DOCSLIB.ORG

Sound Masking Systems

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sound Masking Systems Sound Masking Systems Sound Masking Systems by Ashton Taylor, Hoover & Keith Inc. A technical guide to achieving effective speech privacy in open-plan offices and other environments 1601 Jack McKay Blvd. • Ennis, Texas 75119 U.S.A. Telephone: 800.876.3333 • Fax: 800.765.3435 – 1 – AtlasIED.com Specifications are subject to change without notice. Sound Masking Systems Introduction Reduction of Reflected Sound Energy ......................................... 13 What is Sound Masking? ............................................................... 4 Ceiling ................................................................................... 13 The Economic Benefits of Sound Masking .................................... 4 Absorption Ratings ............................................................... 13 Purpose of this Paper ..................................................................... 4 Noise Reduction Coefficient ................................................. 13 Part 1 - A Discussion of Sound Masking Articulation Class .................................................................. 13 Applications for Sound Masking Systems ...................................... 5 Lighting Fixtures ................................................................... 14 Open-Plan Offices Definition of Terms ................................... 5 Masking Loudspeakers and the Ceiling........................................ 14 Medical Examination Rooms .................................................. 5 Special Ceiling Tiles .............................................................. 14 Confidential Offices ................................................................ 5 Sound Leaks ......................................................................... 14 Court Rooms .......................................................................... 5 Other Causes of Unwanted Reflections ....................................... 15 Buildings Near Major Roads, Railroads, & Airports ................ 5 Boots .................................................................................... 15 Personal Masking Units .......................................................... 5 Ambient Noise .............................................................................. 17 Security Systems ................................................................... 6 Part 3 - The Basic Electronic Sound Masking System When Sound Masking Should Not Be Used .................................. 6 Concept - Don’t Tell the Employees? ............................................ 18 Unrealistic Client Expectations ............................................... 6 Self-Contained Masking Units ...................................................... 18 Rooms Requiring Very Low Ambient Noise ........................... 6 Single-Channel vs Multi-Channel Masking ........................... 18 Space Used by Sight-Impaired People ................................... 6 Basic Electronics .................................................................. 18 Space Used by Hearing-Impaired People ............................... 6 Sound Masking and Background Music or Paging ....................... 19 Benefits of Masking to the End User ............................................. 7 Basic System Electronics ............................................................. 19 Cost-Effective Speech Privacy ................................................ 7 Masking Sound Generator ................................................... 19 Increased Productivity ............................................................ 7 Equalizer ............................................................................... 19 Flexibility ................................................................................. 7 Amplifier ............................................................................... 19 Part 2 - The Sound Masking Acoustical Environment Part 4 - Multi-Channel Masking, Background Music and Paging Three Steps to Successful Sound Masking ................................... 8 Two (and More) Channel Masking ................................................ 21 1 - Attenuate the Direct Sound .............................................. 8 Zone Level Controls ............................................................. 21 2 - Reduce Sound Reflections ................................................ 8 Amplified Monitor Panel ....................................................... 21 3 - Raise the Ambient Sound Level Using Sound Masking.... 8 Background Music / Paging .......................................................... 22 Discussion .............................................................................. 8 Paging Sound Level .............................................................. 22 A Basic Sound Masking Example ................................................... 8 Paging Equalizers .................................................................. 22 Evaluating the Acoustical Environment .......................................... 9 Part 5 - Masking Loudspeakers and Self-Contained Masking Units Attenuation of Direct Sound ......................................................... 10 Masking Loudspeakers ................................................................. 23 Orientation of Talker ............................................................. 10 Upwards Loudspeaker Orientation ....................................... 23 Screens ................................................................................ 10 Downwards Loudspeaker Orientation .................................. 24 Sound Transmission Class .....................................................11 Horizontal (Sideways) Loudspeaker Orientation ................... 24 Diffraction ..............................................................................11 Valuable Masking Loudspeaker Features ............................. 24 Layout ................................................................................... 12 Self-Contained Masking Units ...................................................... 25 1601 Jack McKay Blvd. • Ennis, Texas 75119 U.S.A. Telephone: 800.876.3333 • Fax: 800.765.3435 AtlasIED.com – 2 – Specifications are subject to change without notice. Sound Masking Systems Part 6 - Commissioning the Masking System Appendix A - Definitions ............................................................ 37 Level ............................................................................................. 26 Appendix B - Worksheet ............................................................ 39 Connecting Spaces ............................................................... 26 General Instructions ..................................................................... 39 Setting the Level During System Adjustment ...................... 26 Entering the Data ................................................................. 39 Gradually Adjust to Final Level ............................................. 26 Calculating the Speech Level at the Listener ....................... 39 Masking Spectrum ....................................................................... 27 Calculating the Articulation Index ......................................... 39 Ideal Masking Sound Spectrum ........................................... 27 Detailed Worksheet Instructions .................................................. 40 Masking Spectrum 1 ............................................................ 28 Section A Instructions .......................................................... 40 Masking Spectrum 2 ............................................................ 28 Section B Instructions .......................................................... 40 Masking Spectrum 3 ............................................................ 28 Section C Instructions .......................................................... 41 A Comparison of All Three Masking Spectra ........................ 29 Section D Instructions .......................................................... 42 Equalizing the System .................................................................. 29 Section E Instructions .......................................................... 43 The Equalization Process ...................................................... 29 Section F Instructions ........................................................... 44 Using an Octave-Band Equalizer for ..................................... 30 Section G Instructions .......................................................... 44 Coverage ...................................................................................... 30 Section H Instructions .......................................................... 45 Test Equipment ............................................................................ 30 Section I Instructions ............................................................ 45 Part 7 - Predicting Privacy in the Masking Environment Section J and Section K Instructions ................................... 46 Articulation Index and Privacy Category Definitions ..................... 31 Section L Instructions ........................................................... 46 Subjective Speech Intelligibility Articulation Index ............... 31 Sound Masking, Octave-Band, Articulation - Index Worksheets Marginal Privacy ................................................................... 31 Worksheet Example 1 - Open-Plan Environment ......................... 47
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EN 300 676 V1.2.1 (1999-12) European Standard (Telecommunications Series)
    Draft ETSI EN 300 676 V1.2.1 (1999-12) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Ground-based VHF hand-held, mobile and fixed radio transmitters, receivers and transceivers for the VHF aeronautical mobile service using amplitude modulation; Technical characteristics and methods of measurement 2 Draft ETSI EN 300 676 V1.2.1 (1999-12) Reference REN/ERM-RP05-014 Keywords Aeronautical, AM, DSB, radio, testing, VHF ETSI Postal address F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Office address 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis Valbonne - FRANCE Tel.:+33492944200 Fax:+33493654716 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Internet [email protected] Individual copies of this ETSI deliverable can be downloaded from http://www.etsi.org If you find errors in the present document, send your comment to: [email protected] Important notice This ETSI deliverable may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. © European
    [Show full text]
  • Sound Masking Done Right: Simple Solutions for Complex Problems
    SOUND MASKING DONE RIGHT: SIMPLE SOLUTIONS FOR COMPLEX PROBLEMS Robert Chanaud, Ph.D. Magnum Publishing L.L.C. i Copyright 2008, Robert Chanaud, All Rights Reserved Published with permission by Magnum Publishing, LLC No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any other form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure that the contents of this document are accurate and reliable, Magnum Publishing LLC, Robert Chanaud, or Atlas Sound L.P. cannot assume liability for any damages caused by inaccuracies in the data or documentation, or as a result of the failure of the data, documentation, software, or products described herein to function in a particular manner. The authors and publishers make no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute a warranty. International Standard Book Number: 978-0-9818166-0-9 Printed in the United States of America ii - Sound Masking Done Right: Simple Solutions for Complex Problems - About Bob Chanaud Dr. Robert C. Chanaud received his BS from the US Coast Guard Academy, his MS from the University of California and his PhD from Purdue University. Active in the field of acoustics since 1958, he taught at Purdue University and the University of Colorado and, in 1975, founded Dynasound, Inc. He has developed software programs to facilitate the design and equalization of masking systems. Acknowledgements The following companies have graciously supplied products for evaluation: Atlas Sound Cambridge Sound Management Dynasound Soft dB Sound Advance Notation Square brackets [ ] are references contained at the end of the manual.
    [Show full text]
  • MARK Serv Grap GLOB 2013 EUROCOM Catalog EN V8 2013
    EUROCOM The New Standard for Installed Systems Summer 2013 EUROCOM The EUROCOM Story Innovative Tools Discover EUROCOM, the new for Modern standard for installed systems: Systems Integrators New ideas, breathtaking technologies, a unique design aesthetic, fl exibility – and tremendous value! I’m often asked why BEHRINGER customers love our made them tick. I quickly realized that companies were Over the past two decades we have with a diff erent sales and distribution Longtime BEHRINGER observers will products so much. The answer is simple… it’s because charging US$1000 or more for a piece of equipment, heard from many customers who model, terms of sale, marketing and recognize our EUROLIVE, EURODESK we are so passionate about everything we do. while the components inside were only worth US$100! have used our products in installed support requirements. We recognized and EUROPOWER product family Our customers tell us what they want, and we design sound systems. After all, system early on that the nature of project-driven names. The origin of these names So I immediately grabbed my soldering iron and went to and build products that sound great and provide integrators and contractors are always sales diff ers considerably from that of stems from our roots as a small work on my fi rst signal processor. Word spread quickly amazing feature sets—at extremely aff ordable prices! looking for products that deliver a retail sales and that our organization startup in Germany, hence the among friends that my products sounded really good. would need to adapt in name—EURO. So, of course when It all started 29 years ago when I was studying classical More importantly, I found out that my friends were very order to fully and properly it came time to name the family piano and sound engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mathematical and Physical Analysis of Circuit Jitter with Application to Cryptographic Random Bit Generation
    WJM-6500 BS2-0501 A Mathematical and Physical Analysis of Circuit Jitter with Application to Cryptographic Random Bit Generation A Major Qualifying Project Report: submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science by _____________________________ Wayne R. Coppock _____________________________ Colin R. Philbrook Submitted April 28, 2005 1. Random Number Generator Approved:________________________ Professor William J. Martin 2. Cryptography ________________________ 3. Jitter Professor Berk Sunar 1 Abstract In this paper analysis of jitter is conducted to determine its suitability for use as an entropy source for a true random number generator. Efforts are taken to isolate and quantify jitter in ring oscillator circuits and to understand its relationship to design specifications. The accumulation of jitter via various methods is also investigated to determine whether there is an optimal accumulation technique for sampling the uncertainty of jitter events. Mathematical techniques are used to analyze the accumulation process and an attempt at modeling a signal with jitter is made. The physical properties responsible for the noise that causes jitter are also briefly investigated. 2 Acknowledgements We would like to thank our faculty advisors and our mentors at GD, without whom this project would not have been possible. Our advisors, Professor Bill martin and Professor Berk Sunar, were indispensable in keeping us focused on the tasks ahead as well as for providing background to help us explore new questions as they arose. Our mentors at GD were also key to the project’s success, and we owe them much for this.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Speech Quality for Hearing Aid Applications Based on Wiener Filter and Composite of Deep Denoising Autoencoders
    signals Article Improving Speech Quality for Hearing Aid Applications Based on Wiener Filter and Composite of Deep Denoising Autoencoders Raghad Yaseen Lazim 1,2 , Zhu Yun 1,2 and Xiaojun Wu 1,2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China; [email protected] (R.Y.L.); [email protected] (Z.Y.) 2 School of Computer Science, Shaanxi Normal University, No.620, West Chang’an Avenue, Chang’an District, Xi’an 710119, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 July 2020; Accepted: 1 September 2020; Published: 21 October 2020 Abstract: In hearing aid devices, speech enhancement techniques are a critical component to enable users with hearing loss to attain improved speech quality under noisy conditions. Recently, the deep denoising autoencoder (DDAE) was adopted successfully for recovering the desired speech from noisy observations. However, a single DDAE cannot extract contextual information sufficiently due to the poor generalization in an unknown signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the local minima, and the fact that the enhanced output shows some residual noise and some level of discontinuity. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach for hearing aid applications based on two stages: (1) the Wiener filter, which attenuates the noise component and generates a clean speech signal; (2) a composite of three DDAEs with different window lengths, each of which is specialized for a specific enhancement task. Two typical high-frequency hearing loss audiograms were used to test the performance of the approach: Audiogram 1 = (0, 0, 0, 60, 80, 90) and Audiogram 2 = (0, 15, 30, 60, 80, 85).
    [Show full text]
  • Dithering and Quantization of Audio and Image
    Dithering and Quantization of audio and image Maciej Lipiński - Ext 06135 1. Introduction This project is going to focus on issue of dithering. The main aim of assignment was to develop a program to quantize images and audio signals, which should add noise and to measure mean square errors, comparing the quality of the quantized images with and without noise. The program realizes fallowing: - quantize an image or audio signal using n levels (defined by the user); - measure the MSE (Mean Square Error) between the original and the quantized signals; - add uniform noise in [-d/2,d/2], where d is the quantization step size, using n levels; - quantify the signal (image or audio) after adding the noise, using n levels (user defined); - measure the MSE by comparing the noise-quantized signal with the original; - compare results. The program shows graphic result, presenting original image/audio, quantized image/audio and quantized with dither image/audio. It calculates and displays the values of MSE – mean square error. 2. DITHERING Dither is a form of noise, “erroneous” signal or data which is intentionally added to sample data for the purpose of minimizing quantization error. It is utilized in many different fields where digital processing is used, such as digital audio and images. The quantization and re-quantization of digital data yields error. If that error is repeating and correlated to the signal, the error that results is repeating. In some fields, especially where the receptor is sensitive to such artifacts, cyclical errors yield undesirable artifacts. In these fields dither is helpful to result in less determinable distortions.
    [Show full text]
  • Pink Noise Generator
    PINK NOISE GENERATOR K4301 Add a spectrum analyser with a microphone and check your audio system performance. H4301IP-1 VELLEMAN NV Legen Heirweg 33 9890 Gavere Belgium Europe www.velleman.be www.velleman-kit.com Features & Specifications To analyse the acoustic properties of a room (usually a living- room), a good pink noise generator together with a spectrum analyser is indispensable. Moreover you need a microphone with as linear a frequency characteristic as possible (from 20 to 20000Hz.). If, in addition, you dispose of an equaliser, then you can not only check but also correct reproduction. Features: Random digital noise. 33 bit shift register. Clock frequency adjustable between 30KHz and 100KHz. Pink noise filter: -3 dB per octave (20 .. 20000Hz.). Easily adaptable to produce "white noise". Specifications: Output voltage: 150mV RMS./ clock frequency 40KHz. Output impedance: 1K ohm. Power supply: 9 to 12VAC, or 12 to 15VDC / 5mA. 3 Assembly hints 1. Assembly (Skipping this can lead to troubles ! ) Ok, so we have your attention. These hints will help you to make this project successful. Read them carefully. 1.1 Make sure you have the right tools: A good quality soldering iron (25-40W) with a small tip. Wipe it often on a wet sponge or cloth, to keep it clean; then apply solder to the tip, to give it a wet look. This is called ‘thinning’ and will protect the tip, and enables you to make good connections. When solder rolls off the tip, it needs cleaning. Thin raisin-core solder. Do not use any flux or grease. A diagonal cutter to trim excess wires.
    [Show full text]
  • Sound Masking in Patient Rooms
    Navigate to ... Navigate to ... SnoCQ eguraie: nRtuMedPin oait ontaimskgi s highprofile | May 19, 2014 | 0 Comments by Benjamin Davenny Noise levels in hospitals have become an increasing concern as more noise sources have been added to the hospital environment. These sources range from noisy medical instruments to the layout of patient rooms as they relate to the nurses’ station. Numerous studies have evaluated the impact of noise levels on the hospital environment, but few have considered the type of noise source. The sound of a fan is different from an alarm, even if they measure at the same sound levels. Without clear objectives on the type of noises studied, there is a false impression that a quieter environment is always a better one. Some of these noise sources are necessary in a modern working hospital. The trick is to take a different look at their sources and Ben Davenny develop more efficient methods to reduce disturbance to patients. The often-cited World Health Organization (WHO) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines for hospitals require low noise levels in patient rooms, precluding conversation in corridors with patient doors open. This requirement conflicts with nurses’ needs to see patients and discuss patient care. The WHO and EPA guidelines are also based mainly on transportation noise, whose character is quite distinctive and bothersome to building occupants. Introducing a constant noise source as background sound helps to reduce the impact of impulsive tonal noises such as speech. The typical background noise level can be considered a constant noise with full frequency content. These noise sources include air movement from the building’s HVAC system and cooling fans, as well as electronic sound masking systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Machine Learning Based Cyber Attack Targeting on Controlled Information
    Machine Learning Based Cyber Attacks Targeting on Controlled Information By Yuantian Miao A thesis submitted in fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology (FSET) Swinburne University of Technology May 2021 Abstract Due to the fast development of machine learning (ML) techniques, cyber attacks utilize ML algorithms to achieve a high success rate and cause a lot of damage. Specifically, the attack against ML models, along with the increasing number of ML-based services, has become one of the most emerging cyber security threats in recent years. We review the ML-based stealing attack in terms of targeted controlled information, including controlled user activities, controlled ML model-related information, and controlled authentication information. An overall attack methodology is extracted and summarized from the recently published research. When the ML model is the target, the attacker can steal model information or mislead the model’s behaviours. The model information stealing attacks can steal the model’s structure information or model’s training set information. Targeting at Automated Speech Recognition (ASR) system, the membership inference method is studied to whether the model’s training set can be inferred at user-level, especially under the black-box access. Under the label-only black-box access, we analyse user’s statistical information to improve the user-level membership inference results. When even the label is not provided, google search results are collected instead, while fuzzy string matching techniques would be utilized to improve membership inference performance. Other than inferring training set information, understanding the model’s structure information can launch an effective adversarial ML attack.
    [Show full text]
  • Noise Assessment Activities
    Noise assessment activities Interesting stories in Europe ETC/ACM Technical Paper 2015/6 April 2016 Gabriela Sousa Santos, Núria Blanes, Peter de Smet, Cristina Guerreiro, Colin Nugent The European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC/ACM) is a consortium of European institutes under contract of the European Environment Agency RIVM Aether CHMI CSIC EMISIA INERIS NILU ÖKO-Institut ÖKO-Recherche PBL UAB UBA-V VITO 4Sfera Front page picture: Composite that includes: photo of a street in Berlin redesigned with markings on the asphalt (from SSU, 2014); view of a noise barrier in Alverna (The Netherlands)(from http://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/cutting-noise-with-quiet-asphalt), a page of the website http://rumeur.bruitparif.fr for informing the public about environmental noise in the region of Paris. Author affiliation: Gabriela Sousa Santos, Cristina Guerreiro, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU, NO Núria Blanes, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, ES Peter de Smet, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, NL Colin Nugent, European Environment Agency, EEA, DK DISCLAIMER This ETC/ACM Technical Paper has not been subjected to European Environment Agency (EEA) member country review. It does not represent the formal views of the EEA. © ETC/ACM, 2016. ETC/ACM Technical Paper 2015/6 European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation PO Box 1 3720 BA Bilthoven The Netherlands Phone +31 30 2748562 Fax +31 30 2744433 Email [email protected] Website http://acm.eionet.europa.eu/ 2 ETC/ACM Technical Paper 2015/6 Contents 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 5 2 Noise Action Plans .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 22Nd International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016
    Page intentionaly left blank 22nd International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016 PROCEEDINGS Editors: Federico Miyara Ernesto Accolti Vivian Pasch Nilda Vechiatti X Congreso Iberoamericano de Acústica XIV Congreso Argentino de Acústica XXVI Encontro da Sociedade Brasileira de Acústica 22nd International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016 : Proceedings / Federico Miyara ... [et al.] ; compilado por Federico Miyara ; Ernesto Accolti. - 1a ed . - Gonnet : Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos, 2016. Libro digital, PDF Archivo Digital: descarga y online ISBN 978-987-24713-6-1 1. Acústica. 2. Acústica Arquitectónica. 3. Electroacústica. I. Miyara, Federico II. Miyara, Federico, comp. III. Accolti, Ernesto, comp. CDD 690.22 ISBN 978-987-24713-6-1 © Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos Hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723 Disclaimer: The material, information, results, opinions, and/or views in this publication, as well as the claim for authorship and originality, are the sole responsibility of the respective author(s) of each paper, not the International Commission for Acoustics, the Federación Iberoamaricana de Acústica, the Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos or any of their employees, members, authorities, or editors. Except for the cases in which it is expressly stated, the papers have not been subject to peer review. The editors have attempted to accomplish a uniform presentation for all papers and the authors have been given the opportunity to correct detected formatting non-compliances Hecho en Argentina Made in Argentina Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos, AdAA Camino Centenario y 5006, Gonnet, Buenos Aires, Argentina http://www.adaa.org.ar Proceedings of the 22th International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016 5-9 September 2016 Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina ICA 2016 has been organised by the Ibero-american Federation of Acoustics (FIA) and the Argentinian Acousticians Association (AdAA) on behalf of the International Commission for Acoustics.
    [Show full text]
  • 1Õf Noise from Nonlinear Stochastic Differential Equations
    PHYSICAL REVIEW E 81, 031105 ͑2010͒ 1Õf noise from nonlinear stochastic differential equations J. Ruseckas* and B. Kaulakys Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, A. Goštauto 12, LT-01108 Vilnius, Lithuania ͑Received 20 October 2009; published 8 March 2010͒ We consider a class of nonlinear stochastic differential equations, giving the power-law behavior of the power spectral density in any desirably wide range of frequency. Such equations were obtained starting from the point process models of 1/ f␤ noise. In this article the power-law behavior of spectrum is derived directly from the stochastic differential equations, without using the point process models. The analysis reveals that the power spectrum may be represented as a sum of the Lorentzian spectra. Such a derivation provides additional justification of equations, expands the class of equations generating 1/ f␤ noise, and provides further insights into the origin of 1/ f␤ noise. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.81.031105 PACS number͑s͒: 05.40.Ϫa, 72.70.ϩm, 89.75.Da I. INTRODUCTION signals with 1/ f noise were obtained in Refs. ͓29,30͔͑see ͓ ͔͒ Power-law distributions of spectra of signals, including also recent papers 5,31 , starting from the point process / ͓ ͔ 1/ f noise ͑also known as 1/ f fluctuations, flicker noise, and model of 1 f noise 27,32–39 . pink noise͒, as well as scaling behavior in general, are ubiq- The purpose of this article is to derive the behavior of the uitous in physics and in many other fields, including natural power spectral density directly from the SDE, without using phenomena, human activities, traffics in computer networks, the point process model.
    [Show full text]