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RAMSEY COUNTY Robert Foulis—Minnesota’s First Golf Professional Joseph Gladke —Page 9 HıstoryA Publication of the Ramsey County Historical Society Summer 2016 Volume 51, Number 2 What Does the Queen Say?: Helen Marks, Dressmaker, the 1903 Summer Carnival, and the Unions David Riehle, page 3 Helen A. Marks, member of the Dressmakers Union Local 1, was elected Queen of the St. Paul Summer Carnival in 1903 by an overwhelming popular vote, including thousands of labor union supporters. Voters paid 10¢ per vote and could vote as many times as they wanted because the money raised went to help pay for the Free Public Baths on Harriet Island, seen here in the background looking southwest from Wabasha Bridge. The portrait of Helen Marks is courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society. Photo of Harriet Island and the Free Public Baths about 1905 by the Detroit Photographic Co., courtesy of the Library of Congress. RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY RAMSEY COUNTY President Chad Roberts Founding Editor (1964–2006) Virginia Brainard Kunz Editor Hıstory John M. Lindley Volume 51, Number 2 Summer 2016 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY THE MISSION STATEMENT OF THE RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY BOARD OF DIRECTORS ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS ON JANUARY 25, 2016: James Miller Preserving our past, informing our present, inspiring our future Chair Jo Anne Driscoll First Vice Chair Carl Kuhrmeyer C O N T E N T S Second Vice Chair Susan McNeely 3 What Does the Queen Say? Secretary Kenneth H. Johnson Helen Marks, Dressmaker, the 1903 Summer Carnival, Treasurer and the Unions William B. Frels David Riehle Immediate Past Chair Anne Cowie, Cheryl Dickson, Mari Oyanagi 9 Robert Foulis—Minnesota’s First Golf Professional Eggum, Thomas Fabel, Martin Fallon, John Guthmann, Richard B. Heydinger, Jr., Joseph Gladke Janine Joseph, Sandy Kiernat, Judy Kishel, David Kristal, Robert W. Mairs, 13 Ramsey County Historical Society Annual Report 2015–2016 Father Kevin M. McDonough, Nancy W. McKillips, Lisa Dickinson Michaux, 20 Homes vs. Factories: The 95-Year Battle over the Jonathan H. Morgan, Robert Muschewske, Future of the South Highland Park Neighborhood Chad Roberts, Roxanne Sands, James A. Stolpestad, Susan Vento, Jerry Woelfel. Marc J Manderscheid EDITORIAL BOARD Publication of Ramsey County History is supported in part by a gift from Anne Cowie, chair, James B. Bell, Thomas H. Boyd, John Diers, Martin Fallon, John Clara M. Claussen and Frieda H. Claussen in memory of Henry H. Cowie Jr. Guthmann, Lisa L. Heinrich, John M. Lindley, and by a contribution from the late Reuel D. Harmon Greg Mackey, James Miller, John Milton, Laurie M. Murphy, Robert Muschewske, Paul D. Nelson, Jay Pfaender, David Riehle, Chad A Message from the Editorial Board Roberts, Steve Trimble, Mary Lethert Wingerd. HONORARY ADVISORY BOARD bout one hundred years ago, Ramsey County was changing with the times. In this William Fallon, William Finney, George Latimer, Joseph S. Micallef, Marvin J. Pertzik, Aissue, you will read about some of those changes. In 1903, for one brief shining James Reagan. year, St. Paul had a SUMMER carnival, which Dave Riehle describes for us. The carni- RAMSEY COUNTY COMMISSIONERS val, whose proceeds went to Dr. Justus Ohage’s public bathhouse along the Mississippi, Commissioner Victoria Reinhardt, chair Commissioner Toni Carter had its own queen, who was a dressmaker and union activist, elected by union mem- Commissioner Blake Huffman Commissioner Jim McDonough bers. Other activities held the attention of Ramsey County residents too. Joseph Gladke Commissioner Mary Jo McGuire shares the story of how, a few years earlier, the newly organized Town and Country Commissioner Rafael Ortega Commissioner Janice Rettman Club recruited Robert Foulis, a native of St. Andrews, Scotland, to help design its nine- Julie Kleinschmidt, manager, hole course and act as its first golf pro. And the City of St. Paul was growing. Marc Ramsey County Manderscheid details the city of Saint Paul’s zoning changes that allowed the transfor- Ramsey County History is published quarterly by the Ramsey County Historical Society, 323 mation of farms and fields in south Highland Park, based on the eagerness of business Landmark Center, 75 W. Fifth Street, St. Paul, MN 55102 (651-222-0701). Printed in U.S.A. Copy- leaders to develop the area for a major automobile factory. Henry Ford’s astute nego- right © 2016, Ram sey County His torical So ciety. tiation for his assembly plant changed the character of that neighborhood, which sup- ISSN Number 0485-9758. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted ported the Ford factory for nearly one hundred years. With proposed new development, or otherwise reproduced without written permission from the publisher. The Society we will see what happens in the next chapter of Highland Park history! assumes no responsibility for state ments made by contributors. Fax 651-223-8539; e-mail address: Anne Cowie [email protected]; web site address: www.rchs.com Chair, Editorial Board 2 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY Homes vs. Factories: The 95-Year Battle over the Future of the South Highland Park Neighborhood Marc J Manderscheid century ago, the part of St. Paul south of Randolph Avenue was pri- garages or filling stations.9 The “C” resi- marily used for farming and rural homesteads. Most streets were dirt. dence district was primarily intended to Streetcar lines traversed the length of West Seventh Street from down- be for “flats, apartments, tenements and A family hotels.” Billboards and public town to Fort Snelling, and on Randolph to Cleveland Avenue. There was no garages were prohibited in all three resi- Highland Park, although plans for new parks suggested a large park should be dence districts. located atop the Mississippi River bluffs just east of the High Dam.1 The commercial district was intended for the retail trade and certain small The “Plan of Saint Paul” commercial district; a light industry dis- industrial uses.10 In the light industry trict; and a heavy industry district.7 In 1920, the St. Paul City Council ap- district, manufacturing that was not In the “A” and “B” residence districts, pointed George H. Herrold as the first “noxious or offensive by reason of the Managing Director and Engineer for the the primary use was to be for “houses for emission of odor, smoke, gas, noise, or 2 8 City Planning Board. Mr. Herrold de- not more than two families.” Public li- by reason of excessive fire hazard” was scribed St. Paul in 1920 as “a natural city braries, churches, colleges and certain allowed.11 No uses permitted in “A”, of 300,000; that is, it had grown any old social and community center buildings “B”, or “C” residence districts, or com- way” and was expanding at “just a nor- were allowed in the “A” and “B” resi- mercial districts “shall be excluded from 3 mal growth.” dence districts, but not “a public dance a light industry district.” In the heavy Saint Paul’s initial planning efforts hall or a public bowling alley.”Fraternity industry district “no regulations or re- culminated with the mid-1922 release houses, private clubs, boarding and lodg- strictions are provided by this article”, of the “Plan of Saint Paul,” which called ing houses, orphan asylums, and homes except that no industry of an obnoxious for the adoption of a “Building Zone for the aged could be built in the “B” character could be located “where it Ordinance” and dividing land uses into district, but no apartment houses, stores, would unreasonably interfere” with in- separate districts: “[t]he component parts dustries already established, or with any of a city are homes, apartments, com- permitted uses or property in a more re- mercial buildings, institutions and facto- stricted district.12 ries. Each has its standard of excellence, and these standards are maintained more Initial Zoning in Highland easily when the component parts are Almost all of the land in what is now the grouped in districts best suited to their 4 Highland Park and Macalester Groveland needs.” The theory behind zoning in a neighborhoods, including all publicly city was explained as follows: owned land, was zoned in the summer When one plans a home, he decides the of 1922 as “A” residence district.13 Mr. number of rooms wanted and the purpose of Herrold noted how in this area, each room and furnishes the room accord- the Mississippi [River] flows southward over ingly. Why not plan a city and assign a pur- the dam and makes a great bend . through pose to each street and build on each street the gorge. Within this bend lies the city’s according to its purpose? One street would highest plateau of rolling land, some 1800 specialize in single family homes, another in acres in extent. [This land] was an unspoiled apartment buildings, another in retail stores country because of lack of approach and be- and another in manufacturing.5 cause of lack of demand for more residence The City’s first comprehensive citywide George Herrold (1876–1964) served as St. property. When St. Paul passed its compre- zoning code was adopted on July 7, 1922.6 Paul’s planning director from 1920 to 1951 hensive zoning ordinance the whole area [of The zoning ordinance divided the entire and was instrumental in persuading city lead- Highland Park] was zoned as ‘A’ residence ers to adopt a zoning code and to consider City into six zones or districts: the “A”, professional planning principles. Photo cour- in anticipation of the natural extension of the “B”, and the “C” residence districts; a tesy of the Minnesota Historical Society. Saint Paul’s best residential district.14 20 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY Half-block strips of land on each side of Randolph Ave.
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