiversity and endemism of Cactaceae are located in Mexico and the southwestern U. S. A., Materials and Methods the Andes, and Brazil. In Brazil two centers of endemism can be found, the northeastern Brazilian arid region and the The morphological descriptions and comparisons are based on obser- Brazilian Atlantic Forest, which is remarkable for the diver- vations of Rhipsalis specimens in herbaria HB, HBR, MBM, R, RB, SP, SPF ( Holmgren et al. 1990 ), and of fresh specimens using a stereomicroscope. sity and endemism of epiphytic cacti ( Taylor and Zappi 2004 ). Materials preserved in 70% ethanol ( Rhipsalis pulchra : Calvente 231 , 232 ; The most representative epiphytic cactus genus in this region R. aurea : Calvente 156, 157 ; SPF) were used for scanning electron micros- is Rhipsalis with 37 species, 30 of which occur there as endem- copy (SEM) analysis. For the preparation of the epidermis samples the ics ( Barthlott and Taylor 1995 ). material was kept for 72 hr in chloroform to remove the epicuticular wax and critical point dried before metallization. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is an endangered biodiversity and endemism hotspot ( Mittermeier et al. 2000 ). The grow- ing deforestation and accelerated urbanization of this forest Taxonomic Treatment is threatening the maintenance of the genetic diversity of sev- eral groups of organisms and in some cases even the survival Rhipsalis aurea M. F. Freitas & J. M. A. Braga, sp. nov.— of many species. That is the case for many Rhipsalis species, TYPE: BRAZIL. Estado do Rio de Janeiro, município de which are commonly even more restricted to specific altitude Nova Friburgo, Macaé de Cima, estrada de acesso pela ′ ′ or climatic conditions inside their areas of occurrence. Eight BR 116, 22°21 50”S, 42°30 08”W, 1201 m alt., 27 Oct 2004, Rhipsalis species are already listed as threatened in the Atlantic J. M. A. Braga 7494 (holotype: RB!; isotype: R!). Forest and ten do not yet have conservation status defined Haec species a R. pulchra Loefgr. similis, sed ab ea habito sub- ( Taylor 1997 ; Calvente et al. 2005 ). Thus, increasing the knowl- erecto minore, segmentis secundariis caulis minoribus, crescen- edge of the Atlantic Forest flora is one important step to encour- tia definita, perigonio flavo-aureo, fructu adpresso et globoso age its conservation and the maintenance of its biodiversity. distinguitur. The circumscription of Rhipsalis is mostly unchanged fol- Rupicolous or epiphytic, 60–80 cm long. Roots stiff, grayish lowing the synopsis proposed by Barthlott and Taylor (1995 ), white, adventitious roots absent. Branches suberect to almost but three new species of Rhipsalis have been described and one horizontal or slightly pendent, erect when young, branching rediscovered since then ( Taylor and Zappi 1997 ; Taylor 2003 ; subacrotonically or mesotonically. Stem segments cylindri- Calvente and Andreata 2007 ). The species are distributed in five cal; primary of indeterminate growth, basal 15–45 cm long, subgenera, Rhipsalis , Calamorhipsalis K. Schum., Epallagogonium 4–6 mm diam, suberect, stiff, woody; subsequent 3–4, 14–20 cm K. Schum., Phyllarthrorhipsalis Buxb., and Erythrorhipsalis A. long, 3.7–4.7 mm diam, suberect, stiff but succulent, dark Berger, based on a combination of vegetative and reproduc- green; secondary smaller, of determinate growth, 2–9 cm tive morphological features. The shape of the stem segments, long, 1.2–3 mm diam, pendent, succulent, dark green. Areoles branching patterns, and the position and shape of flowers are ca. 0.5 mm diam, green, reddish or brown; scales 1–2, ca. 0.5 × the main characters used for separation of the subgenera, while 1 mm, triangular; hairs absent in mature segments and pres- differences in relative lengths of primary and secondary stem ent in young segments. Flowers 1.6–1.7 × 1.5–2 cm at anthe- segments, and colors, shapes and sizes of flowers and fruits sis, campanulate, not conspicuously immersed in the areoles; are used to separate species. Recent studies have pointed out absent to 1 per areole, diurnal, inodorous, mostly subapical that epidermal features provide important information for the or lateral, oblique to slightly perpendicular to the stems; peri- separation of Rhipsalis taxa ( Calvente et al. 2008 ). carpel 0.2–0.3 × 0.4 mm, green to yellow, turbinate, distinctly In this work we describe Rhipsalis aurea , a new species from truncate; perigonium segments golden yellow, immaculate, Rio de Janeiro State distinguished by its unique combination membranaceous, 0.2–1.3 × 0.3–0.6 mm, gradually longer and of morphological characters. The new taxon is positioned in thinner towards the center, suborbicular, triangular to oblong, 505 506 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY [Volume 34 Fig . 1. Line drawing of Rhipsalis aurea M. F. Freitas and J. M. A. Braga. A. Suberect habit. B. Branches with flowers and immature fruits. C. Young stem segment displaying areoles with hairs. D. Disposition of hairs in young areoles. E. Flower not conspicuously immersed in the areole. F. Longitudinal section of flower. G. Immature, cupulate, strongly truncate fruit (Braga 7494 ). 2009] FREITAS ET AL.: NEW SPECIES OF RHIPSALIS 507 Janeiro State, located in the Serra dos Órgãos. It occurs in high altitude forest between 1,200 and 1,700 m elevation. The vegetation of this region is the Brazilian Atlantic Forest where epiphytic Cactaceae are an important component ( Calvente et al. 2005 ). Rhipsalis is particularly well represented in the epiphytic flora of this vegetation and in the Nova Friburgo region nine species are found ( Freitas 1996 ; Fontoura et al. 1997 ; Calvente et al. 2005 ). In addition to housing a state park, Nova Friburgo area is known for its rural activities and many agricultural and cattle raising farms are found there. Two of the locations where the new species was found show no ade- quate conservation conditions. One of them is adjacent to an access road ( Braga 7494 ) and the other one is next to a pas- ture inside the main site of the park ( Calvente 156 , 157 ). These populations should be monitored to have their conservation assured. Following the IUCN (2001 ) criteria this new spe- cies is vulnerable (VU, B1abiii, iv) due to its restricted area of occurrence and reduction of the quality of habitat observed in the present and projected for the future. The newly described species belongs the subgenus Eryth- rorhipsalis , which is morphologically distinct in having cam- panulate flowers not conspicuously immersed in the areoles ( Barthlott and Taylor 1995 ). Wihtin this subgenus, R. aurea is most similar to R. pulchra, having mesotonically to subacro- tonically branched stem segments, the primary of indeter- Fig . 2. Photographs of Rhipsalis aurea M. F. Freitas and J. M. A. Braga. minate growth (i.e. with variable length), and characteristic A. Epiphytic plant with flowers and immature fruits. B. Golden-yellow flower. C. Floral bud. D. Mature fruit. Note that the fruit is transluscent oblique campanulate flowers. However, R. aurea is distinct ( Braga 7494 ). in having the primary stem segments stiff and the second- ary stem segments smaller and with determinate growth apex rounded, external spreading to suberect, internal erect. ( Figs. 1 – 2 ). These stem characters are also reflected in a quite dis- Stamens polystichous spreading or with a discrete separation tinct habit: while R. pulchra is long pendent, R. aurea is smaller of the internal facing outwards and external facing inwards, and suberect. In addition, R. aurea is markedly different in its yellow; filaments 4–7 mm long; anthers 0.5–0.6 mm long. golden yellow flowers and by the depressed-globose trans- Ovary 1.7–2 mm long, turbinate; style 8 mm, yellow; stigma lucent green fruits. Rhipsalis pulchra has pinkish-white flow- 4–6 lobed, 2 mm long, yellow, oblong, patent. Fruit indehis- ers and dark purple to white fruits ( Table 1 ). Loefgren (1915 ) cent, glabrous: when immature cupulate, strongly truncate, described R. pulchra originally from Serra da Mantiqueira, but green; when mature 6–7.7 × 6–8 mm, depressed-globose, it can also be found in the Serra dos Órgãos. translucent green. Figures 1 – 2 The mesotonic to subacrotonic branching pattern of both Additional Specimens Examined— BRAZIL. Estado do Rio de Janeiro, R.
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