Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
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lndia's Simmering Revolution Sumanta Banerjee lndia's Simmeri ng Revolution The Naxalite Uprising Sumanta Banerjee Contents India's Simmering Revolution was first published in India under the title In the llake of Naxalbari: A History of the Naxalite Movement lVlirps in India by Subarnarekha, 73 Mahatma Gandhi Road, Calcutta 700 1 009 in 1980; republished in a revised and updated edition by Zed lrr lr<lduction Books Ltd., 57 Caledonian Road, London Nl 9BU in 1984. I l'lrc Rural Scene I Copyright @ Sumanta Banerjee, 1980, 1984 I lrc Agrarian Situationt 1966-67 I 6 Typesetting by Folio Photosetting ( l'l(M-L) View of Indian Rural Society 7 Cover photo courtesy of Bejoy Sen Gupta I lrc Government's Measures Cover design by Jacque Solomons l lrc Rural Tradition: Myth or Reality? t2 Printed by The Pitman Press, Bath l't'lrstnt Revolts t4 All rights reserved llre Telengana Liberation Struggle 19 ( l'l(M-L) Programme for the Countryside 26 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Banerjee, Sumanta ' I'hc Urban Scene 3l India's simmering revolution. I lrc Few at the ToP JJ l. Naxalite Movement 34 I. Title I lro [ndustrial Recession: 1966-67 JIa- 322.4'z',0954 D5480.84 I lre Foreign Grip on the Indian Economy 42 rsBN 0-86232-038-0 Pb ( l'l(M-L) Views on the Indian Bourgeoisie ISBN 0-86232-037-2 Hb I lrc Petty Bourgeoisie 48 I lro Students 50 US Distributor 53 Biblio Distribution Center, 81 Adams Drive, Totowa, New Jersey l lrc Lumpenproletariat 0'1512 t lhe Communist Party 58 I lrc Communist Party of India: Before 1947 58 I lrc CPI: After 1947 6l I lre Inner-Party Struggle Over Telengana 64 I he CPI(M) 72 ( 'lraru Mazumdar's Theories 74 .l Nlxalbari 82 l'lre West Bengal United Front Government 82 Itcginnings at Naxalbari 84 Assessments Iconoclasm 178 The Consequences Attacks on the Police 182 Dissensions in the CPI(M) Building up the Arsenal 185 The Co-ordination Committee The Counter-Offensive 186 Jail Breaks 189 5. -
LIBERATION C
Vol I No.2 December, 1967 • LIBERATION c Declration of the Revolutionaries- of the C.P.I.(M) 3 Note'S <. 7 The Thought of Mlto Tse-tung 17 Mao-;Tse-tung's Contripution to Marxism-Leninism -N. Sanmugathasan 19 China's Changing Tide -Anna Louise Strong 39 A Canadian Professor Looks at China 43 Flames of ~hai People's Armed Struggle 47 On Madurai Docume,nt -'Deshabrati' Editorial Board 51 Bankruptcy of China's Devotee of Parliament 66 Character oflhe Indian Bourgeoisie -Bhowani Pathak 76 Interview with' a Revolutionary 83 Eaitor-in-Chiej: SUSHITAl RAY CHOUDHURY DECLARATION OF THE REVOLUTIONARIES OF THE Communist Party of India (Marxist) , An excellent revolutionary situation prevails now in ou country with all its classical symptoms as enunciated by Comrade Lenin. But the neo-revisionist leadership of the C P I (M) has betrayed the people and the party. They have betrayed the cause of the Indian Revolutiono Ontotbe wbys and wherdel'es Despite aU their revolutionary phrase-mongering it has now "Communists must always go 1 d carefully tbiRk .yer ° wn beads an 11 become crystal clear that these renegades have chosen the of anytbing, use then 0 d to reality and is really we path of parliamentarism and class-collaboration and have whether or not it correspon s follow blindly and enfClul'age founded; on no account sbould they shelved for good the revolutionary struggle for political power. 1liavislmess." 'The great trust reposed in them by revolutionary comrades, the Party's Style of. WDrk. when the latter in their glorious struggle against revisionism -Mao Tse-tung, Rectify repudiated the leadership of the Dange clique, has been shamelessly betrayed. -
INDIA'scontemporary Security Challenges
Contemporary Security INDIA’S Challenges Edited by Michael Kugelman INDIa’s Contemporary SECURITY CHALLENGES Essays by: Bethany Danyluk Michael Kugelman Dinshaw Mistry Arun Prakash P.V. Ramana Siddharth Srivastava Nandini Sundar Andrew C. Winner Edited by: Michael Kugelman ©2011 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. www.wilsoncenter.org Available from : Asia Program Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20004-3027 www.wilsoncenter.org ISBN 1-933549-79-3 The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, es- tablished by Congress in 1968 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., is a living national memorial to President Wilson. The Center’s mis- sion is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by providing a link between the worlds of ideas and policy, while fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a broad spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national and international affairs. Supported by public and private funds, the Center is a nonpartisan institution engaged in the study of national and world affairs. It establishes and maintains a neutral forum for free, open, and informed dialogue. Conclusions or opinions expressed in Center publi- cations and programs are those of the authors and speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Center staff, fellows, trustees, advi- sory groups, or any individuals or organizations that provide financial support to the Center. The Center is the publisher of The Wilson Quarterly and home of Woodrow Wilson Center Press, dialogue radio and television, and the monthly news-letter “Centerpoint.” For more information about the Center’s activities and publications, please visit us on the web at www.wilsoncenter.org. -
Naxalism in India Naxalism
Best Personal Counseling & Guidance about SSB Contact - R S Rathore @ 9001262627 visit us - www.targetssbinterview.com Naxalism in India The word Naxal, Naxalite or Naksalvadi is a generic term used to refer to militant Communist groups operating in different parts of India under different organizational envelopes. In the eastern states of the mainland India (Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa), they are usually known as, or refer to themselves as Maoists while in southern states like Kerala they are known under other titles. They have been declared as a terrorist organization under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967). The term 'Naxal' derives from the name of the village Naxalbari in the state of West Bengal, India, where the movement had its origin. The Naxals are considered far-left radical communists, supportive of Maoist political sentiment and ideology. Their origin can be traced to the split in 1967 of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), leading to the formation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist). Initially the movement had its centre in West Bengal. In later years, it spread into less developed areas of rural central and eastern India, such as Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh through the activities of underground groups like the Communist Party of India (Maoist). As of 2009, Naxalites were active across approximately 220 districts in twenty states of India accounting for about 40 percent of India's geographical area, They are especially concentrated in an area known as the "Red corridor", where they control 92,000 square kilometers. According to India's intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing, 20,000 armed cadre Naxalites were operating in addition to 50,000 regular cadres and their growing influence prompted Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to declare them to be the most serious internal threat to India's national security. -
Communist Party of India (Marxist) - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Communist Party of India (Marxist) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist) Communist Party of India (Marxist) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Communist Party of India (Marxist) (abbreviated CPI(M) or CPM ) is a communist party in India. The party Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged from a split from the Communist Party of India in भारत की क,ुिन पाट" ( मा वादी ) 1964. The CPI(M) was formed at the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of India held in Calcutta from October 31 to November 7, 1964. The strength of CPI(M) is concentrated in the states of Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura. As of 2015, CPI(M) is leading the state government in Tripura. It also leads the Left Front coalition of leftist parties. As of 2013, CPI(M) claimed to have 1,065,406 members. [5] Secretary-General Sitaram Yechury [1] CPI(M) is organised on the basis of democratic centralism, a principle conceived by Vladimir Lenin which entails Lok Sabha leader P. Karunakaran [2] democratic and open discussion on policy on the condition of Rajya Sabha leader Sitaram Yechury [3] unity in upholding the agreed upon policies. The highest Founded 7 November 1964 body of the party is the Politburo. Headquarters Gole Market, New Delhi, India Newspaper People's Democracy Contents Student wing Students Federation of India 1 History Youth wing Democratic Youth 1.1 Formation of CPI (M) Federation of India 1.2 Name Women's wing All India Democratic 1.3 Early years of CPI (M) Women's Association 1.4 Naxalbari -
Naxalite Rebellion: Disenfranchisement, Ideology and Recognition of a Non International Armed Conflict
journal of international humanitarian legal studies 8 (2017) 1-28 brill.com/ihls Naxalite Rebellion: Disenfranchisement, Ideology and Recognition of a Non International Armed Conflict Zia Akhtar llb (Lon), llm (Lon), Gray’s Inn. [email protected] Abstract The military conflict within India’s borders whose origins are in the marginalisation of tribal peoples involves the government forces and the Naxalite rebels. This conflict has become more intense in the last decade with land being acquired to enable corpora- tions to mine resources and the lack of redress for the Adivasi, who are the indigenous people who inhabit these territories. The alienation of the rural communities and tribes from the north eastern states, which are located on the ‘red corridor’ is because the government has failed to implement protection for Scheduled Tribes who carry a protected status in the Indian constitution. The Naxalite movement has launched a violent struggle which has led to an emergency declared under Article 355, and there has been an incremental increase in the rate of fatalities. The failure of public interest litigation and the enforcement of the Armed Forces Special Power Act (afsa) means that the domestic remedies for empowerment are not successful. The breach of hu- man rights has to be assessed against the insurgency of the Naxalite guerillas and the Geneva Conventions that are applicable under the Non International Armed Conflict (niac). This paper will assess the rural origins of the conflict, environmental damage and the litigation by the Adivasi communities before addressing the rules under which the protections are available in the international humanitarian law. -
Tribals Under Siege
Nirmalangshu Mukherji is a careful, judicious scholar, and his T inquiry into these intricate issues is sensitive and persuasive. h NOAM CHOMSKY e M A must read for all those that follow the intense debates on politics and development in India. This book explores the writings of Maoist a ideologues relating to the Maoist movement in India’s tribal regions. o Mukherji develops a serious critique of Indian state policies and the is violent response to them, preferring the large social movements that t advocate an alternative path of development through non-violent s in resistance. ANURADHA M. CHENOY, Professor in the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, co-author of Maoist And Other Armed I Conflicts (2010) n dia The Maoists in India delves deep into one of the most intractable but under-reported insurgencies in the developing world – the decades long battle between the Indian state and the Maoist groups who control significant parts of tribal India. Nirmalangshu Mukherji explains the devastating impact on India’s tribal Nirmalangs population of neoliberalism and armed aggression by the State, as well as the impact of the armed struggle by the Maoists. Unlike most accounts, Mukherji takes an unflinching look at each of the Maoists’ interventions and critically examines the programme proposed by their prominent intellectual sympathisers. The book examines the idea of armed struggle in the context of a well-established parliamentary democracy and focuses h The Maoists in India on the Maoists’ own political philosophy, looking critically at whether their u Muk strategy can help to deliver social justice and liberation for India’s poor. -
The Naxalite Movement in Telengana, India (1970-93)
"PEOPLE'S WAR" AND STATE RESPONSE : THE NAXALITE MOVEMENT IN TELENGANA, INDIA (1970-93) by RAJESHWARI RAVIKANTI B.A., Osmania University, 1992 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA SEPTEMBER 1995 (c) Rajeshwari Ravikanti, 1995 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and .study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly' purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of ?o\\t\CCX.\ ScjenCC The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date SLl-Ol- IHT- DE-6 (2/88) 11 Abstract This thesis is a study of the interaction between the emergence and development of a radical peasant movement—the naxalite movement— in Telengana, India and the state response during 1970-93. The thesis contends that the movement has essentially been a violent expression of a socio-economic problem that has been endemic in rural India. It has resulted from the existence of glaring inequalities in wealth and social status between the rural rich and poor which have developed under specific historical influences during the modernization process. -
Evolution of Left Wing Extremism
EVOLUTION OF LEFT WING EXTREMISM SPLIT IN CPI After India-China War of 1962, the Communist Party of India split into two groups by 1964. The group, which held the view that India was the aggressor, separated from CPI and came to be known as C.P.I (Marxists). In 1967, groups of persons broke away from CPI (M) with the object of subverting the Constitution and over-throwing the legally established Government by creating conditions of anarchy, lawlessness and disorder. These groups, pinning their faith in the Chinese example and accepting Mao and his teachings as guidance, denounced the Parliamentary system and proclaimed their object to capture political power by violent means. NAXALBARI MOVEMENT Among those who believed in the path of violence, S/Sri Charu Mazumdar and Kanu Sanyal launched a violent uprising in Naxalbari of West Bengal in 1967. This movement, which later spread to the other areas in the country came to be known as Naxalite movement. These extremist and their followers who broke away from CPI (M) formed an All India Co- ordination Committee of the Communist Revolutionaries in 1967 with the object of overthrowing the lawfully constituted Government by armed revolution and to annihilate the alleged class enemies namely the money- lenders, informants, Police and Military personnel and landed gentry, etc. Between 19th April 1969 and 22nd April 1969, the All India Co- ordination Committee of the Communist Revolutionaries was converted into and All India Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) and on 01.05.1969 formation of the new party was announced by Sri Kanu Sanyal with the following objectives: (1) State Power could be seized only through armed revolution, (2) that political power stems from the barrel of the gun, and (3) formation of this Party would usher in a revolution, over-throwing the present Government. -
The Ironies of Indian Maoism Jairus Banaji
The ironies of Indian Maoism Jairus Banaji Editor’s introduction “A spectre is haunting South Asia—the spectre of Maoism,” the Financial Times rather melodramatically announced in April 2006, reporting that the Indian prime minister, Manmohan Singh, had described Maoist guer- rillas as “the single greatest threat to Indian national security”. The scale of the Maoist-led insurgency in rural India has surprised and alarmed ruling classes for whom Marxism-Leninism was supposed to have been safely confined to the dustbin of history after 1989. The Indian Maoists have also become a subject of discussion on the left both in India and internationally. In particular, a recent article by the writer and campaigner Arundhati Roy describing her visit to a Maoist-controlled area attracted much controversy. In the following piece, the Indian Marxist scholar and activist Jairus Banaji offers a much more critical analysis of Indian Maoism than Roy pro- vides. But first here is a little background to help the reader unfamiliar with Indian politics and society (see also the glossary). India is by far the most important country in the world where Communism remains a powerful political force. Reflecting the twists and turns of Moscow’s foreign policy, the Communist Party of India (CPI) during the struggle for national liberation from Britain had an ambiva- lent relationship to the dominant nationalist party, the Indian National : Johnson, 006. : Roy, 00a. Congress. But its role in different social movements gave it a significant popular base. After independence was won in 1947, Congress-ruled India pursued a policy of neutrality in the Cold War that led to a strategic part- nership with the Soviet Union. -
Chapter-I INTRODUCTION
Chapter-I INTRODUCTION India is predominantly an agrarian country where 70 per cent of its population still depends on agriculture for its livelihood. They are differentiated in terms of their relationship with the ownership of land such as supervisory agriculturists, owners - cultivators, share-croppers, tenants and landless labourers. In local parlance, they are known as kisans, thanks to the influence of western scholarship kisan is often translated as peasant in the academic literature published in English. It is known to the history that Indian kisan waged a tireless battle against all sorts of oppression for his sustinance.1 In 1870, the Kisan movement began in the East Bengal. The zamindars of Bengal are notorious for they began to exploit and humiliate the farmers by confiscating their property illegally and by using coersive methods. The farmers who were accustomed to the tradition of resisting these methods, united themselves into societies. They demanded for the abolition of land tax and began to attack the zamindars and their agents. It was only when the government intervened and suppressed the movement by taking stringent measures. As a result of the movement, Tenant Act was framed in 1885, for the first time in Bengal which receded the attacks on the farmers. This Act provided an opportunity to some categories of farmers to become permanent tenants of the land.2 Peasant Movement in India The sources on Peasant movement in India becomes difficult on account of the paucity of comprehensive data on the subject. With this basic limitation, an attempt is made here to analyse it in terms of its historical evolution in India. -
THE NAXALITE MOVEMENT in INDIA Origin and Failure of the Maoist Revolutionary Strategy in West Bengal 1967 - 1971
THE NAXALITE MOVEMENT IN INDIA Origin and Failure of the Maoist Revolutionary Strategy in West Bengal 1967 - 1971 A thesis submitted to Brock University by S0HA1L JAWAID in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts September 1978 (c) Sohail Jawaid 4C110WL1DGME1T In the coupletion of this thesis^ 1 owe a debt of gratitude to my guidef Professor fietor M.Fie, who inspired me to undertake the study of the most important problem of Indian politics today, sad ufao pro¥ided me the ¥alaable primary sources ' from his onn private collection. i am beholden to Professor R. Chorehf Professors <J.A.H. Haqqi, W.H.N* Hull, S. lasir All, Irfan Habib, Dr* Jfein-uI-Zaffer Khanf Dr. T.A. Nlzami and Dr.^han Wbhammadj nbose constant encourageneEt stood me In good stead. 1 am also thankful to other Professors^ ay wife Mrs* EaMa Bohail, Mrs# Marilyn loop and my frienis who assisted me in a number of nays* 80HAIL JAWAID TABLE OP CONTENTS Acknowledgment iv Introduction 1 Chapter I THE ORIGIN OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIA (Marxist) 14 1. The CPI and its policies 14 2. Bifts ^dthin the CPI 27 a) Revisionism versus Revolution 2? b) Attack of China upon India J 1962 34 3. The split within the CPI: 1964 38 4. Formation of the CPI(M) in West Bengal 41 Chapter II THE NAXALITE MOVEMENT 56 1. Origin 56 a) Geographical area 56 b) Reasons for its emergence 60 i) Tribal unrest 60 ii) Quest for land 64 2. Programme of the Naxalites 6? a) Influence of Peking 67 b) Theory of the revolutionary base 69 e) Strategy of the armed uprising 71 i ii 3.