STUDY GUIDE the Historic General Assembly 2
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2021 RBS MUNJAN 22. 23. 24 STUDY GUIDE The Historic General Assembly 2 Table of Contents: 1. Letter from the Chairs 2. The General Assembly 3. Introduction to the Agenda 4. Introduction to Hong Kong 5. Hong Kong-Mainland China Conflict Timeline 6. The Five Demands for Freedom 7. Areas of Concern a. Humanitarian Concerns b. Legal Concerns c. Economic Repercussions 8. Factions/People of Interest 9. Where does the World stand? 10. Paperwork a. Position Paper b. Communiques c. Questions a Resolution Must Answer 11. Final Remarks 12. Bibliography The Historic General Assembly 3 Letter from the Chairs Dear Delegates, The General Assembly this year looks not too far into the past, zooming back to 2019 in the special region of Hong Kong— fighting for its very soul. A fight for a free judiciary, democracy and human rights— as the GA, we are tasked with the responsibility of mitigating the dire consequences of the Extradition Bill on Hong Kong. If the bill were ever to pass, the world would be looking at a fully Chinese state-run faux government, built on a simple premise of extraditing Hong Kongers to mainland China. Taking away the fundamental freedom rights inherent upon the population by their laws and batting down any form of protest as an act of malice against the government, the bill would turn Hong Kong into a state-controlled dystopia. Whilst the bill itself is simple, it’s implications are nuanced, and require not only a deep understanding of Chinese geopolitics, but also the international stance on the “Greater China.’’ We believe an ideal delegate would be the one keeping an eye out for the suttle detailsof the agenda. To us, the model delegate is one who conducts themselves with the utmost level of decorum, engages, and contributes generously through diplomatic discourse. The dais panel consisting of us as chairs, Samman and Ashraya as your Vice-Chairs, and Sambriddhi and Swechha as your Moderators, looks forward to guiding you and seeing you flourish. While the pandemic has limited our worldviews to the confines of our laptops, we hope we collectively do not forget the recent past and foreseeable future. Whilst not in the same rooms we yearly visited, we hope to rekindle the flame of intellectual curiosity RBS MUN provided all of us. We look forward to seeing you all this winter, hopefully to a better year and indeed to an excellent three days. We wish you all good luck! Stay safe! Yours Sincerely, Larisha and Aaryavrath (Co-Chairs) The Historic General Assembly 4 The General Assembly The General Assembly is the largest of the six organs of the United Nations Organization. It observes the presence of all UN member states and acts as a forum for discussion among them. The GA is mandated to do the following: • Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial assessments of Member States. • Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of other United Nations councils and organs and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, appoint the Secretary-General. • Consider and make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for maintaining international peace and security, including disarmament. • Discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council, make recommendations on it. • Discuss, with the same exception, and make recommendations on any questions within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations. • Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and international collaboration in the economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational, and health fields. • Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair friendly relations among countries. • Consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs. In the UNGA, each member country has one vote which they can choose to vote yes, no, or abstain during the resolution discussion. There is no veto power invested in any country. Under certain conditions, there might be observer nations or states who participate during committee discussions but do not have a vote. Under the Historic General Assembly this year, we go back to August 5, 2019 to analyse the Hong Kong Extradition Bill and its consequences. In the first committee session, delegates are expected to place themselves on the freeze date. This applies to the stances of nations as well as any sources presented in the committee. The Historic General Assembly 5 Taking into consideration the urgency of the agenda at hand, delegates are allowed to make use of communiques that act as a call of action, either internally through closed communiques or as the committee itself through open communiques. The committee will try to move beyond the freeze date using crises that might consist of likely events of importance. A resolution that includes comprehensive solutions to different aspects of the bill as well as action plans introduced during crises, will be the final product of the HGA. The Historic General Assembly 6 Introduction to the Agenda Freeze Date: 5th August 2019 The power of extradition allows a jurisdiction to lawfully arrest a person convicted or accused of a criminal offense, and hand them over to the jurisdiction of the nation where the crime was committed. International law creates no legal obligations for one state to process a request of extradition from another state. Extradition is seen more as a courtesy between nations, rather than a legal mandate. Yet, without obligation, the outcome of an extradition request is uncertain. Even without formal extradition practices with China, Hong Kong enjoyed extradition relations with at least seventy-five states, their colonies, and dependent territories. With 2047 approaching and a legislature evolving to favour the CCP, Hongkong’s initial stance regarding extradition has been contested time and again. The extradition bill, proposed in February 2019 and first read in April 2019, would amend the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance to create a system of mutual legal assistance between Hong Kong and areas outside it. Hong Kong currently has mutual extradition agreements signed with 20 jurisdictions— including with those that mainland China doesn’t have— and provides legal assistance to 32 others. The current fugitive ordinance, passed just ahead of the 1997 handover of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty, explicitly states it does not apply for extradition and legal assistance to “the Central People’s Government or the government of any other part of the People’s Republic of China.” As per the Criminal Matters Ordinance, there is no requirement for the Hong Kong government to hold discussions with the Chinese government when it comes to requests of extradition from other countries. The proposed bill would bring amendments that would create a system of extradition through a case-by-case basis for states that are not involved in mutual The Historic General Assembly 7 agreements with Hong Kong. This would open the avenue for extradition to mainland China, which was previously unavailable due to the restrictions from the incumbent ordinance. As the CCP’s reputation around the world exists as an autocrat, many nations have faced insecurity regarding their longstanding extradition practices with Hong Kong. Referencing the 2015 abduction of Hong Kong booksellers, many critics fear unauthorized Chinese involvement in the extradition process and prospect of transferring suspects to China would bring about possibilities of “legalised kidnapping.” The Historic General Assembly 8 Introduction to Hong Kong Historically, a port and currently one of the world’s biggest business centers, Hong Kong has been a land of extreme international interest. For more than 150 years, it was occupied by the British Empire and has been a longstanding symbol of western excellency nestled amongst the east. After the decline of the British Empire, Hong Kong went through a procedural transfer of power to the Chinese Republic. With a treaty in 1977 returning the city, Hong Kong has been a part of China’s one country two systems policy. Under the treaty, China’s eventual possession of Hong Kong is scheduled for 2047. However, China has repeatedly tried to speed up the process through radical changes such as changing the official language to Mandarin and obstructing universal suffrage. Chinese infiltration in Hong Kong begins in Hong Kong’s legislature, with 70 members making the parliament, 41 are pro-Beijing while others are independent. While China might be trying to assimilate Hong Kong, the two couldn’t be any more different. Unlike the one-party system of the mainland, Hong Kong has an array of parties with different ideologies, including pro-Beijing parties, pan-democrats, and localists. Moreover, the most significant difference comes from an economic standpoint. Hong Kong has a free market, characterised by low taxation and high GDP. Dominated by the service industry, about 1530 The Historic General Assembly 9 MNCs have regional headquarters located in Hong Kong. However, ranking fourth on the UN HDI, it also has one of the world’s largest income disparities. Hong Kong essentially operates independently under the “Basic Law of Hong Kong,” giving them their own executive, legislative, and judicial power. Within the framework of basic laws, Hong Kong exists under the freedom to formulate its own monetary and financial policies, maintain a unique currency, as well as create unique social policies on education, culture, social welfare etc. The People’s Republic of China solely navigates foreign affairs and manages the national defense of Hong Kong. The Historic General Assembly 10 Hong Kong-Mainland China Conflict Timeline 2003: First Security Law Attempt titles about China’s leaders.