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WHO WERE THE PHOENICIANS ? NISSIM. R. GANOR I II WHO WERE THE PHOENICIANS ? NISSIM R. GANOR KIP – Kotarim International Publishing LTD III WHO WERE THE PHOENICIANS? NISSIM R. GANOR © All rights reserved to the author No part of this book may be translated, reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information, storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the author. KIP - Kotarim International Publishing ltd www.kotarim.com Design: Daphna Ganor Rachel Shamir ISBN: 978-965-91415-2-4 Printed in Israel IV is book is dedicated to my friend, partner and spouse Magda, whose unlimited devotion and support made this research possible. To my late parents Avraham D. and Simcha Mizrachi Alehem Hashalom. And last, to my sons – Elon ,Ido and their families. V VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the management and employees of the 'Eretz Israel' Museum library for all their assistance. Many thanks to the management of the Rockefeller Museum and specifically to Mrs. Cassuto. I would also like to extend my thanks to Mr. Regulant who helped me at different stages of my research. anks to Mr. Norbert Segal for the photographs he provided. Special thanks are due to Mr. Heineman, formerly the manager of the 'Eretz Israel' museum library, and to Mrs. Rebecca Twaig who both edited the English translation at different stages. To my granddaughter Daphna Ganor for her work and dedication on the graphics editing of this book and to my grandson Ori Ganor for his help with editing work. Many thanks to Meir Ben Dov for his support and for the introduction written for this book. Many thanks to Mr. Yosef Elkony and Mr. Aviel, for their help in publishing this book. anks to its publisher Mr. Moshe Alon. Special thanks are due to the late Professor Yehuda Fried, who inspired me to write this book. Finally I would like to thank all the many friends and supporters who could not be mentioned here. Dr. Nissim R. Ganor Summer 2009 VII 7 VIII CONTENTS Abbreviations x i i i Preface 001 A note to the English edition 007 Who were the Phoenicians 009 e conquest of Canaan according to the Bible and T.E.A.T 013 e Exodus 047 e Philistines and "Sea People" not the same entity 107 Who were the Habiruִ 135 e period of the Judges 149 Who were the Phoenicians according to Herodotus and Diodorus siculus? 157 e religious evolution in the Israelite nation 163 e worship of Baal 171 Judah and Benjamin – a new entity 177 e Meaning of eophoric names 185 e Meaning of the name Yehovah (Jehovah) 193 e Jewish Nation in Judah 195 e Meaning of the name Phoenicians 197 e Alphabet – its invention and letter names 201 Archaeological findings and miscellaneous items 227 Ras Shamra – Ugarit 229 Script and Language 237 Religion 241 e god of Medicine 245 Art and Architecture 247 Miscellaneous items 251 Colonies and place names 255 Sparta 265 Conclusion 269 Bibliography 271 Index 297 9 IX X XI EGYPT MAP AND THE EXODUS PATH XII LIST OF ABREVIATIONS A. Periodicals AAA. Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. AASOR. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. AJA. American Journal of Archaeology. AJSLL. American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature. AR. Archaeology. AS. Anatolian Studies. ASOR. American Schools of Oriental Research. BA. e Biblical Archaeologist. BAR. Biblical Archaelogy Review. BASOR. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. BIE. Bulletin de L'Institut d'Egypte. BSA. Annual of the British School of Athens. BSAE. British School of Archaeology in Egypt. IES. Israel Exploration Society. JAOS. Journal of the American Oriental Society. JBL. Journal of Biblical Literature. JEA. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. JNES. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. JPOS. Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society. OA. Opuscula Archaeologica; Acta instituti Romani Regni Sueciae. PEF/P/Q. Palestine Exploration Fund; Paper, Quarterly Statement. QDAP. Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine. PSBA. Proceeding of the Society of Biblical Archaeology. RAr. Revue Archaéologique. RB. Revue Biblique. RES. Revue des Etudes Sémitique. RHR. Revue de l'Histoire des Religions. RS. Revue Sémitique. SY. Syria, Revue d'Art oriental et d'Archaéologie. VT. Vetus Testamentum. ZAW. Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wiesenschaft. ZDPV. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina –Vereins. XIII xiii B . Books ANET.Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Pritchard. J. B. (princeton 1954). ANE. e Ancient Near East. A New Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Pritchard J. B. Princeton paper printing 1973. Ant. Josephus Flavius–Antiquities. CAH. Cambridge Ancient History. CIS. Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. Con. Ap. Josephus Flavius –Contra Apionem. Diod. Sic. Diodorus Siculus. EB. Encyclopaedia Britanica. EI. Enciclopedia Italiana Di Scienza, Lettere ed Arti, Treves–Trecani 1932. ERE. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. New York, Scribners'. EWA. Encyclopedia of World Art, N. Y. 1966. Fr. His. Gr. Fragmenta Historicorun Grecorum. Lods–Israel. A. Lods, Israël des origines au milieu du VIIIe siècle. edit. L'Évolution de L'humanité, Paris, 1949. RECORDS. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Historical Documents, Chicago 1906 II. STU. PH. Studia Phoenicia, I–II, Leuven, 1983; III, 1985; IV, Namur, 1986. V, Leuven 1987. TEAT.; EAT.; Tel el Amarna Tablets; el Amarna Tablets. Knudtzon; Knudtzon, J. A. Die El Amarna Taffeln, Leipzig 1915. Mercer, S. A. e Tell El Amarna Tablets, Macmillan 1939. C. Books of the Old Testament Gen. Genesis. Ex. Exodus. Le. Leviticus. Nu. Numbers. Deut. Deuteronomy. Jos. Joshua. XIV xiv Ju. Judges. 1Sam. 1 Samuel. 2Sam. 2 Samuel. 1Kn. 1. Kings. 2Kn. 2 Kings. 1Chr. 1 Chronicles. 2Chr. 2 Chronicles Ez. Ezra. Ne. Nehemiah. Ps. Psalms. Pr. Proverbs. Je. Jeremiah. Is. Isaiah. Ezk. Ezekiel. Ho. Hosea. Mi. Micha. Ze. Zephaniah. Sol. Song of Solomon. Words A.V. Authorized Version. Heb. Hebrew. L. line. O.T. Old Testament. Tab. Tablet. Trans. Translation. XV xv XVI INTRODUCTION ere is little doubt that the invention of the phonetic alphabet was a pivotal event in the development of human culture, paralleled in importance by only a handful of events such as the beginning of tool-making and the invention of Gutenberg's printing press. e ability to record ideas through different combinations of twenty-two letters advanced mankind in all cultural domains. Earlier forms of writing (such as the ancient Egyptian, Chinese or Mesopotamian cuneiform scripts) required knowledge and memorization of thousands of symbols and were, therefore, the estate of a meager few. e powerful yet simple idea of the phonetic alphabet paved the way for lasting human communication of unlimited content and scope, and in doing so facilitated the cumulative progress of science, technology, culture and religion as we know them. e development of the phonetic alphabet is commonly attributed to a mysterious ancient civilization, known as 'Phoenician'. e Phoenicians were a nation based in the Mediterranean coastal regions of modern day Lebanon, Syria and Israel. e Phoenicians are known for being a fierce clan of sailors and merchants who settled the shores of the southern and eastern Mediterranean, and whose famous later descendant Hannibal of Carthage almost conquered Rome. However, when studied carefully, it is clear that the coherence of this common description abounds with logical flaws. First, the earliest phonetic alphabet symbols were discovered in the area of Serabit El-Khadem in the Sinai Peninsula, and were dated to the 18th-19th centuries B.C., long before any documented mention of the Phoenicians. eir language is Semitic and is commonly considered 'proto-Phoenician', namely, a precursor to the later language known as Phoenician. Moreover, no mention of the term 'Phoenician' is found prior to Homer, several hundred years after their time (not even in the Phoenician writings themselves). From where and when then did this influential culture 'emerge'? Who were the Phoenicians? Many researchers have addressed this mystery, and a multitude of ideas and conjectures have been made in hundreds and thousands of articles and books. As in many research fields, a genuine breakthrough was hard to achieve. Preconceptions, inferences and dogmatic opinions are entrenched in the academic teaching of history, archeology and biblical science and are inevitably accepted by professionals through academic study without realizing it. erefore, in history as in all fields of science, it is not uncommon to find XVII xvii major breakthroughs and fresh unbiased views made by people who were not formally educated within the specific discipline. A good example of this is the German researcher Wellhausen, whose 19th century research on Arab tribes indirectly led him to a new understanding of the origins of the Bible – an understanding that is now key to all modern-day biblical research. In my view, the same applies to the current study, originally published in Hebrew three decades ago. Dr. Ganor, a pediatrician and a self-taught history scholar, began his research on the Phoenician language and people by pure coincidence. Studying the field with outstanding intellectual curiosity, he saw what could only be seen through the eyes of a skeptic outsider unbound by preconceptions. Dr. Ganor's approach is novel and revolutionary, and his perspective is drawn from a completely different angle and outlook to that to which we are accustomed in historical research. Over the course of more than thirty years, Dr. Ganor analyzed hundreds of books and articles, and studied every piece of information on the subject. It is evident that he has researched the subject comprehensively, as attested by the rich bibliography. Finding many fundamental contradictions and logical flaws in the conventional scholarly views, he embarked on extensive, step-by-step detective-like work, reshuffling the basic elements composed of uninterpreted hard evidence and gradually formulating his own unique interpretation.
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