DIANA We Would Appreciate an Early Article on Placed Your Name on Our List.-ED

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WINTER SPORTS POKAGON STATE PARK :: :::I-: ( :: :::: - :::: "Wel /ad, your dog i has 'im treed, but the co4's too ' //l- ca// 'em oi."

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Dear Sir: ardson. There is no charge for a We enjoy the magazine very much. subscription and we already have DIANA We would appreciate an early article on placed your name on our list.-ED. the highest and lowest points of elevation in Indiana, also watersheds, divides, and Dear Editor: elevations of some of the typical cities. Vol. XVI, No. 12 Issued Monthly Your November issue with its Gobbler D. H. ASHLEY, Wabash. front and George Rogers Clark State DECEMBER, 1949 Memorial back-and what's between- Until such time as an article can Address all communications, Editor, Outdoor prompts my saying that every issue steps Indiana, be prepared on the subjects you 401 State Library Bldg., Indianapolis 9, Ind. mentioned, we have turned your let- on toward making it nothing short of ter over to the Water Resources marvelous in its class! The absence of Division for a reply.-ED. sales ads, the informative appreciations, now habitually coming on its pages on 0-- Indiana's flora, fauna, highways, parks, Dear Sir: and what not-with the human interest I accidentally picked up one of your touches like "Greater Love Hath No CONTENTS magazines in the Reitz High School Man," and "A Pet Passes," puts so much library, and I don't believe there is an- heart into conservation that it prompts LETTERS TO EDITOR...... 1 other magazine that could take the place my prayer that in time OUTDOOR INDI- ABOUT A SKUNK...... 2 of OUTDOOR INDIANA. Will you please ANA may find its way into every last BUGS OF THE MONTH...... 3 Hoosier home. It's building the better place my name on your mailing list? SONG BIRDS OF INDIANA...... 5 citizenry of which we dream. HILDA LUDWIG, Evansville. THE QUESTION BOX...... 5 E. F. DAUGHERTY OUR DYING LAKES...... 6 Pastor Emeritus, Jackson Street Dear 10 Sir: Christian Church, Muncie MOST FISH STAY HOME...... I would like to subscribe to OUTDOOR RAINBOW TROUT ...... 12 INDIANA. I am at present in the U. S. CONSERVATION OBSERVED ...... 13 Navy, stationed at Kodiak, Alaska. I Dear Sir: 8-FOOTED FRIENDS ...... 15 don't know how much the subscription In the November issue I particularly ROCK LIBRARY ...... 16- is, but if you will advise me the amount, enjoyed Uncle Jim's article and Mr. PENTA TREATMENT ...... 17 I will mail you the money so that you Tucker's new home near Osgood, which U N C LE JIM ...... 19 may start sending the magazine. was built from lumber from his own PAGE ...... 20 Sincerely, woodlot. I thought it was interesting, EDITOR'S too, that he will heat his home with wood J. W. RICHARDSON from his own woodlot. The back cover Kodiak, Alaska showing the George Rogers Clark state It is a pleasure to start sending memorial is magnificent. our magazine your way, Mr. Rich- MISS CLARA RICE, Indianapolis. Editor BOB HOOVER EDITORIAL BOARD Associate Editor JOAN SCHAUB HENRY F. SCHRICKER Governor

JOHN A. WATKINS Lieutenant-Governor and Commissioner of Agriculture THE COVER STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION this month Samuel C. Hadden, Chairman Jap Jones Albert J. Wedeking Thomas B. McDonald OUTDOOR INDIANA'S color cover shows a winter scene at Pokagon State Park INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION near Angola. This park has long been popular Roger Branigin, Chairman James M. Tucker Ora Ax Howard Hiestand with winter vacationers for the wide variety of Kenneth M. Kunkel, Director winter sports offered. Pokagon is one of the five state parks which have overnight accommoda- Published monthly by the Indiana Department of Agriculture in cooperation with the Indiana Depart- ment of Conservation and the State Highway Commission of Indiana. Offices at Room 401-B State Library tions for visitors through the winter months as Building, Indianapolis, Ind. (Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office, Indianapolis, Indiana, under which offer excel- the Acts of June 6, 1900.) well as summer. Other parks Permission for republication of any material from this issue is hereby given with a request that proper lent winter-time sports include Turkey Run, credit be given and marked copies forwarded to the Editor. Responsibility for the return of unsolicited Clifty Falls, Spring Mill, and McCormick's manuscripts and photographs is not assumed unless sender's request is accompanied by a self-addressed, stamped envelope. Creek.

OUTDOOR INDIANA 0 Page 1 About a Skunk kitty once was used for medicinal pur- he is a lovable and useful critter. His fur I Ngood THE shots.world ofMany sports who there bring are down many a poses such as the treatment of asthmatic is valuable. Not only that, he rids the speeding deer, a fleet rabbit or a bird on conditions but was discontinued because land of many harmful insects. He likes the wing with one well-directed slug the treatment was worse than the disease. wasps, crickets, grasshoppers and bee- without batting an eye. But when it Believe it or not, ladies, a lot of you tles. Few skunks raid a farmer's hen- comes to marksmanship among creatures are wearing skunk musk house. on the receiving end of a gun barrel there and do not real- is none who is an equal to the little feller ize it because it has been deodorized and If, my unwary friends, you run afoul known by various names such as Skunk- is used as a base in the manufacture of of this sharpshooter and he should score, ton, stink kitty, or pistol packin' pussy. expensive perfumes. there is but one thing to do: bury your His aim is deadly. However, there is There apparently is honor among clothing six feet deep, bathe for two no creature that walks or crawls that has skunks when doing battle, two males hours in a tubful of strong lye soap suds the easy going, "nertz to you" attitude holding fire when fighting. They rely (if they'll let you in the county), and of the skunk. He has the arrogance of upon their teeth and their toenails, mus- wash your hair. Use several gallons of the mule and the courage of a jet pilot. cular strength and the awkwardness of ten-cent toilet water and hope your Combine burning glue, sewer gas and a one or the other to finally decide who is friends will not notice you. You can't bit of garlic capable of being hurled ten boss. win. You might try DDT, which means feet with precise aim and you have the reason for his apparent disdain for both Although Skunkton is trigger happy, "drop dead twice." humans and arch enemies of the canine world. The skunk is about the size of an ordinary healthy house cat. He is thick set and carries his hind quarters high with his head low. His heavy fur coat is jet black with the exception of a white patch on the head from which white stripes of varying length extend back sometimes to, and along, the tail. When you approach he will not run, but will stamp his feet and watch you out of the corner of his eye with the deadly caution of a gunman loosening "-9 his pistols in his holsters. "Now let's not get nosey, Bub," is the word you feel he is trying to pass on to you. (That is if you are smart.) You had best beat it to the rear at once for the pistol packin' pussy doesn't have to face away from you to score a direct hit. He has swivel hips which he can put into action in a second, operating his hind legs somewhat like a slingshot. His tail serves as a battle flag and when it is raised the command to fire has been given. And the little rascal has 44 ammunition for six rounds, repeating action. This animated machine gun on four legs knows where his liquid shrapnel can do the most good, so when at all possible he deliberately aims at the eyes and nose, blinding and suffocating his enemy in one action. If struck in the eye, the musk causes a painful temporary blind- ness. In the event the nostrils are on the receiving end, the swelling produced results in choking and violent nausea. The musk, or ammunition, used by the

Page 2 * OUTDOOR INDIANA = i Bugs of the Month

Winter Bait Is Easy to Find If You Just Know p Where to Look

/( r it is the larval or immature stage of the man's widow" would probably voice W considerableITHOUT a doubt increase there in icewill fishing be a insect that is used for bait, but occasion- vigorous protests against the use of her this year due to the lifting of restrictions ally the adult insect proves tasteful to basement as a cockroach hatchery, as did on the use of shanties and other enclosed the fish and is used in the hope of filling the housewife whose husband decided to shelters out on the ice. Heretofore, only a frying pan with such fish. use their refrigerator as a storage for his the very hardy individual would brave Crickets and cockroaches are good ex- nightcrawlers without bothering to cover the inclemencies of our Indiana win- amples of adult insects utilized for win- the container. ters to sit out on a windswept plain of ter bait. It is necessary to set up a rear- Among the larval or immature forms ice for the sake of a few bluegills or bass. ing program in order to have a constant of insects used is a large group of aquatic Now that it is legal to fish through a source of supply, and this is not at all forms that normally form a source of hole in the ice in the snug security of a practical for the average fisherman, al- food for fish in lakes and streams. In- little house built for this express purpose, though the idea might be attractive to cluded in these are wigglers, caddis more and more fishermen will be casting commercial bait sellers. Even the most worms, and "mice" or rat-tailed maggots their eyes about for suitable bait. It has complacent and long suffering "fisher- (the aquatic larvae of a type of drone been the habit of fishermen since the fly); all these are sold by bait dealers or beginning of time to never disregard en- This is a round-headed borer, one of the may be collected from small streams by tirely any object that might serve as a woodworms prized as bait by ice fishermen. the fisherman himself. lure or bait. Most bugs and worms that The naiads of mayflies, called wigglers are available at the time of need have by most fishermen, are all aquatic, very come in on trial for bait and many are active and are almost entirely herbivor- eagerly sought for this purpose. ous, feeding largely on the decaying Earthworms are, of course, as good stems and leaves of aquatic plants, moss, for bait in ice fishing as they are in sum- algae, and diatoms. There are several mer still fishing, but unless they have species and the appearance of each kind been collected and stored in a suitable will vary somewhat, but in general they place prior to the freezing of the ground are about an inch long and have seven they are not readily available. Some pairs of large feathered projections which worms can be collected even during the are the gills that enable the insect to winter in manure piles and compost absorb the dissolved oxygen from the heaps that have not frozen solid. water. Wigglers are probably easiest col- It is an insect, in one form or another, lected by stirring up the vegetation and that furnishes the greater share of the stones in the bottom of a small stream bait utilized in ice fishing. In most cases and allowing the current to carry the

OUTDOOR INDIANA * Page 3 dislodged insects into a fine-meshed net streams where cool seepage enters. They found in and under the loose bark of placed a short distance downstream. In are found either on the bottom or cling- dead trees and in rotten logs and stumps doing this a number of other kinds of ing to aquatic plants and can be collected of various kinds. Once collected, these aquatic insects may also be obtained and by raking the trash from the bottom of worms may be easily kept until needed these should not be discarded until they the stream out on the bank and picking if packed in coarse sawdust and kept have been given a trial as bait, since the cases out of this trash. Unlike other from freezing. these immature forms of insects are an caddis worms, these larvae often aban- Mealworms, which are the larval form important natural source of food for don their cases and wander about with- of a beetle that is a pest in stored flour, many kinds of fish. out protection. meal and grain, are used extensively for Widely used as an ice fishing bait is The adult of this insect is a frail moth- feeding fish in aquariums and may be the larvae of the caddis fly known by a like insect that is often attracted to lights used for bait in ice fishing as well. These number of common names worms are easily reared in like straw worm, caddis boxes constructed for this worm, and perhaps most purpose or may be purchased commonly .as a hellgramite. at pet stores or from bait This latter term, however, is dealers. Old grain that has a misnomer, for the true been stored for a long period hellgramite is a much larger in feed stores or farm gran- insect without the character- aries is often a good source of istic case of the caddis worm supply. Once obtained, meal- that will be described later. worms may be kept for long The true hellgramite is wide- periods of time in a coffee can ly used as a bass and cat- or similar container with a fish bait during the warmer little chicken mash or corn- months and is the immature meal. When kept cool the form of the dobson fly. worms will be less likely There are many species of to transform into the adult these caddis flies and the lar- beetles. vae of most species construct A relative newcomer to the portable cases in which they ranks of winter bait in Indi- live and which they drag ana is the European corn about wherever they go, pro- borer, a pest well known to jecting only the front end of most farmers in this area. the body and the legs from The white, cylindrical larvae the case when they travel. may be found in cornstalks The cases of different species from late summer until early vary greatly in form and in spring. Most farmers will be materials used in their con- very happy to let a fisherman struction, but silk is used in dig all the corn borers that he building all of them. Some The se cornstalks have been cut away to show the dannage wants from their cornstalks. caddis worms build their don e by the European corn borer. This borer is good bait Corn borers are used princi- welcome any fisherman who pally and most farmers would as bluegill bait both in cases entirely of silk, but wished to dig these borers from the cornstalks. most of the case-bearing spe- ice fishing and in summer cies use other materials as well. These near streams. They do not feed after still fishing. materials may be grains of sand, bits of reaching the adult stage and consequent- The above-mentioned are only a few wood, moss, or pieces of leaves which are ly do not live long after attaining ma- of the possible items to be used as bait glued together with silk and the case is turity. when fishing through the ice. The sport lined with silk. The kind of caddis worm After being collected these caddis itself is quite different from other types generally used by ice fishermen in Indi- worms may be kept in a minnow bucket of fishing and has many adherents, many ana constructs a cylindrical tube of thin or other container submerged in a run- of whom are farmers who are too busy rectangular bits of leaves arranged in a ning stream or packed in damp moss and during the summer to get their fill of series of rings. This tube is so cleverly kept in a slightly ventilated can in a fishing. constructed that it is often mistaken for refrigerator. As has been pointed out, the baits used a bit of broken reed. This species of The larvae of the various wood-boring are wide and varied and nothing with caddis worm is usually found in slowly- beetles are often utilized as bait by win- possibilities should be overlooked. moving streams of spring water and occa- ter anglers and are commonly referred You never can tell what type of morsel sionally along the edge of the large, warm to as woodworms. These wood borers are will tempt the palate of some hungry fish.

Page 4 0 OUTDOOR INDIANA Son0g birds of Judiata search of his small insect prey. His quick I F aYou bit "different"are looking youfor a should bird that make is just the and erratic movements are accompanied acquaintance of the blue-gray gnat- by the constant opening and closing of catcher, that eccentric little woodland his long tail. Forbush, the well-known sprite with the slender body and absurd- ornithologist, has aptly characterized the Q. What can I feed grasshoppers that ly long tail. He often seems in appear- gnatcatcher as "a fidgety little midget" I am keeping for fish bait? ance to be a reproduction in miniature of and again speaks of "its air of innocence the mockingbird. However, here the re- and artlessness which at once enlists our A. Grasshoppers are vegetarians. Give semblance ceases, for the gnatcatcher is sympathy and interest." them fresh grass or tender leaves daily. a good example of perpetual motion. He The gnatcatcher lacks the shyness of Let them get their moisture from the is active and restless, constantly flitting many of our songbirds and during the damp grass, as an excess of water is det- and darting about amongst the upper nesting season is very little disturbed by rimental. (For additional information foliage of the trees, while his quick move- the presence of those who might seek to on winter bait, see page 3, containing the ments are accompanied by a series of make close observations of his more inti- story, BUGS OF THE MONTH.) high-pitched notes with a nasal quality mate family life. In addition to the oft- which may be represented by the sylla- repeated twanging nasal call note there Q. Why were the old wooden bridges bles ting or twang. He is a skillful catcher is a slender thread of song of which a covered? of numerous small insects which his keen prominent ornithologist, C. J. Maynard, A. One theory on this is that the cov- eyes find in the foliage, and this skill is has written: "I never imagined that any ering served to protect the wooden beams, only matched by the manner in which bird was capable of producing notes so joists and sills from the elements. An- he manages to handle his long tail, which soft and low, yet each one given with other theory is that covered bridges of- is often blown sadly awry in breezy such distinctness that the ear could catch fered a place of retreat since they gave weather. His favorite haunts are open every part of the wondrous and compli- protection from the weather as well as woodlands, orchards and trees which cated song" and continues to describe it primitive weapons. border streams and roadsides. In such as, "a silvery warble which filled the air situations this little feathered acrobat, with sweet, continuous melody." Q. When is the proper time to top whose average length is about 412 inches, It will be gathered from all the fore- trees? may be seen going through his really re- going account of this "little midget" in A. It is never desirable to top large markable gyrations as he darts about in feathers that the gnatcatcher has long shade trees. Topping and the cutting of aroused the special interest of large leaders destroys the form of trees Gnatcatcher ornithologists and bird lovers. and often creates an entry for disease and In addition to the special points insects. Unless absolutely necessary, only of interest above given it should small branches and dead wood should be be mentioned that the nest is a removed. General pruning of fruit trees, model of exquisite artistry, sad- however, is done in the early spring, but dled on a limb 10 to 50 feet up. this should be done only by an expert. It closely resembles the nest of the ruby-throated hummingbird Q. Is it true that conservation officers but of course is much larger. It are not required to have hunting or fish- is made of plant fibres, fine ing licenses? strips of bark and other soft ma- A. It is positively not true. Conserva- terials all knitted together, the tion officers and deputies are no different outside being covered over with than anyone else when they take a day lichens, while the nest is securely off from their duties to go hunting or fish- anchored to the limb with spi- ing. They must comply with all fish and ders' webs. game laws as well as the license and The gnatcatcher is a common trespassing requirements. summer resident of Indiana, more abundant southward. Ear- Q. How does Indiana's wealth of min- ly dates for spring migration are eral resources compare with that of other March 27 and 28. They leave us states? in late August and early Sep- A. Although Indiana is thirty-seventh tember for their winter home in size, the Hoosier state ranks sixteenth along the Gulf Coast and the in the value of her mineral products. West Indies. More than 50 million dollars' worth of The gnatcatcher's eggs are coal, stone, clay and clay products are four to five, bluish white, speck- produced annually here. led with brown.

OUTDOOR INDIANA * Page 5 Our Dying Lakes

In case you've ever wondered what A Lake Begins to Die lakes were young. Then the surrounding happened to the myriad of cool, clear material left by the glacier was not bound lakes that formerly dotted the land- The Moment It's Born, scape in Indiana, then read this story. down and held in place by the roots of In a detailed report issued recently by Geologist Reveals trees and other vegetation, but was loose the Division of Water Resources, it The carbonate of was revealed that lakes become ex- and readily eroded. tinct either through natural causes or lime and other materials in the surround- from artificial (or man-made) causes. ing high lands was then soft and easily The majority of the lakes are fed by great soluble. It is probable that four-fifths of S. Blatchley, in the springs which well up from the bottom ACCORDING to W. the marl now existing on the bottoms of 1900 state geological report, "A and so replace the water lost by evapora- the lakes was deposited there during the lake of small size, like those in Indiana, tion. In the early history of the lakes the first half of their existence. begins to die the moment it is born. In water brought in by these springs was so "The decrease of water supply in the other words, its basin begins to fill with strongly charged with salts of lime that for material other than water, and the proc- the resulting deposits of marl did far vicinity of lakes is another reason ess of final extinction is commenced. more to fill up the lake basins than any their rapid extinction. This supply comes There are more beds of extinct lakes in debris of surface erosion brought in by in the main, if not wholly, from the rain- northern Indiana today than there are the streams. Those lakes which at pres- fall of the season which, soaking into the existing ones. Their former basins are ent are fed mainly by streams are be- earth, finds its way through springs into now the sites of extensive bogs or mead- coming shallow more rapidly than those the basins of the lakes, or is carried more ows underlain by 15 to 20 feet of muck fed by subaqueous springs, as the streams immediately thereto by surface streams. and marl. are much smaller than they were a score The settlement of the regions about the "The agencies which bring about the of years ago and are each year lessening lakes caused most of the timber to be cut extinction of lakes are several in num- in size. The amount of debris annually away, and the land to become so drained ber. One is the carrying in of debris or carried into the lakes by streams and that the water flows rapidly away in- foreign matter by streams and springs. springs is very much less than when the stead of, as formerly, soaking into the

Page 6 0 OUTDOOR INDIANA ground and slowly seeping its way or nearly to, the surface of the water, is No doubt, the entrepreneurs will find into underground currents, which finally usually a thick bed of cattails (Typha) that only certain crops are adapted to emerged as springs about the rim of the and arrowhead (Sagittaria), while far- the sour soils caused by their submerg- lake or welled up from its bottom. For ther back are the sedges and grasses of a ence under water for centuries - that example, the outlet of Fish (Hamilton) typical muck meadow. Most of the muck years of action by sunshine, rain and air, Lake, Steuben county, records show, was in the water is formed by the decay of with the probable addition of certain gauged in August, 1830, when its dis- water lilies, especially the spatterdock, essential chemicals that are absent, will charge was found to be much greater whose roots, stems and leaves are large be necessary before farming of the area than in the year preceding, and amount- and thick. will pay. In some areas the muck topsoil ed to 18.64 cubic feet per second "The water area of every lake in In- is thin and care will have to be taken to while the discharge into it on the same diana is thus being encroached upon by not overdrain it so that it will blow away. day from three small spring branches muck, some slowly and along only a "The water area of those lakes, which amounted to only 4.94 cubic feet per sec- small portion of their margins, others have mainly marl or sandy bottoms, is ond. The supply, therefore, accruing more rapidly and around most of their much less subject to the encroachment of from subterraneous sources was 13.70 shores. The process is, however, slow if muck beds, since the aquatic plants cubic feet. At present, especially in those measured by the years of a man's life; growing therein are few in number and lakes which have an outlet, the surplus the muck beds extending into the lake stunted in size. In the lakes with sand water of a heavy rainfall is carried away often grow only a few feet in a century. bottom, the species of rushes (Scirpus) at once, and the after-seepage is often One of the best samples of the almost are often the only aquatic plants of note, not sufficient to replace the loss by evap- complete extinction of a lake by the de- while in several lakes where the bottoms oration. cay of plants is that of Clear Lake, St. are composed wholly of marl, such as "The most important cause of the ex- Joseph county, which, from a large, clear Lime and Silver Lakes, in Steuben coun- tinction of lakes is, however, the replace- body of water, has been reduced to a ty, where there is no vegetation visible. ment of their water area by muck, formed mere accumulation of beds of muck, sur- "Like the lengths of the caves of south- by the decay of aquatic vegetation. These rounding a pool of deep water. Another ern Indiana, the depths of the northern muck beds are usually found upon the example is that of Cedar Lake, Steuben Indiana lakes are greatly exaggerated west and south shores of the main basins county, the former site of which-a by the surrounding inhabitants. Accord- of the lakes, the east and north shores square mile or more in area-is now a ing to their story, many of them are bot- having their margins either of sand or muck meadow." tomless or have deep holes in which it is mud, a condition due to the prevailing A network of open drainage ditches 'impossible to find the bottom.' Their westerly and southerly winds, which has been dug through the 300-acre Cedar attempts at sounding create a stronger and more continuous were probably Lake muck meadow in an attempt to made with an ordinary fishing line or the breaking of the waves along the eastern utilize it as farm land. The principal butt end of a cane pole. Howard Stans- and northern shores and so prevent the drain was dug in 1886, with additional formation of muck. The bays and narrow bury, at the time of a survey in 1830, laterals channels are also more apt to be choked in 1942. This year probably 20 evidently took stock in the local stories by vegetation and become filled with per cent of the total area left, after the regarding the depths of the lakes, as is ditch muck, on account of the limited extent to work was completed, is under cul- shown by the following extract from his which their waters are exposed to wave tivation. The crops are principally car- report: 'The country around the summit action. rots, potatoes, onions, cucumbers and level in Steuben county abounds in small "A lake which has been raised by some corn. Since drainage, the muck has lakes, from a half to two miles in length, damming its outlet is more apt to have settled to the undulating lake bottom either connected together in chains, or mucky margins than one which has been and only the high portions are drained separate and alone, without any appar- lowered, as the aquatic plants take root well enough for cultivation. In spite of ent inlet or outlet. They consist of the easily in the soil which lies beneath the the large amount of open drainage, the purest spring water, are full of the finest newly acquired water area. Where muck greater portion of the soil appears too fish, and are of immense depth; in one meadows-former portions of the water wet for crops, so that the installation of of them, the bottom, I have been in- area-border a lake, the transition from a complete system of tile underdrainage formed, was sought in vain with a line of the species of vegetation covering their is going to be necessary. 250 yards.' No one of the local residents surface to those growing in the water on The open ditches all converge at the who has such beliefs concerning the bot- the outer edge of the muck beds is a south end of the lake bed, where a major tomless pools has ever brought up a gradual one. In water 8 to 12 feet in portion of the drainage water percolates Chinaman's queue on his fish hook, or a depth are pondweeds (Potamogeton), through a gravel ridge which once was new species of fish from the central re- water shield (Brasenia), bladderwort the south shore of the lake and over gions of the earth. In fact, the deepest (Utricularia), and water-millfoil (Myr- which State Highway 827 is routed. An water found in any lake in the state, and iophyllum). As the water decreases in emergency overflow consisting of a line all of them have been carefully sounded, depth, first the white water lilies (Cas- of 24-inch drain tile has been installed is 121 feet, in Tippecanoe Lake, Kos- talia) and then the spatterdock or yel- through this ridge in event the drainage ciusko county. Two or three others have low water lily (Nymphoea) appear. water rises beyond a point critical to the water above 100 feet in depth, but in With the latter are usually pickerel weed crops. most of them the deepest pools are less (Pontederia) and often the green arrow- This muck meadow illustrates the dif- than 70 feet. The following is the area arum (Peltandra). A little higher up and ficulties encountered when man wishes and greatest depth of the five largest growing in the muck, which reaches to, to reclaim some of nature's handiwork. lakes in the state:

OUTDOOR INDIANA * Page 7, were complicated by currents Area in Maximum carrying filled to the level of the surrounding Square Depth marl from this shoal to the adjacent deep ridges. Miles (feet) water. "The total volume of sediment is Lake Wawasee or Turkey "In the deepest parts of Winona Lake shown to be 43.6 per cent of the volume Lake, Kosciusko county.. 5.66 68 the sediment is being deposited at the of the original basin, it has settled main- Lake Maxinkuckee, Mar- rate of about 2.32 kg. per square meter water, away from the shall county ...... 2.97 89 ly in the deep per year, but near the sunken island the shore zone, showing that the lake is fill- Lake James, Steuben coun- rate of deposit is about twice as great; ty ...... 2.72 87 ing more rapidly in the middle than the depth of the sediment seems to be Bass Lake, Starke county 2.23 32 along the shore, contrary to what has increasing at the rate of about one-third often been assumed. Tippecanoe Lake, Koscius- of an inch a year in the deepest parts. ko county ...... 1.61 121 "The 'marl islands' in the lake are These statements assume that sediment shown to be relatively thick deposits of once laid down is not subsequently sediment resting on mounds of the origi- picked up and deposited elsewhere. "It may be said that all the morainic nal bottom which rise considerably above "In Winona Lake there is a great deal lakes in Indiana are 'geologically young,' the level of the bottom immediately of variation in the quantity and quality sur- being confined to the very latest moraines rounding them. A theory is proposed to of the sediment collected at a given loca- of the glacial period. They are mere account for the unusually heavy sedi- tion from one year to the next. This babes, born yesterday and destined to die mentary deposits covering them." seems to be correlated with the force of tomorrow. The present dominant race of Interesting and instructive features of the wind during the periods of complete men may this report, pass away and leave these circulation. aside from the textual mate- lakes still lying like bright jewels among rial, are two maps and a series of cross "In the deep part of Tippecanoe Lake the hills; but every one is doomed to sections. One is a contour map of the the sediment is being deposited at the final extinction. But of all the features basin of the lake in 1935 and the other rate of about 1.4 kg. per square meter per of the landscape, lakes are the most is a composite of this map with a con- year. ephemeral. As long as they remain they tour map of the basin as it was in the "The study is being continued both in will continue to contribute to the service the with- Winona Lake and lakes of different types. period immediately following and delight of man, by affording means drawal of the glaciation, before any sedi- The apparatus here described might be for that relaxation and healthful pleas- ment was deposited from the various adapted to the study of lake currents." ure which the conditions of modern life sources discussed in the reports quoted With the encouragement of Dr. Will demand." above. Scott, Ira T. Wilson of Heidelberg Col- A later report relating to "Sedimen- in Volume lege made a further "Study of Sedimen- A report by Ira T. Wilson tation in Winona Lake and 47, Tippecanoe tation of Winona Lake" which was also Proceedings of the Indiana Academy Lake, of Science, 1937, entitled, "The Accumu- Kosciusko county, July 31, 1930, published in Volume 45 of the Proceed- to July lated Sediment in Tippecanoe Lake and 30, 1935," by Scott and Miner, ings of the Indiana Academy of Science. revealed the a Comparison with Winona Lake," following facts: Mr. Wilson's conclusions were as follows: is a A collecting tube, placed in the middle "A new approach to the study of the sequel to the one quoted above and draws some interesting conclusions from the basin of Tippecanoe Lake, for the pur- problem of sedimentation is presented by continuation of his studies of accumula- pose of obtaining samples from the lake securing data making it possible to con- tion of sediment. A resume of his discus- bottom, revealed that the basin was espe- struct a contour map and cross section sion and conclusions follow: cially productive in Plankton, with a diagrams of the original lake basin, from "Lakes minimum of marginal plants, due to its which the volume of sediment can be begin to fill with sediment as soon steep slope. Winona Lake has a more determined. A new method of drilling as they come into being. Tippe- gradual slope with dense growth of lit- and sampling is described. canoe and Winona Lakes in northern In- diana toral (living on the shore) plants along "The unevenness of the floor of the are good illustrations of lakes that have partially much of its shore line. original basin, as compared with the filled but have before them "Our results indicate that most of the present bottom, is noted, together with a large part of their existence. The areas deposit in Tippecanoe Lake is formed in the apparent fact that there was consid- of their original basins was 39,070,400 the epilimnion (the top several yards of erable assortment of the original bottom anal 35,033,182 square feet, respectively. water) and falls directly to the bottom, material before the characteristic lake Thus, Tippecanoe Lake has 20.82 and with currents playing a small part in its sediment began to accumulate. Winona Lake 37.4 per cent of their areas deposition. In Winona Lake, on the other "The original bottom is shown to be obliterated. Calculations of the volumes hand, much of the deposited material is gravel and sand. of the original and present basins of the derived from the littoral. If this disinte- "It is apparent that, although the fine- two lakes and determinations of the pro- grating organic material were evenly dis- ly abraded sediment is probably fairly portions of the original basins filled with tributed through the water of the lake evenly distributed over the lake by cur- sediment shows Tippecanoe Lake to be during the fall overturn and then allowed rents, either the rate of settling is not 31.90 per cent and Winona Lake 43.66 to settle during the winter stagnation uniform or its final place of lodgment is per cent filled. The average depths of period, the results would be similar to dependent to a large extent on the con- sediment in the two lakes are 13.96 feet those obtained in the deeper part of the figuration of the bottom, most of it find- for Tippecanoe and 14.96 feet for Wi- lake. The results obtained near the marl ing permanent lodgment in the depres- nona. However, in both lakes the aver- shoals, known locally as 'sunken island,' sions, at least until the depressions are age depths of sediment is about twice as

Page 8 * OUTDOOR INDIANA great in the deep part of the lake as depository of chemicals that earlier The barren knob was too deep (35 feet) around the edges. This last result is part- formed part of the constituents of the for vegetation to become established. ly due to the fact that the protected soil in the drainage basin. However, it As the deep parts of the Tippecanoe shallow regions around the edges of the must be remembered that a considerable and Winona basins fill more rapidly lakes filled completely or to the base- part of the sediment ultimately comes than the areas along shore are being ob- level of wave action early in their exist- from the carbon dioxide in the air which literated, and the outer edges of shelves ence and, therefore, could not receive becomes dissolved in the lake water and fill faster than the steep slopes, it can be further additions of sediment while the then gets incorporated into the bodies of predicted that a condition will be reached deep parts of the lakes have received the plants and animals of the lake whose eventually where the lake basins will additions throughout their histories. Rel- bodies in turn contribute to the sediment. take the form of a broad, flat, emerged atively flat regions between the zone of The map of the original bottom of zone with a steep drop-off to a body of wave action and deep water receive large Tippecanoe Lake shows the deep part of shallow water of uniform depth in the quantities of sediment because they are the basin has many depressions, ridges, former deepest part of the basin. From deep enough not to have sediment dis- and knobs. All evidence indicates that, this point on it can be anticipated that lodged by wave action but are shallow while filling, the depressions filled com- the rate of filling in the center will be- enough not to have acids form which pletely before sediment began to accu- come less rapid than the obliteration of would dissolve the sediment as it does in mulate on the ridges. After the depres- the area around the edges. By this time deep water. The very steep slopes do not sions were filled to the level of the con- the lakes will be known as bogs. They retain sediment well and consequently tiguous ridges and the bottom became would be expected to be obliterated by have little on them. smooth, no doubt filling was quite uni- the typical encroaching, mat-forming Except for a few feet of peat around form over the entire bottom in deep association of plants characteristic of the edges in a few places, the sediment in water. The faster currents of water that bogs. both Tippecanoe and Winona Lakes is swept over the ridges probably kept sedi- The final stage of obliteration will not composed of marl. This means that it is ment from settling on them until the occur in either Tippecanoe or Winona largely a mixture of calcium carbonate, depressions were filled. Lake for many thousands of years, con- The high knobs on silt, and organic matter. If it was hard- the original bottom sequently the citizens of Indiana can form a special case. Those that ened it would be called limestone. It has reached anticipate a long period of enjoyment up to within 30 feet of the surface have been determined for Tippecanoe Lake and exploitation of these fine bodies of marl on them that reaches to within a water. and it is no doubt true for Winona Lake few feet of the surface, whereas the one In these conclusions also, that the marl around the edges of Mr. Wilson ad- on the northern part of the lake is barren. vances a theory on the formation the lake is almost entirely carbonate, of The ones with marl are commonly called "marl islands" which is a marked con- while that in the deeper parts of the lake "marl islands." It is certain that the trast to that of Blatchley and is mostly organic matter and silt. This Ashley in knobs with sediment were close enough the 1900 State Geologist's Report. uneven distribution of chemical constit- Tip- to the surface to receive enough light to pecanoe and Oswego Lakes show uents of the sediment results from the graph- permit the growth of vegetation which ically the amount of deposition of mate- fact that the deep parts of the lakes produced the sediment that lies thereon. rial in the lakes since the glacial era. develop acids that dissolve the carbo- nates settling there but leaves the silt and Heriff Lake, one of Indiana's dying lakes, is shown here. It is located in Noble organic matter intact. county, two miles north of Big Lake and one-half mile west of Indiana Highway 109. The question of the sources of the tre- Notice how vegetation of all kinds is closing in on the lake, leaving only a small body mendous quantities of sediment found in of shallow water in the center. lakes such as Tippecanoe and Winona Lakes is intriguing. Undoubtedly, early in a lake's history, its shores are exposed to wave action and they contribute considerable material to sediments in protected places and in deep water. Later, after shoreline adjustments have been made, this becomes a lesser factor. In fact, in many cases the whole lake basin becomes sealed off from the surrounding original basin by accumulated sediment. After this stage is reached, as in Tippe- canoe and Winona Lakes, the principal sources of sediment are from the plants and animals living within the lake itself or the result of their activities. These in turn get a considerable part of their nu- trients from the chemicals that are in solution in the surface drainage water flowing into the lake. It is apparent that a lake basin acts as a concentrator and M4ost ish Are Stay-at-JoCes

long pools, each with a maximum depth do fish move around Lake and Stream Survey how much of three feet at normal water level. Each JUSTin streams? After all, just about Determines Fish Popu- any stream is an open highway to New pool was subdivided into two sections Orleans if a fish wants to step on the gas lations and Movement and the fish were marked differently in and go downstream. It would seem that each of the four sections. Soon after the stream fish have the same freedom of fish were marked in late June, 1948, a movement that we have. We can hop in flash flood occurred which raised the the car and follow U. S. 40 from coast to place in streams about 30 to 50 feet wide. creek six feet above its ordinary level. It coast, if we wish. This is exaggerating The electric fish shocker (described in was August first before the creek cleared the problem but the same principle ap- OUTDOOR INDIANA December, 1948) was and lowered enough to allow work. The plies over much shorter distances, say used to capture the fish. Two trips with same area was shocked again and it was from Indianapolis to Martinsville. the shocker were made through a creek. found that 75 per cent of the recaptured The Lake and Stream Survey of the Fish were marked by clipping off a fin fish were in the same vicinity where they Indiana Department of Conservation is on the first trip and the number and kind had been marked. They had stayed at interested in the fish populations of of recaptures were recorded on the sec- home for more than a month even though streams, and the problem of fish move- ond trip. The fish were marked in such a six-foot flood had threatened them. ment is an important consideration. So a way that movement from one section Just to be sure, a "spot-check" was made far, methods are available for studying of the creek to another could be detected. two weeks later and 70 per cent were the fish in only about half-mile distances A part of two streams, Richland Creek found to be at home. In June, 1949, a of small streams. If fish move distances in Greene county and Stott's Creek in similar study revealed 80 per cent of the greater than this, hope of determining Morgan county, have been studied. recaptured fish were found in the same their populations is dim. Therefore, the Richland Creek flows through bed place they had been marked the pre- first aim of the project was to determine rock and the quarter-mile part selected vious year. Species included in the the amount of fish movement which takes for study had a long riffle separating two study were: golden redhorse, hog sucker, spotted sucker, long-ear Members of the Lake and Stream Survey party are shown below in the process of weiCghing and sunfish, green sunfish, r not marking fish that have been captured in the program aimed at determining whether o our rock bass otted bass piscatorial friends move around. This same process will follow when the fish are recaptured. rock bass, sp and smallmouth bass. Not all these species were caught in large enough numbers to be positive that they exhibited the tendency to stay home, but long-ear sunfish, rock bass and green sunfish certainly did. Stott's Creek in Mor- gan county was worked in a similar manner. It was chosen because it is very different from Rich- land Creek. Stott's Creek meanders through gravel and sand and has frequent pools and riffles with fallen trees and brush to act as cover. Different species domi- nated this stream. Of 110 fish recaptured a month after marking, 99 (90 per cent) were found where they were originally marked. Enough smallmouth bass, white suckers and hog suck-

Page 10 * OUTDOOR INDIANA ers were recaptured to add these species STREAMS ARE "OPEN HIGHWAYS" TO FISH, BUT tend to stay home to the number which TO ROAM during a whole summer and possibly 70 TO 90 PER CENT DO NOT CARE longer. As the accompanying article points out, fish are first captured by use of the It is now proven to the satisfaction of "shocker" described in the December (1948) Outdoor Indiana. The photos below Lake and Stream Survey officials that reveal how seines are set up to recapture all the fish in a certain area. long-ear sunfish, rock bass, green sunfish, smallmouth bass, white suckers and hog suckers move around very little during one summer, over one winter and possibly longer. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the populations of these species by a mark and recapture method and be quite sure that the estimate means some- thing. The fish are not going to move away at the slightest provocation, and we can regard populations of stream fish over-relatively small distances as stable. The big one that got away from you the other day is likely to be in the same hole the next time you go after him. It seems that fish are a lot like people; 70 to 90 per cent are stay-at-homes and the others are travelers. In both societies each type is essential. The stay-at-homes provide stability and the travelers roam around discovering territory where new homes can be established.

OUTDOOR INDIANA * Page 11 have migrated to sea or to large inland Game and Beautiful- lakes are much larger than those that have not migrated. They will average six The Rainbow Trout to ten pounds, and while 15 to 20 pounders are scarce, they are not unusual.

Flavor T oneHE robustof the rainbowmost beautiful trout is membersnot only Excellent when taken from of this romantic family, but also one of wilderness the most spectacular and satisfying per- streams; only fair when not in prime formers. Its fast and powerful runs inter- condition or when freshly released from hatcheries. spersed with breath-taking jumps make Foods it a favored individual with veteran trout RAINBOW TROUT Salmo gairdnerii anglers. Insects in the larvae and mature stages, worms, flies, minnows, crustaceans and For many years the rainbow trout has sumes a light, steel-blue or silvery sheen salmon been confused with the steelhead trout and the dark spots become quite indis- eggs. Lures and until recently the rainbow and steel- tinct. The sides take on a pinkish cast head were regarded as two separate spe- and the bright coloration of the lateral Fly fishermen find rainbows will yield cies. Scientists now agree that these are band is not so conspicuous. Upon return- to the temptation of wet and dry flies in one and the same fish-the steelhead ing to fresh waters the "rainbow" mark- tiny 18 and 20 sizes as well as the larger merely being a rainbow that has migrat- ings again appear. 6, 8 and 10 sizes; also, streamers, salmon ed to sea. flies, bucktails, salmon eggs, spoons and In the past, it has been a general cus- Range spinner and fly combinations. tom to call any trout that has migrated While the rainbow trout originally was Plug casters take them on small lures to sea a "steelhead." This included cut- a westerner, found only on the Pacific in the 3s oz. and under class, and in throat trout, Dolly Varden trout and slope of the Sierras, from California to large bodies of water where the rainbow even Eastern brook trout. To remove Alaska, it now has been successfully in- reaches giant proportions, large wob- confusion it is recommended that the troduced into nearly all states except the bling plugs and spoons produce. term steelhead be reserved for rainbows, southern part of those bordering the Gulf and rainbows alone, which have migrated of Mexico. Methods to sea or larger bodies of water. Due to the fact that its eggs stand For ordinary rainbows, fly rod fishing Rainbows that migrate from streams shipping unusually well, it has been suc- with either live or artificial bait produces and rivers to large landlocked freshwater cessfully transplanted in Europe, Asia, the majority of catches. lakes are called steelheads in some sec- Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Still-fishermen with casting rods take tions of the country. The rainbow, in- South America. The sizes and numbers a fair share and spinning rod enthusiasts cluding the steelhead clan, is the most of rainbows taken in New Zealand and find this fish ideal. However, for steel- widely distributed member of the trout Chile are astounding. head in large lakes the popular method family. Although the rainbow prefers the larg- is unquestionably trolling. Names er swift-flowing streams of the West, it Tackle California trout, coaster, coast range does nicely in the smaller streams of the trout, hardhead, Pacific trout, salmon East, provided they have fast water and Fly fishing the ordinary streams for trout, steelhead and steelhead salmon. are not too small. The rainbow loves swift rainbows calls for standard fly fishing water and will be found in the fast tackle such as fly rods made of tempered, Characteristics stretches rather than the slow-moving split bamboo in light-trout or standard- The rainbow possesses the migrating currents. trout actions. Leaders should be as light instinct more than any other trout, and as possible and the reel either single ac- Fish for them at the edge of strong does not like to "stay put." This, coupled tion or automatic. currents and at the head of rapids or with the fact that it can survive in warm- under overhanging banks where the cur- Any standard wet or dry flies ranging er water than many other trout, accounts rent is swiftest. from the tiniest sizes up to large stream- to a large extent for its wide distribution. Size ers will be found alternately good. Small The color of the rainbow trout found fly rod spoons, bucktails and wobbling The world's record rainbow, caught on in freshwater streams and rivers varies lures are excellent in deeper, larger rod and reel, was taken greatly, but is generally a bluish or olive by Wes Hamlet streams. in Pend d'Orielle Lake, Idaho, Novem- green above the lateral line, shading into Most trolling for rainbows is done only ber 25, 1947. It weighed 37 pounds. a silvery green on sides. Sides, tail and in the larger lakes and streams, and the The size of the rainbow depends al- dorsal fins are profusely spotted with standard lightweight casting rods are most entirely upon small dark spots. A wide lateral band of the waters from which excellent. The use of all nylon leader is lavender red runs along the sides from it is taken. In small streams the average recommended and any small lures are head to tail. Lower fins are dusky or will approximate one pound. In larger productive. Some trollers prefer the whitish. streams and rivers, or fair-size lakes, the stiffer action fly rods and troll slowly When the rainbow migrates to sea and average weight will be two to four pounds around the "drop-off"--that is, where becomes a "steelhead," the vivid fresh- and five to six pounders are not rare. the shore-line suddenly drops into deep water coloring fades, the entire fish as- Sea-run rainbow, or steelhead, that water.

Page 12 0 OUTDOOR INDIANA ON-THE-SPOT CONSERVATION OBSERVED BY CONNERSVILLE SCHOOL CHILDREN ANOTHER positive step toward the Versailles State Park when the camp was conducted, is one of eventual education of all Hoosier Is Scene of Intensive the beauty spots of Indiana, embracing youth in conservation subjects was taken the rolling hills along Laughery Creek. recently when 82 boys and girls of the Training Program Clothed in the spring beauty of the for- Connersville schools spent a three-day est, accented with white dogwood blos- camping period at Versailles State Park. soms, or contrasting dark green of cedars, Under direction of qualified instruc- Norway spruce, or pine plantations, the tors, these youngsters were given an op- travel to and from the camp. History, landscape is an artist's delight. Early portunity to view, first-hand, conserva- such as General Morgan's raid of 1863 spring wildflowers, such as shooting tion in action. into the territory now occupied by the stars, wild geraniums and violets, or war- Students of the Connersville Eighth 6,000-acre park along Laughery Creek, blers, tanagers and other brightly-colored Street School, these boys and girls were was added. birds, could not have been improved responsible for planning the camp, ar- One of the examples demonstrating upon, unless early October, with autumn ranging for the purchase of food and practical use of arithmetic was that of colors showing, should outrank it. supplies, and settling camp problems the foods committee when they acciden- Prof. Reynold Carlson of the Depart- after they arrived on the scene. tally ordered nearly three times too much ment of Recreation at Indiana Univer- Charles Manwaring, teacher of the macaroni, through an error in reading sity, a specialist in camp crafts and na- Maplewood (Connersville) fifth grade recipes from the Domestic Science De- ture activities, was one of the leaders. class, pointed out that "this program has partment. Fifteen three-pound boxes of Under his guidance pupils hiked to the given the pupils more practical experi- macaroni were ordered, enough to feed a base of the steep hill near camp, and on ence in a few weeks of planning than small army. In "double-checking" with the limestone flats along Fallen Timbers they would have gained during the rest the home economics supervisor they Creek made willow baskets, learned how of the semester from books alone." found the error, and after a committee the horsetail or scouring rush could be Instructors not only stressed conser- meeting, decided to return the macaroni used to clean cooking utensils, made vation of our resources, but they tried to and trade it for fruit salad. The compli- whistles from elder and willow trigs, and include every school subject in the ven- cated mathematics involved in this re- looked for Indian arrow heads. By 5 ture. They taught arithmetic by allowing bate and transfer to the credit into pur- p. m. the outdoor exercise had provided the pupils to figure cost and buy the chase of fruit salad gave this group prac- typical camp appetites and the supper supplies; government, in the committee tical dollars and cents work. It was a meal was quickly cleared away. meetings and group decisions on camp most interesting problem, however, be- The following day the group had problems; science, in learning as much cause the solution guaranteed satisfac- planned to cook breakfast at the shelter as possible about plants, animals and tion in the resulting meals, a highlight of house on the ridge a half-mile east. A insects before visiting the field, and geog- any camping experience. shower during the night made a quick raphy in studying the territory of the Versailles State Park in early May, change of plans necessary, so breakfast

OUTDOOR INDIANA " Page 13 a tribute to the nature study training of these groups, with previous camping experience. The ability to recog- nize and enjoy unusual natural objects, and to leave them undisturbed, is part of the "good manners out- of-doors" training achieved by this group, and too often lacking even in adults. It is difficult for a person with farm background to realize how few children nowadays have any experience with the commoner things of the coun- was conducted as usual in the dining hall Mr. Van Camp took the second party tryside. Few, if any, of the children in on the main camp grounds. A. N. Lim- and the teachers assigned to them past city schools have ever made dandelion ing, district extension forester, and J. L. the shelter house to the small cave, which "curls," or used the flower stems for Van Camp, Purdue University, were was one of the unique experiences for trumpets, with notes from the deep bass guests at this meal and each was taken people who have not seen the under- of the shade-grown stems to the high in tow by a boy acting as host at one of ground formations of this limestone soprano notes of the small open-field the eight place tables. The hosts saw country. Lighted with flashlights, the specimens. that the guests were served first, and dim interior revealed stalactites, with On this trip the nature leaders took that they were provided with coffee. ice cold water slowly dripping from their every opportunity to give the sixth-grad- Meanwhile the sixth-graders were enjoy- points, views of mysterious corridors ers interesting and memorable experi- ing as much milk with their meal as they disappearing in the darkness, and the ences with plants and animals, in just cared to have. feeling of being back in prehistoric cave- such interesting fashion as mentioned Versailles State Park has endless na- man days. To the credit of this group above. At a five-minute rest period, one ture-hike possibilities. The group with they did not show the usual thoughtless of the leaders began using a flat red-oak Mr. Liming went through the dense terror when two brown bats were discov- acorn cap for a whistle between his fin- woods as far as the fire tower, and had ered clinging to the ceiling for their day- gers. Soon he had every youngster in the the thrilling experience of climbing to time sleep. Instead, they carefully avoid- vicinity attempting this rather tricky the top of a 100-foot tower for a pano- ed disturbing them, so that the succeed- feat. Others soon learned how to blow a ramic view of Laughery Creek valley and ing groups could see this interesting and shrill note on a blade of grass held be- the wooded area surrounding it. Liming unusual sight. One of the groups found tween the thumbs. Many others learned pointed out good forestry practices and small black and orange salamanders in how to blow into the cupped hands, to explained why such conditions are desir- the moist areas along the cave sides, and imitate notes of the barred owl, mourn- able. these also were left undisturbed. This is (Continued on Page 18)

Page 14 * OUTDOOR INDIANA Our Eight-Footed Friends

of northwestern Indiana. They are so vertebrates indiscriminately. They are EIGHTfor grown-upis the correct individuals number of legsthe tiny that they are practically never ob- especially common on snakes and tor- group of animals called Arachnida, which served until they attack, so that the un- toises. includes the spiders, harvestmen, ticks suspecting host has no warning of his "Remedies" for chiggers and allied and many others. impending misery. Though there is no mites are numerous. They include am- Among these, it is the Acarina, or reason to doubt that chiggers could com- monia water, collodion dissolved in ether mites, which associate more closely with plete their larval development on man, or chloroform, and various proprietary man. Acarina commonly have three it seems likely that they rarely actually preparations. The best one we have found stages in their life history-a six-legged do so. is a mixture of seven per cent carbolic larva, an eight-legged nymph, and an The skin reacts to the presence of a acid and 93 per cent glycerine. However, eight-legged adult. Any one, two, or all chigger with local inflammation, swell- prevention is much better than cure: re- of these may be parasitic on vertebrate ing, and a tiny blister, or, in medical lan- cently developed repellents like dimeth- ylphthallate and benzol benzoate effec- hosts. Among the ticks that attack man, guage, a wheal surrounded by erythema mites, but before they it is usually the adult which is in- and surmounted by a papule. The swol- tively discourage it had long been known volved, the nymphs commonly frequent- len area may become up to the size of a came into view that chiggers would avoid sulfur. (These ing smaller vertebrates, sometimes rep- dime without outside assistance. Scratch- materials can now be secured at sports- tiles rather than mammals. ing, which is almost impossible By contrast, to avoid, men's stores and drug stores in the new among mites the minute larvae are the may considerably extend it. The symp- fly, mosquito and bug repellents.) Dust- "chiggers" which attack man and other toms develop, rapidly on the day following the body or its exposed parts with vertebrates, whereas the nymphs and ing exposure. They remain acute for sulfur gives almost perfect protection; adults are harmless scavengers. about three days and then gradually sub- or the various polysulfides and other Anyone who has rambled around In- side, the itching becoming more and compounds used in its remedies can be diana in summer will have made the more sporadic, until after two or three employed if their aroma does not bother acquaintance of both wood ticks and weeks the lump is gone. Chiggers may you. Our state entomologists always chiggers. Ticks are fairly numerous in take up residence almost anywhere on carefully instruct the uninitiated that the wooded hills of southern Indiana, the body, but like to gather in such se- flour of sulfur is superior to flowers of less numerous in the north. They are questered regions as the arm pits, the sulfur, presumably because of its finer often picked off the clothing, or more popliteal fossae of the legs, the navel, the texture; but even the flowers seem to do rarely out of the skin, after any kind of groin and even more private parts imme- a rather good job. However, one must field excursion in May or June. But they diately adjacent. remember the instructions: the sulfur are no particular nuisance (it says here). There is considerable individual varia- must be applied to the skin or clothing. After lodging on the skin or clothing, it tion in the severity of reaction to the No amount of sulfur will be of any help takes a long time for them to get started presence of chiggers, just as there is for whatsoever if it is back home on the feeding, and after even a day's trip none mosquito bites, poison ivy, etc. Whether shelf, in the car's glove compartment, or are likely to be attached by evening. or not tolerance can be acquired by the even in your coat pocket! Their "bite" is painless, and even if they body after repeated exposure, as with Now, we Hoosiers yield to no one in are accidentally allowed to engorge, there mosquitoes, does not seem to be clearly our admiration for our native state. are no ill effects. There is, for example, established. At any rate some people White dogwoods and rose-pink redbuds no trace of the intense and prolonged who have been brought up in chigger adorn the countryside in spring, while irritation such as accompanies the attach- country still react vigorously after years bobwhites call from the fence rows. In ment of the common red tick of the Pa- of "innoculation." Others, however, seem summer, fields and waysides gleam with cific coastal rain forest. Nor do they to be practically immune. white spurge, yellow sunflowers, orange produce the paralysis which sometimes Like many other mites, chiggers are milkweed and purple ironweed. In au- results from the feeding of the large ticks bright red in color in all stages of their tumn, our woods are brilliant with the of the dry ranges of Montana and British life history. The larvae are so minute scarlet leaves of red gum and the crimson Columbia. And, although spotted fever (about 1/100th of an inch long by of the oaks; and when the leaves fall, the has now been diagnosed from the eastern 1/160th wide) that ordinarily they are fruits of bittersweet and wahoo remain United States and is known to be carried rarely seen, even by those who are fre- to brighten the landscape, while hickory by our common tick, it is as yet quite quently attacked by them. However, nuts and persimmons can be gathered by rare in Indiana. they are readily collected for observa- whoever will search for them. In winter, the twisted limbs of giant sycamores If the Indiana wood ticks are benign, tion by placing a blackboard or a white match the whiteness of the snow along as much cannot be said for the chiggers. plate on the ground among brush or the banks of the Wabash and of many These pests begin to appear late in June weeds and waiting for them to crawl onto a less-celebrated stream. Along with and are finally routed only by cool it. In good chigger country the wait is these indisputable attractions, we may weather in October. They are abundant certain to be a short one. Man is not sometimes have an affection for features in the south, less so farther north, and the only host of chigger larvae, which at which a stranger looks askance. are apparently absent from large areas seem to attach themselves to all land (Continued on Page 18)

OUTDOOR INDIANA * Page 15 Division of kology SAaaitains Rock library to Jtelp Jdustry id Oil

leum laboratory on the campus of Indi- chips are placed in little cloth bags and tremendous waste IN ofADDITION gas, one toof the great tragedies of ana University at Bloomington. the depth from which the rock was taken the oil and gas boom in northeastern In- The petroleum section of the geology is recorded on each bag. The samples of diana during the early years of the cen- division checks each day with the oil and rock are then washed and transferred to tury was the failure to keep records of gas division in Indianapolis to see what paper envelopes on which the name and location of the well is recorded as well as the drilling and production. So great was new drilling permits have been issued. the footage. This either takes place at the the desire to drill wells, to produce and The petroleum section then requests well Evansville "sample cut" (if enough other sell gas and oil, that records seemed un- samples on all wildcat wells (wells '2 people are interested in the well), or is necessary. Neither the operators nor the mile from production) and on pool wells done in the petroleum section's laborato- Conservation Department collected or of special interest. When samples have ries. The paper envelopes are next placed preserved information concerning the lo- been requested on a well, the drillers save the rock fragments which have been in boxes and are ready to be filed in the cation of wells, the depth and thickness broken up by the drilling bit. These rock "stacks." Already 3,212 cuttings from of pay sands, and the amount of production from the wells. The number of wells drilled from 1890 to 1910 is estimated at Shown below is a section of a storage room for the Geology Division at Bloomington. The sacks on the floor contain samples of rock that were taken from wells drilled 25,000 to 30,000. Accurate information in Indiana. is now available upon only a few hun- dreds of those wells. If good records had been kept, oil operators could now go back into the old producing area and recover much of the oil which was left in the reservoir formation, the Trenton Limestone. If the location and depth of the good oil wells and dry areas were known, extensions to the prolific areas would be relatively easy to find. The present method of guessing where to drill results in far too many dry holes. The Division of Geology is determined not to make this mistake again and the oil companies themselves are cooperating fully to this end. A law now exists requiring the filing of information concerning all development and production with the Division of Geology and the Division of Oil and Gas of the Indi- ana Department of Conservation. The law was formulated by members of the oil industry and passed by the Indiana General Assembly. In order for the geology division to get accurate information on each well drilled for oil and gas, the operator is required to take out a permit to drill a well. This permit includes the location of the well, the surface elevation, and a bond for proper plugging of the well when it is abandoned. Driller's logs and electric logs of all wells drilled, samples and cores of the formations penetrated, and production records are submitted by the oil operator. The geology division has provided ample storage space for these records, samples and cores in its petro-

Page 16 * OUTDOOR INDIANA wells are catalogued and made a part of PENTA POST the permanent library. All records are TREATMENT PRAISED available to the public. Geologists, inde- tank is easier if the tank is sunk below CIENCE and soil make a hardy team in pendent operators and others interested the advancement of mankind's wel- ground with the top about knee level. are welcome to study these well cuttings. fare, and once again the men in the lab- When treating posts, keep them up- Facilities for study and work are pro- oratories have come up with a discovery right, butts downward. Tanks should be vided in the laboratories. From the cut- to make life for the man in the field just deep enough to let the posts be com- tings can be determined not only the a little easier. pletely covered with penta solution. A depth of producing horizons and the type From Purdue University's forestry standard covering level should be main- of oil reservoir rock, but also the position department comes news of a wood pre- tained for 48 hours. After 72 hours the of distinctive layers of rock on which server that gives durability to nondur- posts may be removed and allowed to subsurface structures can be mapped. able and little-used species of wood, mak- drain. A useful technique now being em- ing them valuable for use as fence posts. Softwood posts, cold-soaked with pen- ployed by the division is the mounting of Tested only in this respect, the chemi- tachlorphenol solution, are expected to the well cuttings on cardboard strips. cal, called pentachlorphenol, or penta, last 15 years or more, depending on the job and what kind of wood is The footage covered by each sample is has shown remarkable effects on such treating used. The longer indicated and a complete well so mounted woods as red and tupelo gum, hickory, the soaking, the longer the life of the post, although little ab- shows an actual rock picture of the layers sycamore, pine, and red, black and pin sorption will occur after 72 hours. penetrated. All the oil-bearing rocks in oak. Available now to farmers in almost A caution in using pentachlorphenol the state, from the oldest to the youngest, every area, penta has already done more must be observed, as the solution is occa- have been mounted and may be studied for wood preservation on farms than any sionally found to be irritating to the quickly and easily under the microscope. other chemical on the market, and is skin. Protect your hands and arms with Approximately 300 wells are mounted in hoped to improve the durability of build- rubber gloves. Use the same fire precau- this manner and many more will be ing woods. tions you would with kerosene or tractor mounted. Posts salvaged from tree tops, fence oil and always cover the tank when there Another type of information now be- rows, thickets and pasture improvement is no one near. A sunken tank could trap ing saved by the petroleum section con- projects make good fence posts when an animal or a child. sists of cores from oil sands and "marker" treated. Tops of dead trees also make --- beds. When the drill bit reaches an oil satisfactory posts, but trees showing sand Frog Baits the Baiter or important bed, a core barrel and signs of decay should be avoided. Al- coring bit may be substituted for the though heartwood is more durable than Samuel Edwards, 85, living near the regular equipment. The coring bit cuts sapwood, the latter is easier to treat and White River bottom lands in Daviess around a section of the rock which is absorbs more of the preservative. county, decided what he needed most caught in the core barrel. Cores are very Only round posts which have been was a mess of fish. He failed to find the useful because they recover the rock for- peeled and dried should be used for penta type worms he needed but happened to chance upon a lively frog which mation exactly as it exists in the ground. treatment. If the bark is left on the post, he cap- The amount of oil saturation and the drying is slow and the chemical cannot tured and attached to the line. porosity of the reservoir rock or oil sand penetrate. Plunking Mr. Frog into the waters he can be determined. This is invaluable Although posts may be cut any time of waited awhile but had no luck. Tiring a information to the oil operator. A new year, the bark peels more easily if they bit, he wended his way homeward, leav- storage room has been constructed for are cut when the sap is up. A good ing the frog to fend for himself. cores, thus making available for the first schedule is to cut posts in the early Early next morning he returned to run time in Indiana this type of information. spring, season them through the summer his line and found the frog just as he had left him. The maintenance of a storage library months and treat them in the early fall. This procedure was repeated for five mornings without a fish being of data and information from the oil in- During the seasoning period, the posts caught. dustry requires the full time of several should be stacked at least one foot above But-on the sixth morning Edwards persons and considerable storage space. the ground in a well-ventilated place. This is important, as improper found the answer. An extra quonset hut is reserved for this ventila- tion causes checks and splits in the wood. Just as he appeared on the scene his part of the work of the division. Con- Pentachlorphenol comes bait leaped into the water with a big stant checking is necessary to be certain in crystalline, liquid concentrate and ready-to-use form. splash. that all the logs, samples and cores are However, the liquid concentrate is the Not choosing to be used as a satisfying being saved. Many trips to drilling wells most practical and inexpensive form. morsel for cruising bass, the bait had and company offices must be made. The The treating solution is prepared by been parking himself on the bank to division of geology does not intend to diluting the liquid concentrate to a 5 per await the arrival of the fisherman. again make the mistake of failing to pre- cent solution with a light fuel oil or EDITOR'S NOTE: We were glad to hear serve all information made available by kerosene. that as a reward for his clever act, Mr. the oil and gas industry. They are deter- A good treatment tank will hold 40 to Edwards liberated the frog. mined that geologists and oil men will 50 line posts at one time and can be have available to them a library of infor- made quickly and inexpensively from a Better sportsmanship in the field mation and data to help in future oil 500-gallon gasoline storage drum. Get- means better sport, reminds the Division prospecting in the state. ting posts into and out of the treating of Fish and Game.

OUTDOOR INDIANA 0 Page 17 On-the-Spot Conservation These are somewhat rare, since they, scarlet tanager was watched for several along (Continued from Page 14) with their innocent cousins, are minutes while it bathed in the clear water killed on every occasion by farmers and of Red Cedar creek, among the limestone ing dove or bobwhite. Such simple amuse- townspeople alike. The beneficial habits boulders. It then flew to a low sycamore ment, without formal tools or equipment, of the common blue racers, garter snakes, branch to dry and preen its feathers be- is a natural part of outdoor enjoyment. and others (aside from the two poison- fore flying off into its native woodland Perhaps the greatest interest of the ous ones mentioned) were explained to habitat. The third of the brilliant red group along the trails was in learning to the group. birds seen was a summer tanager, lack- know which plants to taste or smell, and On the sunny side of a hickory tree a ing the black face or the black wings of which were irritating or perhaps poison- slight clatter of small claws drew the the other two, but a brilliant scarlet ous. Everyone enjoyed the flavor of attention of some of the nearby students jewel amongst green foliage where it was young sassafras twigs or the odor of to the presence of a small grey lizard, observed by the group in the full light crushed spicebush leaves. Some of the which quickly rushed up the tree out of of the low evening sun. plants of the open field such as the yar- reach when it saw that it was observed. "Next year we hope to make the camp- row had pungent odors and were less Later on, one of these lizards was cap- ing trip available to all sixth-grade stu- common to the group than spearmint tured by the quick action of a boy reach- dents," said Forrest DuBois, principal and pennyroyal, found along the stream ing around a tree, when one was seen a of the Connersville school, "and we hope banks. few feet above the ground. Again this to have the camp as an annual activity. Common wild onion, such a pest in interesting reptile was closely examined At the present time we are discussing dairy pastures, was brought forward for by the group and found to be dry, scaly, the possibility of having it in October, examination by one of the pupils. When and not at all repulsive or harmful. after six weeks of classroom preparation they learned that it was an onion, with a When one of the boys permitted it to and committee work as preparation for small onion bulb on the base, the inevi- run up his shirt and ride on his shoulder the outdoor experience. We feel that the table question was whether it was good he was the envy of all the group, the benefits gained in a week end in the hills to eat. They were advised that it was same as any other child with a treasured of Versailles in the autumn will give us possible, but perhaps not advisable, to pet. material to discuss and an inspiration try it. This dare immediately tempted Among the objects the group was which will carry over through the bal- some of the boys to bite into the onion taught to avoid was the common, ance of the school year. We hope to and soon, not to be outdone, shiny, almost every three-leafed poison ivy, found climbing make conservation education vital and boy and many of the girls were tasting as vines on some of the trees and plenti- personal to each student, and not a nec- the onions with expressions of mingled ful along the woods edge or stream banks essary but tiresome thing connected with dismay and amusement. in many places. Wood ticks were found books." Snakes were an ever-present source of by two or three of the pupils and care- interest to adults and children alike and fully removed and destroyed without be- it was inevitable that the group should ing touched with the bare hands. This is Our 8-Footed Friends find a garter snake shortly after the hike an extra precaution, but is worth-while (Continued from Page 15) began. This caused a few shrieks of ex- on the rare chance of contracting Rocky For example, during the stickily-blis- citement, but one of the boys, in a spirit Mountain spotted fever. The fact that tering "hot spells" of summer, it is some of bravado, finally picked the snake up the new Aureomycin is now available as consolation to know that it is good corn- gingerly behind the head and brought it a cure for this disease gave an opportu- growing weather, and a few of us will to the center of the group for exami- nity to bring medical science into the even insist that the hotter it gets the nation. discussion which arose upon finding better we feel. But in spite of these Once the pupils found the snake was these small crustaceans. harmless, and in fact terrified, there was strong bonds of custom and of loyalty, Some of the leaders and teachers of we have never, no never, heard a Hoosier no hesitation in crowding around as the Connersville school have had better maintain that chiggers are of any use closely as possible, touching the snake than average background for this out- whatever, or that he would be in any way and discovering that it had no visible door education, a necessary requisite to sorry to see the last of them. teeth. Many finally requested permis- lead boys and girls in nature study. Miss This brings to mind the story of one sion to hold it in turn. The amazement Bonetha Fegley, interested in biology, school girl who was recently expressed at the dry and scaly appear- spent two weeks in 1948 at the Audubon asked to identify ance of the snake is common, revealing Society camp in Connecticut. An inter- the state flower and state bird, which she named. Then the teacher the fact that many people are convinced est in all outdoor nature i taught there that a snake is slimy, in the manner of a in addition to the specialized work on turned suddenly and asked, "What is the state fish or a snail. birds for which the Audubon Society is insect?" The girl was stumped Two other snakes were seen during the primarily noted. Miss Fegley, with gen- momentarily, and then remembering a afternoon, one a common banded water erously-loaned bird glasses, was able to recent experience with chiggers she re- snake. This was labeled cottonmouth point out three brilliant redbirds nearly plied, "I guess it must be the chigger!" moccasin at first, until a group discus- the size of robins during the trip. The As of now, however, no one has come sion revealed the fact that this species of beautiful cardinal with the scarlet coat up with a method of general extermina- the deep Mississippi is not found in In- and black face was recognized by most, tion. Until that day arrives, we must diana. Discussion also brought out the but very few had seen the next red bird, continue either to use sulfur before tak- fact that the copperhead and rattler are the scarlet tanager. To the delight of the ing a summer hike, or to apply some the only poisonous snakes in Indiana. entire group, a brilliantly colored male soothing preparation afterward.

Page 18 * OUTDOOR INDIANA UNCLE JIM Lakes Js Owt Crist#as Preseuts

B ChrismasY THE long time horn an'spoon I ain'tif it ain'tdone pret' a dingbanged nigh on to thing such as gettin' ready fer it. I dunno, seems like a feller eats too much durin' the Thanksgivin' an' Chrismas season an' I just been sorta bogged down fer a spell. Tother night I was a settin' readin' the Daily Disappointment that's printed at Newt White's print shop an' it seemed to me I never seen such a raft o' things to git fer people I bet they never use. I had a flatiron propped on my lap an' was a crackin' walnuts an' I went to pick out a nut and run a horse- shoe nail I wuz usin' fer a pick 'bout halfway up to my elbow. It hurt like the dickens an' I guess I sorta fergot myself and said a few things kinda loud 'cause my cat really took off. I soaked it with some turpen- tine right good but it sure is sore. Kinda hinders me a little on a coonskin cap I'm makin' fer a Chrismas present fer a little feller in my township that ain't very strong an' I thought might feel pretty good on him. I got a little money saved up from some odd jobs I done this summer helpin' Aunt Eunice Whistle- wait's husband, Throcky, move his smokehouse an' put up a new front porch an' I may buy a few Chris- mas presents but fer the most part I think I'll try an' make 'em myself. Now I got a good friend, Bert Nelson, who somma these days lightin' matches. Bet she'll like that fer is always gettin' stuck in the snow when he backs his machine Chrismas. A feller can make a lotta handy little gifts if he's outa the shed. He tries to throw ashes under the back wheels gifted an' I think people likes 'em as well as boughtn store an' misses every time and his wife, Letty, kinda rants when stuff. But there's one Chrismas gift I am gonna give that he does 'cause she is always in a hurry. I got a extry coal anyone can give, an' that's a lotta bred and cracker crumbs to scuttle 'round the house an' I'm gonna sodder a kind of a troff- my way durin' the winter. Why the poor little shaped snoot on it so Bert can really put them ashes where the birds down they oughta be. That won't be too bad a Chrismas present things will starve to death if we don't all feed 'em if it snows 'cause there ain't nothin' makes a feller madder than to get this year like it did last. The snow was higher than the smoke- stuck. Now you take Aunt Minnie Ruell fer instance. She is house in a couple of places. Well, I guess I better get back to always puttin' her false teeth where she can never find 'em. readin' my paper 'cause, by Hector, there is a lotta nice things She gets up every mornin' before the rooster crows an' its dark, a feller can buy fer gifts right reasonable like. Maybe I better so I'm gettin' her a special glass fer 'em an' paintin' a stripe spend a little of that spondoolix I got saved up and make 'round it with that there paint that shines at night so she can somebody happy. Can't take it with me. Whew, that cider's hit 'em in the dark. She'll burn the whole shebang down strong. Merry Christmas. i e iu

MOST FISHHOOKS IMPORTED

manufacturers have variations in. their the National Association of Angling and F countriesISHHOOKS before were themade war, in butseveral the lengths of shank, shape and quality of Casting Clubs. The association proposed majority of the fly hooks sold in this hook. There have been many attempts that fly-hook size be governed by length country came from Norway and Eng- to standardize the length of shank, width of shank, exclusive of the eye; that the land. There is no standard terminology of bend, diameter of wire, and other fea- gap between the point and shank be by means of which all hooks can be de- tures, but there have been few concrete one-half the length of the straight shank; scribed to indicate length of shank, width results. During the last few years, how- that the diameter of the eye be the same of bend, length of barb, and type of ever, there has been some success in get- as the diameter of the wire, and that the point. Although the same numbering ting established in this country a stand- standards be applicable to every bend system may be used, nearly all foreign ard for fly hooks. This was proposed by and style of hook.

OUTDOOR INDIANA * Page 19 DECEMBER il Jdiana with the Sditor . .

Jefferson County vising officer, to patrol the ninety-two The Dingle-Johnson Bill (H. R. 1746) counties of the state. which would have set up federal aid to Forestry Tour And they are doing it. the various states' programs for fish res- More than 67 conservationists attend- The Conservation Department en- toration closely paralleling the highly ed the tenth annual Jefferson county for- forcement division knows full well that successful Pittman-Robertson game res- estry tour near Madison last month. there are many persons to whom law does toration program which has been in op- Sponsored by the Jefferson County For- not mean much, while to most sports- eration for years, and thus close the gap estry Committee, the tour began at the men, the laws enacted mean everything. in nation-wide fish and game restoration Fascmire sawmill, a mile north of Madi- These laws mean good hunting and fish- programs, has been vetoed by President son on Indiana Highway 62. The owner ing for all. Truman. of the mill explained the operations to Indiana's conservation officers in the The act would have diverted the ten the group and conducted them through first two weeks of November, which is per cent excise tax collected on sport the property. the time this issue of OUTDOOR INDIANA fishing tackle from the general fund of Nearby the sawmill, the tourists in- goes to press, arrested seventy-five per- the U. S. Treasury into a special ear- spected a ladder rung plant, which is sons for violations any good sportsman marked fund for the above mentioned operated by one man. The plant also or fisherman would obey without hesi- programs. These taxes, paid by sports- manufactures toy broom handles and tation. men who buy rods, reels, etc., would have wooden novelties. The plant provided a They confiscated a score or more shot- been made available to state fish divi- good example of close wood utilization, guns, rifles and nondescript weapons, sions annually through the U. S. Fish and as well as displaying an efficient one-man many hunting and fishing licenses, and Wildlife Service. operation. saw to it that their cases stuck in court. The veto means the loss to the Fish Recreation of the day consisted of a Fines assessed and paid by those arrested and Game Division of the Indiana De- chopping and crosscut sawing contest totaled $1,900. Since going to press an- partment of Conservation alone of an held in a classified forest approximately other sizeable group has been arrested. annual allotment of $100,000. one mile north of Wirt on Indiana High- The Department intends to enforce the It is suggested that each of you get in way 7. Nine teams participated in the law-a fact that should not inconven- touch with your various representatives contest to demonstrate their sawing ience anyone other than those who do in Congress by telegram, letter or tele- skill, while only four men participated in not care about the law from any angle. phone with a view toward having this the chopping contest. veto overridden. Let's give the fishermen At the last stop on the tour, the con- Attention Fishermen a break. The Pittman-Robertson Act has servationists viewed a farm where 50,000 been a boon to hunters. It has proven its trees have been planted for reforestation For ten years conservation minded value. The Dingle bill passed through purposes within the last five years. The persons, conservation clubs and Izaak both houses in Congress without a bobble species planted included black locust, red Walton Leagues have striven to gain but it hit a snag when it reached the pine, white pine, Virginia pine and short- passage of a bill which would have given President. The Conservation Depart- leaf pine. much needed financial aid to the conser- ments of all states are urging the fisher- The Jefferson County Forestry Com- vation departments of all the states in men to do their bit toward gaining final mittee was one of the first to be organ- the Union. passage of the bill. ized in Indiana, and since its origin, members have accomplished a great deal of forestry work in that particular county. Members of the committee are John L. Sample, chairman; Earl Miles, Law- rence Clashman, John W. Gray, George Bersch and Howard Clashman. --- The editors of OUTDOOR INDIANA, along with the en- Game Laws Enforced tire staff and every member of the Indiana Department of Conservation, wish to take this opportunity to say, One of the biggest jobs the Indiana and happy holiday season." Department of Conservation, or any k "A very Merry Christmas state's conservation department has on We wish to thank you for your kind indulgence the its hands for that matter, is the chore of past twelve months, and assure you that in the months seeing to it that hunting and fishing laws to come we will attempt to bring you a bigger and are enforced and violators brought to better OUTDOOR INDIANA. justice. Indiana has sufficient conservation of- 3' 3 ' 3 3 ' 3 ' ' 3 ' 3 ficers and captains, together with a super-

Page 20 * OUTDOOR INDIANA II -I ------I _i------I

LOOK, BERT! A CHICKE !! OUR HOUND THE FARMER. GETS r ISM'T GOIMG BIRDS. TO LIKE - THAT !!

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SOME "BIRD" DOG-HE'S REALLY "FOWLED" UP! BassBeach Stae Park Lake GUIDE 3s 10. STATE PARKS TO m___ STATE PARKS I 3% NAPPANEE MemnriaI Bass Lake Beach State Park JOHN Brown County State Park 4 Oor OawaLO an nl Clifty Falls State Park a s Lake . s Indiana Dunes State Park ,N 1 AHatchery Tr_-A#, 4 Lincoln State Park S ia-P ok-tFish I ntcher McCormick's Creek State Park State o r Fie atch~rv 2 Mounds State Park "-- LK 30 Muscatatuck State Park Ja.serPuas anz Pokagon State Park Preseve State Park Shades State Parkr .a Z.e Shakamak State Park f , Spring Mill State Park t 4 Tippecanoe River State Park T u rk e y R u n State Pa rk . .. IG °, Versailles State Park 3- asSH4 t - LR Salemot 1Dea STATE FORESTS-NURSERIES MiTICELLOtvvRiv 4 Wl Clark State Forest and Nursery F'e-anFra t itatrorest FFTON a Frances Siocum State Forest o s ndPro rse Ferdinand State Forest z re Greene-Sullivan State Forest Limb Harrison State Forest Tippeaoe p 'i Jackson State Forest and Nursery 5 z mora KOcU Jasper-Pulaski State Nursery oa5 v' r M" z+ z- z Kankakee State Park and Forest Morgan-Monroe State Forest -' 4 - Martin State Forest i i Owen State Forest AT Selmier State Forest S. Yellowwood State Forest - ounds i STATE CAME FARMS-- c o L tate Park PRESERVES TShat des Hovey Lake State Game Preserve Jasper-Pulaski State Game Farm and RierseNE r t Preserve ishe6 Birthp Kankakee State Game Preserve t eRuniateryPki Wells State Game Farm and Preserve -- STATE MEMORIALS -R 436 Angel Mounds Memorial j,, 52 George Rogers Clark Memorial {}! Corydon Capitol Memorial Gene Stratton Porter Memorial 35 s Goshen Church Memorial 6ii' i James F. D. Lanier Memorial " 3z1 Limberlost Memorial ' . tO" Nancy Hanks Lincoln Memorial TE Mo n-Monroe onKV,3L Pigeon Roost Memorial McCorm ta rest c ht rial T. C. Steele Memorial 5 Creek .a m Territorial Capitol Memorial State Par Tippecanoe Battlefield . s "3U S Memorial Yellowwood ,24 COLUS Whitewater Canal Memorial 48 aa Sta teorest Wilbur Wright Memorial 4 Shakamak LoBrownCounC STATE FISH atePark 45 T State Park aies HATCHERIES 3 Memorial tateaaN Park Avoca Hatchery ?ereeve-SullivanZ N r 50 Bass Lake Hatchery StateForet 7 Driftwood Hatchery L..ANTf Avo 'o Fawn River Hatchery i Fis U -o23 Ferdinand Hatchery w Hatchry m sJ Maxinkuckee Hatchery fih Hatch so y 67 -u1 ltateFarest 2 Riverside Hatchery 4 n r Fus.. c Fale Jes iL Tri-Lakes Hatchery Geore /ark E tzkgiFa Wawasee Hatchery Memori OMIELL StPrk POINTS OF INTEREST Capoitotemoriav 7 Poe orlt / Constitution Elm 44 L i Deam Oak 4ss t PETER u so Clark s50tate Forest These properties are andxNrsey

administered by the OW _an Indiana Department .6 . PuciER of Conservation. ie bre innd a SrState Frestand Harrison CaIlY Fish atchery State Forest

7 DALE C"wstitu 45Vstedo L03 SILLS 4

Chrh Memorial - * AStatAe K Park 0/SPGhe *K I

p Game Preserve K I1