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Therapoetics in Late Nineteenth-Century American Literature

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Therapoetics in Late Nineteenth-Century American Literature THERAPOETICS IN LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN LITERATURE Christina Choon Ling Lee A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2021 Approved by: Eliza Richards Timothy Marr Matthew Taylor Eric Downing Jane Danielewicz © 2021 Christina Choon Ling Lee ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Christina Lee: Therapoetics in Late Nineteenth-Century American Literature (Under the direction of Eliza Richards) This dissertation examines writing as a therapoetic practice in late nineteenth-century American literature. Writing literature is one mode of therapoetics, a practice that I define broadly as healing through creative work. While nineteenth-century literature and medicine studies have focused on doctors writing literature for the purpose of expanding medical knowledge, this dissertation highlights the under-studied view of the patient’s individual experience of suffering and their turn to writing literature as self-therapy. Combining biographical, historical, and literary analytic approaches, I show how writers Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Herman Melville, and Sidney Lanier, each suffering from some kind of physical, mental, or spiritual pain, took their health into their own hands, experimented with writing as therapy and, importantly, wrote with optimism: their integrated narratives and poetry work towards ideal, even happy, outcomes. Because invalidity negatively affected perceptions of masculinity in the late nineteenth century, these writers did not write directly about their suffering; instead, their working through of their illnesses or traumatic experiences appear as overtones to their main subjects or purposes of their writings, whether it be Civil War essays, rose poems, or travel writing. These writings are inspired by the water cure, horticultural, and “change of air” movements—reform movements involving self-improvement principles and somatically-focused therapies—but showcase a turn to writing as a mental means of addressing iii their suffering. Their writings, thus, reflect the fluctuating medical landscape of the period that saw doctors and patients fighting for control over the patient’s health, the waning popularity of somatically-focused therapies, and a rising interest in the mind and psychology. This dissertation enriches our current understanding of illness, medicine, and literature in this period and foregrounds the significance of writing as a popular therapeutic enterprise in our contemporary moment. This project also joins in recent efforts to broaden the history of psychotherapeutics, which has thus far been overshadowed by Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis. iv To my father, Lee Cheng Tat. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to the librarians at the New York Public Library who helped me navigate their Melville holdings. I am also grateful to my uncle, Robert Worden, who took the time to photograph images of Higginson’s military and pension files held at the Library of Congress and send them to me. To my dissertation director, Eliza Richards, thank you for introducing me to the rich and expansive world of nineteenth-century American literature. You were instrumental in helping me situate what I was seeing in these authors’ writings in historical, cultural, and critical contexts and your discerning eye on my work has helped me become a much better writer today. Thank you to Matt Taylor, whose very opposite interests and approaches helped me see my work in new and challenging ways. I am much indebted to Tim Marr: your intellectual generosity and infectious enthusiasm for all things Melville buoyed me through the low points of my graduate career. Thank you for always being up to reading my work and chatting with me. A thousand thanks goes to Eric Downing for quietly guiding me throughout my graduate career. Your keen insights, our shared appreciation for close reading, and for Freud, Benjamin, and Barthes, helped me refine my thinking and writing throughout the years. Finally, I have so much gratitude for Jane Danielewicz, whose kindness, empathy, optimism, and endless energy carried me easily over the finish line. I am grateful for my best friends, colleagues, and interlocutors Rae Yan and Sarah Kuczynski. Thank you both for the countless hours of reading and conversation on nineteenth- century literature and culture, and life. These conversations have profoundly impacted my own ii thinking and writing in ways I cannot put into words. Thank you also to Kimmie Farris, Ani Govjian, Kenneth Lota, and Eric Meckley for being my friends, cheerleaders, and work buddies over the years. Thank you to my husband, Jonathan Yu, for being my unwavering source of love, strength, and support throughout my graduate career. Without you, this project would have not come into being. Thank you also to my son, Jamie, who taught me how to live joyfully and spontaneously again. Finally, thank you to my parents for enabling me to pursue graduate studies in North America. To my late father, Lee Cheng Tat, thank you for inspiring this work. I strive to live as you did—with optimism, dedication, and joy—every day. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 Historical Contexts ................................................................................................................................... 7 Writing as Therapy ................................................................................................................................. 10 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter Summaries................................................................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER I: THE WATER CURE MOVEMENT AND THE “SELF-CURATIVE” WRITINGS OF THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON ............................................................................. 23 Higginson and the Water Cure Movement ............................................................................................. 28 Writing With Water: From Curing Social Ills to Curing the Self ........................................................... 35 Trauma in the Civil War ......................................................................................................................... 38 Understanding His Traumatic Experience in “Up the Edisto” (1867) .................................................... 43 Cathartic Release and Optimism in “A Night in the Water” (1864)....................................................... 50 Dreaming as a Cure in The Monarch of Dreams (1887) ........................................................................ 60 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 65 CHAPTER II: THE HORTICULTURAL MOVEMENT AND SPIRITUAL REMEDIATION IN HERMAN MELVILLE’S ROSE POEMS ................................................................................... 71 Melville, Women, and Roses .................................................................................................................. 76 The Horticultural Movement and Samuel Hole’s A Book About Roses (1869) ...................................... 86 Towards a Saintly Ideal in “To Winnefred” ........................................................................................... 91 Ordering the Rose Poems in the Rosarium ............................................................................................. 98 Melville’s Literary Rosarium ............................................................................................................... 101 Critiquing the True Woman Ideal in “The Ambuscade” and “Amoroso” ........................................ 101 Transformations of State in “Hearth-Roses” and “The Vial of Attar” ............................................. 107 Divine Inspiration in “Under the Ground,” “Rose Window,” and “Rosary Beads” ........................ 114 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 125 CHAPTER III: THE “CHANGE OF AIR” MOVEMENT AND SIDNEY LANIER’S FLORIDA (1875) .......................................................................................................................................... 134 Consumption, Medical Tourism, and Florida in the Nineteenth Century............................................. 138 On Reliability, Credibility, and Accuracy ............................................................................................ 148 Climate, Place, and Human Health in the Nineteenth Century ............................................................ 151 Sidney Lanier’s “Poetical” Method in Florida ..................................................................................... 163 “[E]ndless creation succeeded by endless oblivion”: Breath, Rest, and Imaginative Transformations in “The Ocklawaha River” ........................................................................................................................ 169 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................................
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