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Cladoniaceae of Montenegro

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Cladoniaceae of Montenegro ARTÍCULOS Botanica Complutensis ISSN-e: 1988-2874 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/BOCM.65893 Cladoniaceae of Montenegro Ana Rosa Burgaz1, Blanca Gutiérrez1 & Raquel Pino-Bodas2 Recibido: 01/07/2019 / Aceptado: 2/10/2019 Abstract. As a result of collections made in 61 locations during the year 2018, the number of Cladonia taxa is enlarged to 42, and ten new records of Cladonia are provided to Montenegro, Cladonia cariosa, C. coccifera, C. cyathomorpha, C. digitata, C. diversa, C. homosekikaica, C. imbricarica, C. merochlorophaea, C. novochlorophaea and C. subulata. The distribution of many taxa previously known for the territory is extended. The chemical variation and the distribution of each species are discussed. Key words. Cladonia; diversity; phytogeography; lichens; chemical metabolites; Mediterranean Region. [es] Cladoniaceae de Montenegro Resumen. Como consecuencia de la recolección en 61 localidades efectuada en 2018, se amplía a 42 taxones del género Cladonia, además se aportan diez especies nuevas para Montenegro, Cladonia cariosa, C. coccifera, C. cyathomorpha, C. digitata, C. diversa, C. homosekikaica, C. imbricarica, C. merochlorophaea, C. novochlorophaea y C. subulata. Se amplía la distribución de muchos de los taxones citados con anterioridad para el territorio. Se discute la variabilidad química y la distribución de cada una de las especies encontradas. Palabras clave: Cladonia; diversidad; fitogeografía; líquenes; metabolitos químicos; región Mediterránea. Introduction zegovina with 25 species, or Croatia with 45 spe- cies (Burgaz & Pino-Bodas 2012; Burgaz et al. The lichenological exploration of Montenegro 2017), others are still poorly explored, especially started with Biasoletto (1841), being Cladonia the countries of southeastern Europe. fimbriata one of the first reports for the coun- The aim of this contribution is to summa- try, as Knežević & Mayrhofer (2009) pointed rize the results of floristic survey from Mon- out. Several generalistic lichenological studies tenegro in the framework of a project on the were carried out in Montenegro up to date. Out family Cladoniaceae in the Mediterranean area of the 850 taxa of lichenized fungi published, of Eurasia. 33 species belong to the genus Cladonia, but no monographic study of the genus has been carried out (Mayrhofer et al. 2017). However, Materials and Methods some authors must be highlighted because they contributed with a greater number of species of Description of studied area the genus Cladonia, such as Kušan (1953) who publishes all the information known to date Montenegro is a small mountainous Mediter- about the territories of the former Yugoslavia, ranean country limited by the Adriatic Sea and Bilovitz et al. (2008), Knežević & Mayrhofer sourrounded by Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, (2009) and Strasser et al. (2015). Serbia and Kosovo (from the old Yugoslavi- Although the genus Cladonia has been well an territories), and Albania. It is located in the studied in many regions of Europe, especially in SE of Europe, where the Dinaric Alps run par- some bordering countries such as Albania, which allel to the sea, with many peaks above 2000 has 27 species (Burgaz et al. 2019), Bosnia-Her- m high. The Durmitor massif, as part of the 1 Departament of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution (Botany Unit), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. Correspondence autor, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, TW9 3AB, Richmond, Surrey, UK. [email protected] Bot. complut. 43, 2019: 109-139 109 110 Burgaz, A.R.; Gutiérrez, B. & Pino-Bodas, R. Bot. complut. 43, 2019: 109-139 Dinaric Alps, are located in the NW, with the beech forests, mixed beech-fir and spruce for- highest altitude at Bobotov peak (2522 m), ests are situated in localities higher than 1000 while the Bjelasica mountains range in the m altitude. Above the timberline, subalpine NE, reaching 2139 m at Crna Glava peak. The grassland covers large areas. dominant substrate is constituted by limestones The result of collections made in 61 loca- and dolomites, and more than two-thirds of the tions during the summer of 2018 and the anal- country is karstic, intersected by river canyons ysis of 352 specimens can be found in Annex and gorge stretches (Radulovic & Radulovic 1. The specimens were deposited in Madrid 1997), although there are some locations with (MACB) and Helsinki (H). Numerous speci- siliceous rocks. mens of each species were analysed by means In general, the country has a Mediterrane- of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to iden- an climate, but with many variations related to tify the major lichen substances (Orange et the altitudinal elevation and exposures. There al. 2001). The main secondary metabolites are three main climatic zones: Mediterranean, identified from Cladonia are listed in Table temperate continental and mountains (Horvat 1. Distribution maps are presented according et al. 1974), with very variable annual precip- to the administrative divisions of Montenegro itations. This climatic variation places Monte- (Figure 1). Figure 2 shows the most probable negro among the biological hotspots of Euro- altitude where the species can be found as the pean and world biodiversity (NBSAP 2010). average with the standard deviation values The Mediterranean vegetation consisting of and the extreme values are the maximum and maquis and garrigue is located at lower ter- minimum where the species was found. rains, while the mixed deciduous woodland, A B Figure 1. A-Map of Montenegro (https://www.ezilon.com/maps/europe/montenegro-physical-maps. html). B-Montenegro Municipalities (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Montenegro#/media/ File:Municipalities_of_Montenegro.svg). Burgaz, A.R.;Gutiérrez,B.&Pino-Bodas,R. Table 1. Main secondary metabolites of Montenegrin Cladonia. ATR: atranorin, BAR: barbatic acid, BOU: bourgeanic acid, CNST: connorstictic acid, CPSO: conpsoromic acid, FUM: fumarprotocetraric acid, HSEK: homosekikaic acid, MER: merochlorophaeic acid, NST: norstictic acid, PSO: psoromic acid, RAN: rangiformic acid, SPHAE: sphaerophorin, SQU: squamatic acid, THAM: thamnolic acid, USN: usnic acid, ZEO: zeorin. Species ATR BAR BOU CNST CPSO FUM HSEK MER NST PSO RAN SPHAE SQU THAM USN ZEO C. arbuscula + + C. bacilliformis + + C. borealis + + C. botrytes + + C. cariosa 1 + + + C. cariosa 2 + + ± Bot. complut. C. cariosa 3 + + ± C. cariosa 4 + ± C. carneola + + C. cenotea + 43, 2019:109-139 C. cervicornis + C. chlorophaea + C. coccifera + + C. coniocraea + C. conista + + C. crispata + C. cyathomorpha + C. deformis + + C. digitata 1 + C. digitata 2 + + C. diversa + + C. fimbriata + C. foliacea + + C. furcata 1 + C. furcata 2 + + C. furcata 3 + + + C. gracilis + 111 C. homosekikaica + + 112 Species ATR BAR BOU CNST CPSO FUM HSEK MER NST PSO RAN SPHAE SQU THAM USN ZEO C. imbricarica 1 + C. imbricarica 2 + + C. macilenta 1 + + C. macilenta 2 + C. macroceras 1 + C. macroceras 2 + C. macrophyllodes + + C. merochlorophaea + + C. mitis + + C. novochlorophaea + + C. peziziformis + + C. phyllophora + C. pleurota + + Burgaz, A.R.;Gutiérrez,B.&Pino-Bodas,R. C. pyxidata + C. ramulosa + C. rangiferina + + C. rangiformis 1 + + C. rangiformis 2 + + + C. rangiformis 3 + + + C. rei 1 + C. rei 2 + + C. squamosa + C. subulata + Bot. complut. C. sulphurina + + C. symphycarpa 1 + + + C. symphycarpa 2 + + + + C. symphycarpa 3 + + 43, 2019:109-139 C. symphycarpa 4 + + C. symphycarpa 5 + + + C. uncialis + + greater depth. are discussedin variability found chemical and thoseinwhichwehave southern Europe Burgaz, A.R.;Gutiérrez,B.&Pino-Bodas,R. tion typemaquisareveryscarce,thereforethe The areaswithMediterraneanvegeta altitude. decreasing with though inasmallerquantity, forests hosttooahighnumberofspecies,al the speciesstudied.Beechandotherdeciduous communis, Pinus mugo Altitudes above2000m,where ber ofspecies. num largest m, harbours the titudes above 1500 The firaltitude. and spruce forest, present in al diversity ofspeciesbetween1000and2000m the greatestcontain the country and north of ed atthemainmountainousareasofcenter The Montenegroforestslocat thors (Figure2). au published bydifferent liographic references taking intoaccountbothourdataandotherbib occur betweensealeveland2400mofaltitude, The speciesstudied represented inMontenegro. Cladonia Results anddiscussion 1000 1500 2000 2500 500 0 The species morphologically variable in variable The speciesmorphologically C. arbuscula istheonlygenusofCladoniaceae C. bacilliformis arealsoimportantgrowthareasfor prevailsaccompaniedby C. borealis C. botrytes C. cariosa C. carneola C. cenotea C. cervicornis C. chlorophaea Figure 2. C. coccifera C. coniocraea C. conista C. crispata Bot. complut. Species altitudinalrankinMontenegro. C. cyathomorpha Juniperus C. deformis C. digitata C. diversa 43, 2019:109-139 C. fimbriata - - - - - - - C. foliacea C. furcata C. gracilis number ofspeciesfoundintheseformations Vuksanović etal.(2016). Vuksanović following thegeographicalregionalizationof inMontenegro only Mediterraneanspeciess.str. areas(Figure3). SW rei C. C. conista subregions; while Montenegro andonly7%growinginthenorthern 43% ofthemlocatedintheeasternsubregions being 2016), al. et (Vuksanović climate continental Alps, whichmostlyenjoysatemperate Dinaric distributionalongthe species (64%)haveNW-NE C. rangiformis C. fimbriata subulata. merochlorophaea C. cariosa lichen checklistforMontenegro(*): which thefollowingarenewrecordstoformer acidophilic species. acidic rockswhichallowtheentranceofmany
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