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2-26-2004
Vol.31 n.51 February 26th 2004 (Part 2)
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This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections & University Archives at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Black Voice News by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. .. l M I FEBRUARY 26, 2004 A LOOK BACK PAGE 2
WOULD AMERICA BE AMERICA WITHOUT THE NEGRO PEOPLE? the past- will find himself con the ignorant freedman, the carefree demned to repeat it." song and dance man. In his, The The reason we celebrate Black Mis-Education of the Negro ," his History Month is that African torian Woodson notes, "one of the American history is the core of reasons why white society has had American history. It embodies to falsifr or ignore Negro history world history, which is part of was not only to discredit the everyone's history. African Negro, but to protect itself from the American history still remains awful truth of what it has inflicted excluded from many history books on millions of innocent people." and classrooms. The national The benefits of teaching the histo media continues to highlight the ry of Black people are unsur negative news of the blight of passed. Samuel Du Bois Cook, African-Americans instead of the national president of the essence and merit of our race. In Association for the Study of Afro The Souls Of Black Folk, W.E.B. American Life and History, views Chris Levister D'u Bois, wrote, "Our song, our an in-depth knowledge of Black By Chris Levister toil, otir cheer, and warning have History as the first line of defense been given to -this nation in blood against racism and prejudice. Rememberances during Black brotherhood. Are not these gifts Children shouldn't see a stop History Month (a concept that worth the giving? Is not this work light, flip a light switch, eat a started as Negro History Week in and striving? Would America have peanut butter sandwich, or put on 1927), provides Americans of all been America without her Negro cotton pajamas without discussing racial and ethnic backgrounds an pe9ple?" Black · inventors. Americans opportunity to learn about the sig Thus, one· week-or a month is shouldn't watch a baseball game, nificant contributions track meet, golf tourna of people of African ment or' a tennis match descent who were without knowing the chained, herded on to "it is this country's moral responsi history of legendary ships, physically Black athletes. We forced to America· bility to right the myths, lies and dis should not pass a bus and enslaved. stop, lunch counter, Historian and educa- torted images of a people who have water fountain, or pub tor, Carter G. been systemically left out of the his- lic restroom without Woodson, "The knowing the sacrifices Father of Negro torical picture. . . " made by Blacks during History," was instru the Civil Rights mental in proposing Movement. No adult that America desig- or child should leave nate the entire month of February, still not enough time to study or the library or record store without ra'ther than a week, for Black· observe the contributions that knowing about famous Black icons History. African-Americans have made to in publishing and entertainment. Many of rey colleagues along the political, social and economic The lessons of Black History are with many of you are contemplat-. fabric of this nation. There are all around us - 1:1nd there is no bet ing the need for this national obser many unsung heroes and heroines ter way to instill pride and confi vance. Why do we need to recog who made great sacrifices with dence in ourselves and others than nize one group of Americans? Why their blood, sweat, soul and their to teach Black History year around. not observe White American or lives. The history of the Negro As Black · History Month European Month? Until recent needs no embellishment or the approaches and we contemplate years, it was not easy to get a· clear doctoring of mythmakers. African the need for observing Black or accurate picture of Black life Americans need not be ashamed of History, a noted historian Dr. fohn and history. Woodson's goal was their past. A pioneer Negro histori Henrik Clarke offers this response: two fold - a celebration of Black an, E.A. Johnson in his, A School "History is a clock that people use culture and contribution but more History of the Negro Race in to tell their political and cultural importantly he said, . "it is this America, noted in 1891 that "white time of day. It is also a compass country's moral responsibility to authors, studiously left out many of that people use to find themselves right the myths, lies and distorted the creditable deeds of the Negro." on the map of human geography. images of a people who have been "How must the little colored child The role of history is to tell a peo systemically left out of the histori feel when he has completed the ple what they have been, and cal picture." The reason we cele assigned course of U.S. History where they have been, what they brate Black History Month Sir and in it found' no mention of that it are and where they are. The most John Buchnan notes, is that, "histo was against the law to teach a slave important role that history plays is ·ry gives us a kind of chart, and we to read or write." Instead Black and that it has the function of telling dare not surrender even a small white children were fed with pic people where they still must go and rushlight in ~~ dar~f~S . .'t:he. h~s~y tures of the barbaric scantily what they still must do." reformer ,who does not re,membtµ", .clothes 'African, . the .' qappy slave,' ,I ; l, ., ,. ~ \ • • ..,_ ~ • l - ._, I ~ I • ~ J 1 t I J I '.$ 1 . ,~ .. J I ,._ ) J ' J A LOOK BACK PAGE 3
GARRETT MORGAN THE TRAFFIC SIGNAL
positions: Stop, Go and an all-direc tional stop position. This "third posi G. A, MORGAN tion" halted traffic in all directions to ftAPPIO StOlfAL allow pedestrians to cross streets New. 20 , 1923. ,ueo1 P'eb. 27 . 1n2 more safely. Morgan's traffic management device was used throughout North America until it was replacep by the red, yellow and green-light traffic signals currently used around the world. The inventor sold the rights to his traffic signal to the General · Electric Corporation for $40,000. Shortly before his death, in I 963, Morgan was awarded a citation for his traffic signal by the United States Government. Other Morgan Inventions. Garrett __:;& Cr· - ,2 ...z. Morgan was constantly experiment /;,' ing to develop new concepts. o.d Though the traffic signal came at the 6.5 height of.his career and became one ' [;] ./R of his most renowned inventions, it w~ just one of several innovations ,51? /:J he developed, manufactured and 67 sold over the years. ~ Morgan invented a zig-~g stitch ,R(J :5,:.1 ing attachment for manually operat Garrett Augustus Morgan /~ ed sewing machine. He also founded /0 a company that made personal Who Invented the First Stop that saved thousands of lives in I'/ grooming products, such as hair ' Light and First Gas Mask? World War I. dying ointments and the curved tooth pressing comb. ~y--;3 "Garrett A. Morgan's inventions Another Significant Contribution were snubbed by city and fire offi 1877-1963 to Public Safety. On July 25, 1916, cials, when they learned he was a Morgan made national news for Black man." In the early days of the Garrett Augustus Morgan, was an using a gas mask he had invented to automobile, traffic was controlled African-American businessman and _:z-Jv v..ZJ.VZO.:ie rescue several men trapped during by a person sitting in a little tower at inventor whose curiosity and inno . ;:!f~-tt -8. ~~ an explosion in an underground tun intersections, mainly operating stop vation Jed to the development of nel beneath Lake Erie. After the res and go signals. This all changed many useful and helpful products. A ~ t(/ua ~-..-t"~, cue, Morgan's company received when Garrett A. Morgan saw a fatal practical man of humble beginnings, l"?r..2""0-2e..v...u¥1..s requests from fire departments accident between an automobile and Morgan devoted his life to creating around the country who wished to a horse drawn carriage on a busy things that made the lives of other News of his proficiency for fixing consumers shortly before the turn of purchase the new masks. The street. In November 1923, Morgan people safer and more convenient. things and experimenting traveled the century. The Ford Motor Morgan gas mask was later refined invented and patented the first auto Among his inventions was an fast and Jed to numerous job offers Company was founded in 1903 and for use by U.S. Army during World · matic three-position stop light. early traffic signal, that greatly from various manufacturing firms in with it American consumers began War I. In 1921, Morgan was award Born in Paris, Kentucky, in 1877, improved safety on America's streets the Cleveland area. to discover the adventures of the ed a patent for a Safety Hood and Morgan received an elementary and roadways. Indeed, Morgan'~ In 1907, Morgan opened his own open road. Smoke Protector. Two years later, a school education · before leaving technology was the basis for modem sewing equipment and repair shop. In the early years of the 20th cen refined model of his early gas mask home as a teenager and going north traffic signal systems and was an It was the first of several businesses tury, it was not uncommon for bicy won a gold medal at the to work and study in Cincinnati. early example of what we know he would establish. In 1909, he des, animal-powered wagons and International Exposition of In 1916 Morgan became an "acci today as Intelligent Transportation expanded the enterprise to include a new gasoline-powered motor vehi Sanitation and Safety, and another dental hero" when, using a breathing Systems. tailoring shop that employed 32 des to share the same streets and gold medal from the International device he had invented two years The·son o(former slaves, Garrett employees. The new company roadways with pedestrians. Association of Fire Chiefs. earlier, he took part in a dramatic A. Morgan was born in Paris, turned out coats, suits and dresses, Accidents were frequent. After wit As word of Morgan's life-saving rescue. Morgan and his brother Kentucky on March 4, 1877. His all sewn with equipment that nessing a collision between an auto inventions spread across North wearing his newly invented device early childhood was spent attending Morgan himself had made. mobile and a horse-drawn carriage, America and England, demand for rescued nearly a dozen workers school and working on the family In 1920 Morgan moved into the Morgan was convinced that some these products grew. He was fre trapped in a smoke-filled tunnel farm with his brothers and sisters. newspaper business when he estab- thing should be done to improve quently invited to conventions and below Lake Erie following a disas • While still a teenager, he left lished the Cleveland Call. As the traffic safety. public exhibitions to demonstrate trous explosion. Kentucky and moved north to years went on, he became a prosper- While other inventors are reported how his inventions worked. All across the U.S., when fire offi Cincinnati, Ohio in search of oppor ous and widely respected business to have experimented with and even Garrett A. Morgan died on August cials heard about the heroic rescue tunity. man, and he was able to purchase a marketed traffic signals, Garrett A. 27, 1963, at the age of 86. His life and Morgan's "Safety Hood," they Although Morgan's formal educa home and an automobile. Indeed it Morgan was the first to apply for was long and full, and his creative placed dozens of orders for the tion never took him beyond elemen was Morgan's experience while and acquire a U.S. patent for such a energies have given us a marvelous device, but most of them cancelled tary school, he hired a tutor while driving along the streets of device. The patent was granted on and lasting legacy. their orders when they learned living in Cincinnati and continued Cleveland that led to the invention November 20, 1923. Morgan later Morgan was Black. Several years his studies in English grammar. of the nation's first patented traffic had the technology patented in Great Courtesy of Christine Levister and later, the army saw the value of In 1895, Morgan moved to signal. Britain and Canada as well. the United States Department of Morgan's invention, made some Cleveland, Ohio, where he went to The first American- 91ade auto- The M9rg~ traffic signal was a T- improvements to the device, and the w9rk as a ,sr ing m~ch~nf\ , repl\ir, , 1 mobrles' were' introdrtc'el:l ' t'o ' U.S. · 'shhpe~ ~ Safety Hood became the gas mask man for · a clothing manufacturer. J1o1~Jluit.th~:fea\Oi¥ ,. FEBRUARY 26, 2004 A LOOK BACK PAGE 4
Benjamin Banneker • Granville T. Woods Elijah McCoy
Benjamin Banneker was born in Maryland on It's hard to believe that a man who was forced to Elijah McCoy was born in Colchester, Ontario, November 9, 1731. His father and grandfather were leave school at the age of ten could have patented Canada on May 2, 1844, the son of former slaves former slaves. · over thirty-five electrical and mechanical inven who had fled from Kentucky before the U.S. Civil A farmer of modest means, Banneker neverthe tions. Yet Granville T. Woods did just that, educat War. Educated in Scotland as a mechanical engi less lived a life of unusual achievement. In 1753, ing himself outside of school in practical skills for neer, Eliiah McCoy returned to the United States the young man borrowed a pocket watch from a his future. and settled in Detroit, Michigan. He began experi well-to-do neighbor; he took it apart and made a Born in Columbus, Ohio in April 23, 1856, menting with a cup that would regulate the flow of drawing of each component, then reas~embled the Woods literally learned his skills on the job. oil onto moving parts of industrial m~hines. watch and returned it, fully functioning, to its Attending school in Columbus until age 10, he His first invention was a lubricator for steam owner. served an apprenticeship in a machine shop and engines, U.S. 129,843, which issued on July 12, From -his drawings Banneker then proceeded to learned the trades of machinist and blacksmith. 1872. The invention allowed machines to remain in carve, out of wood, enlarged replicas· of each part. During his youth he also went to night school and motion to be oiled; his new oiling device revolu Calculating the proper number of teeth for eaeh gear took private lessons. Even though he had to leave tionized the industrial machine industry. Elijah and the necessary relationships between the gears, formal school at age ten Granville Woods realized McCoy established his own firm and wa re ponsi he constructed a working wooden clock that kept that learning and education were essential for ble for a total of 57 patents. The term "real McCoy" accurate time and struck the hours for over 50 years. developing critical skills, abilities thaf would allow refers to the oiling device used for industrial At age 58, Banneker began the study of astrono him to express his creativity with machinery. On machinery. His contribution to the lubricating my and was soon predicting future solar and lunar the railroad. In 1872 he obtained a job as a fireman device became so popular that people inspecting eclipses. He compiled the ephemeris, or information on the Danville and Southern railroad in Missouri, new equipment would ask is the device contained table, for annual almanacs that were published for eventually becoming an engineer. He invested his the real McCoy. This helped popularize the the years 1792 through 1797. "Benjamin Banneker's spare time in studying electronics. In 1874 Woods American expression, meaning the real thing. His Almanac" was a top seller from Pennsylvania to moved to Springfield, Illinois worked in a rolling other inventions included an ironing board and Virginia and even into Kentucky. mill. He moved to the East in 1876 and worked part lawn sprinkler. In 1791, Banneker was a technical assistant in the time in a machine shop. He took a mechanical engi Elijah McCoy died on October 10, 1929 after a calculating and first-ever surveying of the Federal neering course in an eastern college. In 1878, he year in the Eloise Infirmary, Eloise, Michigan, suf District, which is now Washington, D.C. became an engineer aboard the Ironsides, a British fering from senile dementia caused by hyperten The "Sable Astronomer" was often pointed to as steamer, and, within two years, he became Chief sion. He was buried in Detroit, Michigan. proof that African Americans were not intellectual Engineer of the steamer. Even with this background ly inferior to ·European Americans. Thomas and all his engineering skill he was unable to get Courtesy of Princeton University: The Faces of Jefferson himself noted this in a letter to Banneker. anywhere in these jobs. His travels and experiences Science: African Americans in the Sciences, Banneker died on Sunday, October 9, 1806 at the led him to settle in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mitchell C. Brown age of 74. A few small memorial traces still exist in But Granville T. Woods was a great electrici_an the Ellicott City/Oella region of Maryland, where and an inventive genius. His talents could not go Banneker spent his entire life except for the Federal unnoticed. survey. It was not until the 1990s that the actual site Woods invented fifteen appliances for electric NEXT MONTH of Banneker's home, which burned on the day of his railways. Granville Woods received his first patent burial, was determined. in 1884 on an improved steam boiler furnace (U.S. In 1980, the U.S. Postal Service issued a postage 229,854). Look for Nu Voices in stamp in his honor. Courtesy of Princeton University: The Faces of The Black Voice News Courtesy of The Banneker Center for Economic Science: African Americans in the Sciences, 1 Justice i•,, ,.. '· ~ ·'"'..·,r,•·. , ''' • ' • · , • •• ., Mitchell C. Brown ' · , · ~ · · · · · · · , · · - · , FEBRUARY 26, 2004 A LOOK BACK PAGE 5
GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER AGRICULTURE INNOVATOR
George Washington Carver was born on a Missouri farm near Diamond Grove (now called Some of the synthetic products Diamond), Newton County in Marion Township, developed by Dr. Carver* Missouri. He received a B.S. from the Iowa Adhesives Metal Polish Agricultural College in 1894 and a M.S. in 1896. He Axle Grease Milk Flakes became a member of the faculty of Iowa State Bleach Mucilage Buttermilk Paper College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in charge Cheese Rubbing Oils of the school's bacterial laboratory work in the Chili Sauce Salve Systematic Botany department. His work with agri Cream Soil Conditioner cultural products de,veloped industrial applications Creosote Shampoo from farm products, called chemurgy in technical Dyes Shoe Polish Flour Shaving Cream literature in the early 1900s. His research developed Fuel Briquettes Sugar 325 products from peanuts, 108 applications for Ink Synthetic Marble weet potatoes, and 75 products derived from Instant Coffee Synthetic Rubber ' pecans. He moved to Tuskegee, Alabama in 1896 to Insulating Board Talcum Powder accept a position as an instructor at the -Tuskegee Linoleum Vanishing Cream Mayonnaise Wood Stain Normal and Industrial Institute and remained on the Meal Wood Filler faculty until his death in 1943. His work in devel Meat Tenderizer Worcestershire Sauce oping industrial applications from agricultural prod * Source: Hattie Carwell. Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to ucts derived 118 products, including a rubber sub- Zoologist. (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press), 1977. p. 18. titute and over 500 dyes and pigments, from 28 dif ferent plant . He was responsible for the invention has been preserved as a park, with a bust of the agri in 1927 of a process for producing paints and stains cultural researcher, instructor, and chemical investi from soybeans, for which three separate patents gator. This park was the first designated national were issued: monument to an African American in the United States. George Washington Carver was bestowed an U.S. 1,522;176 Cosmetics and Producing the . honorary doctorate from Simpson College in 1928. Same. January 6, 1925. He was made a member of the Royal Society of Arts George W. Carver. Tuskegee, Alabama. in London, England. He received the Spingarn Medal in 1923, which is given every year by the George Washington Carver U.S. 1,541,478 Paint and Stain and Producing the National Association for the Advancement of Same June 9, 1925: Colored People. The Spingarn Medal is awarded to George W. Carver. Tuskegee, Alabama. the Black person who has made the greatest contri George Washington Carver was honored by U.S. bution to the advancement of his race. Carver died U.S. 1,632,365 Producing Paints and Stains. June President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in July 14, of anemia at Tuskegee Institute on January 5, 1943 14, 1927. 1943 dedicating $30,000 for a national monument and was buried on campus beside Booker T. George W. Carver. Tuskegee, Alabama. to be dedicated to his accomplishments. The area of Washington. (DNB, p.95) Carver's childhood near Diamond Grove, Missouri
MOMENTS IN BLACK HISTORY after the first president of Liberia, and its student body was limited to young men. In 1866 its name was changed to Lincoln University, in honor of the slain president. Later Milestones in Education: Lincoln admitted students of all races. In 1953 it began accepting women. Lincoln's graduates include former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, scholar and 1740 South Carolina makes it illegal to teach slaves to read or write. poet Langston Hughes, Kwame Nkrumah, first president of Ghana, N namdi Azikiwe, 1830 Southern states move to curb Black education in the wake of slave insurrec first president of Nigeria, singer, actor, director Oscar Brown Jr., celebrated screen tions. actor Roscoe Lee Browne, Lillian E. Fishburne, first African-American woman rear 1867 Howard University is founded in Washington, D.C., by act of Congress, as a admiral in the U.S. Navy, Honorable Herb Wesson, Speaker of the California State ·coeducational and multiracial institution to train ministers and teachers for Assembly and Black Voice News health columnist and internist/cardiologist, clinical freed Blacks. Howard has become a top-level research institution and the lead professor, University of California Irvine, Ernest C. Levister Jr., MD. The university ing historically Black university in the United States. graduated 20 percent of Black physicians and more than 10 percent of the nation's 1865 W.E.B. Du Bois becomes the first African-American to earn a doctorate from attorneys during its first 100 years. Harvard. 1896 In the infamous Plessy v. Ferguson case, the Supreme Court upholds the poli Wilberforce University cy of Separate but equal" accommodations for Blacks, asserting that the 1856 Wilberforce University opened in Ohio. In 1862 the University was purchased Fourteen Amendment was not meant "to enforce social as distinguished from by the African Methodist Episcopal Church, making it the first U.S. university con political Equality." trolled by African Americans.
Lincoln University, America's First Historically Black University Celebrates Cheyney University Sesquicentennal - 1854-2004 Cheyney University in Pennsylvania, sometimes considered the first African American college, was formed in 1837 as the Institute for Color Youth, high school The first college expressly intended for the education of the Negro was established in and preparatory school. Cheyney became a fully accredited college for teachers in Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1854. Ashmun Institute was-created after Negro stu 1951, and in 1983 was given university status. dent .-~~ere ba,ted,from--at!e0di'!g 1:rinceton U~versitt It was called Ashman Institute, , , • Compiled by Christine Levister ,,, , 4 •' .., l _., , .... • • ·~·• • ♦ • . ••• ·, f. ..t ' ••• ". t FEBRUARY 26, 2004 A LOOK BACK PAGE 6
MADAM C.J. WALKER HAIR CARE ENTREPRENEUR
C.J. Walker" traveled for political life, taking spe reward her agents for and cosmetics industry; a year and a half on a cial interest m the their business success, and set standards in the dizzying crusade NAACP's anti-lynching but to encourage their African-American com throughout the heavily movement to which she political activism as well. munity for corporate and Black South and contributed $5,000. "This 1s the greatest community giving. Southeast, selling her In July 1917, when a country under the sun," Tenacity and persever products door to door, white mob murdered she told them. "But we ance, faith in herself and demonstrating her scalp more than three dozen must not let our love of in God, quality products treatments in churches Blacks in East St. Louis, country, our patriotic loy and "honest business and .lodges, and devising Illinois, Walker joined a alty cause us to abate one dealings" were the ele sales and marketing group of Harlem leaders whit m our protest ments and strategies she strategies. In 1908, she who visited the White against wrong and injus prescribed for aspiring temporarily moved her House to present a peti tice. We should protest entrepreneurs who base to Pittsburgh where tion favoring federal anti until the American sense requested the secret to she opened Lelia College lynching legislation. of justice is so aroused her rags-to-riches ascent. to train Walker "hair cul As her business contin that such affairs as the "There is no royal flower turists." ued" to grow, Walker East St. Louis riot be for strewn path to success," By early 1910, she had organized her agents into e~er impossible." she once commented. settled m Indianapolis, local and state clubs. Her By the time she died at "And if there is, I have then the nation's largest Madam C. J. Walker Hair her estate, Villa Lewaro, not found it for if I have inland manufacturing Culturists Union of in Irvington-on-Hudson, accomplished anything in center, where she built a America convention m New York, she had life it is because I have factory, hair and. mani Philadelphia m 1917 helped create the role of been willing to work "Born Sarah Breedlove cure salon and another must have been one of the 20th Century, self hard." on December 23, 1867 on the National Association training school. Less than the first national meet made American business a Delta, Louisiana planta- . of Colored Women a year after her arrival, ings of businesswomen in woman; established her Courtesy of tion, this daughter of for exposed her to a new way Walker grabbed nationar the country. Walker used self as a pioneer of the www.mada;necjwalker.co mer slaves transformed of viewing the world. headlines in the Black the gathering not only to modern Black hair-care m. herself from an uneducat During the 1890s, press when she con ed farm laborer and laun Sarah began to suffer tributed $1,000 to the dress into of the twentieth from a scalp ailment that building fund of the "col century's most success caused her to Jose most of ored" YMCA in ful, self-made women her hair. She experiment Indianapolis. entrepreneur. ed with many homemade In 1913, while Walker Orphaned at age seven, remedies and store traveled to Central she often said, "I got my bought products, includ America and the start by giving myself a ing those made by Annie Caribbean to expand her start." She and her older Malone, another Black business, her daughter sister, Louvenia, survived woman entrepreneur. In A'Lelia, moved into a by working in the cotton 1905 Sarah moved to fabulous new Harlem fields of Delta and nearby Denver as a sales agent townhouse and Walker Vicksburg, Mississippi. for Malone, then married Salon, designed by Black At 14, she married Moses her third husband, architect, Vertner Tandy. McWilliams to escape Charles Joseph Walker, a "There is nothing to equal abuse from her cruel St. Louis newspaperman. it," she wrote to her attor Mernbers oF the Cornrnunit brother-in-law, Jesse After changing her name ney, F.B. Ransom. "Not Powell. to "Madam" C. J. Walker, even on Fifth Avenue." Her only daughter, she founded her own Walker herself moved ' Lelia (later known as business and began sell to New York in 1916, A'Lelia Walker) was born ing Madam Walker's leaving the day-to-day on June 6, 1885. When Wonoerful Hair Grower, operations of the Madam her husband died two a scalp conditioning and C. J. Walker years later, she moved to healing formula, which Manufacturing Company Because He's Committed To: St. Louis to join her four she claimed had been in Indianapolis to brothers who had estab revealed to her in a Ransom and Alice Kelly, Improving _Our County lished themselves as bar dream. Madam Walker, her factory forelady and a bers. Working for as little by the way, did NOT • By practicing high ethics former school teacher. • Creating jobs as $1.50 a day, she man invent the straightening She continued to oversee • Effective and efficient budgeting aged to save enough comb, though many peo the business and to run • Increasing services to senior citizens money to educate her ple incorrectly belie_ve the New York office. • Partnerships between business, schools and community daughter. Friendships that to be true. ...t with other Black women To r FEBRUARY 26, 2004 A LOOK BACK PAGE 7
...... FEBRUARY 26, 2004 A LOOK BACK PAGE 8
MOMENTS IN BLACK HISTORY by African-Americans. separate branch of Methodism now known a the African In 1816 Allen became the first bishop of the newly formed Methodist Episcopal Church (AME).
Who was the founder and first Bislwp of the African ooker T. Washington recalled his childhood in his bi09raphy, Up Methodist Episcopal Church? From Slave,y. As a youngster, he attended school 1n Franklin County, Virginia. But not as a student. His role was to carry books B for a daughter of James Burroughs, owner of the tobacco farm at which he was enslaved with his family. Born in 1760 to After the Emancipation Proclamation, when living in West Virginia, the parents who were young boy took a job in a salt mine so he could attend school later in the day. Wrth encouragement at age 16, Washington walked much of the 500 slaves, Richard miles back to Virginia to enroll in a new school for Black students, the Allen grew up in Hampton lnstttute. His entrance to Hampton led him away from a life of forced labor for good. Delaware, where he He became an instructor there. Later, as principal and guiding force behind developed a Tuskegee lnstttute in Alabama, which he founded in 1881, he became rec• ognized as the nation's foremost Black educator. His story is an inspiration Christian faith so for all Americans. strong that he was able to convert his Booker T. Washington and Inland Southern California Booker T. Washington first vistted Inland Southern Calffornia in 1903 to owner, who had deliver a keynote address in Ontario and Claremont. In 1914 he vistted Riverside as a guest of Frank Miller, the proprietor of the Mission Inn, with allowed him to whom he developed a strong friendship. But his vistt to Riverside and the study religion. Mission Inn has never been memorialized. Allen purchased his That wilt soon change. freedom and even The Black Voice News and The Black Voice Foundation, Inc., are spear• tually settled in heading a commemoration of his vist The National Park Services Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Philadelphia, where Program will convene a four-day conference here in April. During that con he preached at St. ference, a bust of Booker T. Washington's likeness will be erected in a prominent spot at the Historic Mission Tnn. Mr. Duane Roberts, 'The Keeper George's Episcopal of the Inn,' has graciously set aside an area for this piece and Mr. Church. The con- Bernard Edmonds, a local artist, has Richard Allen gregation been commissioned to create the bust. was all white Yes, there is a cost to preserving his but, Allen encouraged African-American to join. One tory. We would love to have your participation in this effort to memori Sunday morning, while kneeling in prayer, a trustee insisted alize a distinguished and inspira tional American. Special donors will that Allen and other Black communicants move to the rear of be recognized at the April luncheon, the church. Allen and his colleague, Absalom Jones walked which will include local di!,Jnftaries, National Park Service officials, and out in protest. That same year Allen and Jones formed the members of the Washington family. Free African Society, a mutual aid organization that later Sponsorship Levels Are: built the St. Thomas African Episcopal Church, naming Emancipator $3,000 · $5,000 Jones its pastor. Founder $1 ,500 · $2,500 You may send your contribution to: Educator $100 · $1,000 Black Voice Foundation, Inc. In 1794 Allen overhauled a blacksmith shop, gathered his Freedom Seeker Children are asked to P.O. Box 1581 contribute $1.00 Riverside, Calttornia 92502 own congregation and formed the Bethel African Methodist Any proceeds raised in excess of the amount needed for the project will Church. The current Bethel Church still stands. It is the old benefit the Black Voice Foundation's programs in media training. est piece of property in the United States continually owned The Black Voice News THE PRESS-ENTERPRI SE
A Journey I~ Black"History wWf In celebration of Black His~ry Month, Union 8\nk of California his i¼ created •A Journey in Black History," a CD featuring historical dramatizations of legendary Afritan Americans. Come in and pick up your free CD at one of the branches listed below. Limit one per family• .,i\;;; ~---~· ~-·. -. ~·~ ···
FEBRUARY 26, 2004 A LOOK BACK PAGE 9
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SALUTING AFRICAN AMERICAN INVENTORS
KAISER PERMANENTE SHARES IN THE DREAM THAT ONE DAY
ALL CHILDREN WILL BE ABLE TO HAVE COMPREHENSIVE AND i ·J ACCESSIBLE HEALTH CARE SERVICES AT AN AFFORDABLE
. . COST REGARDLESS OF COLOR, STATUS, OR STATION IN LIFE
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