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LISTING ONE PYRAMID TEXTS BY TYPOLOGY AND DISPOSITION 821 Pyramid Texts were examined for typology. The typological classification was primarily according to the person of the beneficiary, and secondarily by recurring series and motifs. In this way Pyramid Texts were divided into two categories: Sacerdotal Texts and Personal Texts. The Coda went on to assert a subdivision of the categories into types: Offering Texts and Priestly Recitations for the category of Sacerdotal Texts, and Apotropaic, Transition, and Provisioning Texts for the category of Personal Texts. Figure 18 represents this as a schematic hierarchy. Except for four exceptional texts,1053 the types are subdivisions of par- ent categories. The features distinctive to the types are, consequently, also distinctive to categories. Figure 19 represents their relations heuristically. It is intended to show that, for instance, a priestly motif distinguishes a text not only from those of the offering type but also from texts of the personal category. Listing One is organized according to the texts’ numerical order. For each text, informa- tion is given about category, person of the beneficiary, person citation, type, recurring series, motifs, and group. In the context of typology, references to ‘Coffin Texts Series’ and ‘Coffin Texts’ indicate Middle Kingdom texts which have not been classified in the present work. In this case the term ‘Coffin Texts’ is not meant to indicate a genre of text concerned, but rather that they are not attested in the Old Kingdom. The listing does not give an explicit indication of the comparative weight of a given text’s typological attributes: the core motifs are not distinguished from the secondary motifs, which are sometimes sparsely attested in the opposing category. It is important to bear this in mind. Because many secondary motifs were identified in Chapter Three, there are many texts which have one or more motifs distinctive to both categories. However, as discussed, there are only seven texts which do not possess one of the stronger typological indications: a clear sign of editing away from the first person, membership in a homogeneous recurring series, and/or the possession of one or more core motifs. Texts are not biological species. They possess affinities to one another like family resemblances, and therefore it is as important to point out traits which draw a text slightly away from its center and partly across the bound- ary put around it as it is to specify the traits which firmly link it to those most like it. What has just been said about texts possessing motifs of more than one category goes doubly for the types and the motifs particular to them. Concerning citations of grammatical person, as a rule they indicate the person of the ben- eficiary who is also the text owner. With some personal services, however, a differentiation is specified between these two roles. The citations are meant to guide the reader to passages displaying the grammatical person claimed for the texts. Normally only one passage displaying a particular phenomenon is cited by way of illustration. If the referential value of a citation is not immediately clear to the reader, the text itself may be consulted. 1053 As noted in the Coda: PT 323, 568, 682, and sPT 692A are sacerdotal texts but have a majority of transi- tion motifs or have transition motifs equal in number to their sacerdotal ones. Harold M. Hays - 9789004227491 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 06:13:37AM via free access 314 listing one Figure 18. Categories and Types of Pyramid Texts (bis) Figure 19. Set Relations between Categories and Types (bis) The program of editing the person of the text owner away from an original first was a topic of lengthy discussion. It was shown that the program is detectable through errors and inconsistencies. Therefore many edited texts show no textual trace of the activity beyond taxonomical affinities. There are 143 third-person personal texts like this. They are not spe- cially marked in the listing. The notations for person and person citations are made according to the following code: Abbreviations in Connection with Grammatical Person -- not explicit 1st in first person; when marking a text, first is consistent throughout 2nd in second person; when marking a text, second is consistent throughout 3rd in third person; when marking a text, third is consistent throughout Harold M. Hays - 9789004227491 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 06:13:37AM via free access pyramid texts by typology and disposition 315 3 < *1 edited into third person from first 2–3 < *1 edited into second and third person (switching) from first 2/3 < *1 edited from first into second person or switching, depending on exemplar or text 2–3 < *2 edited into second and third person from second Advanced Noun a noun advanced to a position appropriate to a pronoun Disagreement different exemplars of the same text disagree in person Doubling both first-person pronoun and proper name Interp. Voc. an interpolated vocative Mistake an error in person Other a relevant, miscellaneous sign of edited person or identity Quotation a statement in which the text owner is mentioned in quoted speech Recarved an older version of a passage, later modified on the wall Reference a reference point citation of person Residue a flexional ending appropriate to the first person Switching the person switches from the second to the third or vice versa Transplantation the transplantation of the text owner as officiant into the role of beneficiary Vacillation the person reverts from the third or second person back to the first This listing may be consulted if the researcher is interested in examining a particular text. It identifies the attributes which associate it with other texts, which may then be pursued in Listings Two through Four and the charts. The nomenclature of Pyramid Texts generally follows the first publication of the text as such. PT 12 PT 15 Category: Unclassified Text Category: Sacerdotal Text Person: -- Person: 2nd Group: A Reference: 2nd at §9d (N): i.n n=k gbb ir.ti=k(i ) tp=k /// /// /// “Geb has PT 13 given you your eyes precisely that you be Category: Sacerdotal Text satisfied.” Person: 2nd Sacerdotal Motif: Reference: 2nd at §9b (N): d(=i) n=k tp=k Given Eyes (Dual) “Let me place your head for you.” Type: Offering Text Sacerdotal Motifs: Offering Motif: Officiant Establishes; Priest Is Thoth; Is Satisfied with Eye Given Head Group: A Group: A PT 16 PT 14 Category: Sacerdotal Text Category: Sacerdotal Text Person: -- Person: 3rd Type: Offering Text Reference: 3rd at §9c (N): i(=i) n=f ir.ti=f (i ) Offering Motifs: “Let me give him his eyes.” Liquid Offering Direction; Object Direction Sacerdotal Motifs: Group: A Given Eyes (Dual); Priest Is Geb (1cs) Type: Offering Text PT 17 Offering Motifs: Category: Sacerdotal Text Is Satisfied with Eye; Object Direction Person: 3rd Group: A Reference: 3rd at §10b (N): d n=f tp=f ir=f “Place his head on him for him!” Harold M. Hays - 9789004227491 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 06:13:37AM via free access 316 listing one Sacerdotal Motif: Type: Offering Text Given Head Offering Motif: Type: Offering Text Mouth Is Opened by Priest (1cs) Offering Motifs: Group: A Liquid Offering Direction; Object Direction Group: A PT 22 Category: Sacerdotal Text PT 18 Person: 2nd Category: Sacerdotal Text Reference: 2nd at §15 (N): in(.n=i) n=k zA=k Person: 3rd mrr.w=k wp rA=k “I have brought you your Reference: 3rd at §10c (N): smz(A) n=f sw r=f son beloved of you, the opener of your “Cause it to be brought to him for him!” mouth.” Type: Offering Text Sacerdotal Motifs: Offering Motifs: Mouth Is Opened by Horus; Priest Is Geb Liquid Offering Direction; Object (1cs); Priest Is Son; Is Osiris NN; Vocative Direction to (No Particle) Group: A Group: A PT 19 PT 23 Category: Unclassified Text Category: Sacerdotal Text Person: -- Person: 3rd Group: A Reference: 3rd at §16a (W): i n=k ms.w W. nb.w “Take all who hate Unas!” PT 20 Sacerdotal Motifs: Category: Sacerdotal Text Enemies Brought, Given by Other; Person: 2nd Libation Instruction; Libation (zA); Thoth Reference: 2nd at §12c (N): wp n=k rA=k m Exhorted to Go (zi) p ir(.t) r “Your mouth has been opened Sacerdotal Series: for you even with the Khepekh, the eye Sequence 47 of Horus.” Type: Offering Text Sacerdotal Motifs: Offering Series: Horus Comes; Horus Seeks Osiris; Is Sequences 2–4; Subsequences 3–8, 105 Mourned; Is Osiris NN; Priest Is Horus; Offering Motifs: Priest Is Son; Vocative to (hA); Vocative to Object Direction; Recite Four Times (No Particle) Group: A Type: Offering Text Offering Motifs: PT 24 Meat Offering Direction; Mouth Is Category: Sacerdotal Text Opened by Eye of Horus; Mouth Is Person: 3rd Opened by Priest (1cs); Object Direction; Reference: 3rd at §16f (Nt): i ft(i ) n(i ) n.t Recite Four Times [n wsir] “Take the enemy of Neith [to Group: A Osiris]!” Sacerdotal Motifs: PT 21 Thoth Exhorted to Go (zi); Enemies Category: Sacerdotal Text Brought, Given by Other Person: 2nd & 3rd Type: Offering Text Reference: 2nd at §13b (N): [ hA Ne.] “[O Offering Series: Neferkare].” Sequences 2–3 Switching: 3rd at §13d (N): r i.wn rA Group: A n(i ) Ne. pn “Horus, open the mouth of Neferkare!” PT 25 Sacerdotal Motifs: Category: Sacerdotal Text Eyes Opened; Has Wereret-crown; Person: 2nd Judgment in House of the Noble; Mouth Reference: 2nd at §18a (W): a kA=k m-bA=k Is Opened; Mouth Is Opened by Horus; “The arm of your Ka is before you.” Mythological Precedent: Horus & Osiris; Sacerdotal Series: Vocative to (hA) Sequences 6, 8, 47–48 Harold M.
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  • Amethyst, Apotropaia, and the Eye of Re

    Amethyst, Apotropaia, and the Eye of Re

    American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Sociology, Egyptology & Anthropology Sociology, Egyptology & Anthropology Department Theses and Dissertations Department Summer 6-2014 Amethyst, apotropaia, and the Eye of Re Laurel Hackley Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/sae_etd The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences AMETHYST, APOTROPAIA, AND THE EYE OF RE A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology, and Egyptology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for The degree of Master of Arts By Laurel Darcy Hackley Under the Supervision of Dr. Salima Ikram July 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank those without whom the writing of this thesis would have been impossible. First and foremost, my immense gratitude to my supervisor and advisor, Dr. Salima Ikram. Her pragmatic advice, enthusiasm, immense patience, and unflagging support have allowed me to undertake this project and bring it to completion. I would also like to thank Dr. Lisa Sabbahy for her tremendous generosity with her time and her material. Dr. Emmanuelle Salgues provided invaluable guidance and insight in our discussions of Near Eastern languages. Many thanks are due to the Department for its financial support in the form of fellowships and teaching assistant awards, which have enabled my study at AUC. Last but not least, I wish to thank my fellow Egyptology students for their friendship and patience, and for their shared commitment to making our department a supportive and intellectually rich environment. 2 ABSTRACT This thesis, Amethyst, Apotropaia, and the Eye of Re, was submitted to the American University in Cairo by Laurel Darcy Hackley, under the supervision of Dr.