Treaty of Verdun Middle Ages
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Review Volume 11 (2011) Page 1
H-France Review Volume 11 (2011) Page 1 H-France Review Vol. 11 (January 2011), No. 31 Karl Heidecker, The Divorce of Lothar II: Christian Marriage and Political Power in the Carolingian World, translated from the Dutch by Tanis M. Guest. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2010. x + 226 pp. Map, genealogical tables, bibliography, and index. $45.00 U.S. (cl.) ISBN 978- 0-8014-3929-2 Review by Sam Collins, George Mason University. Lothar II’s protracted attempt to divorce his wife Theutberga caused a European-wide scandal from 857 to his death in 869, and it is a scandal with an impressively large and detailed source base. In annals, conciliar acta, papal letters, charters, and, most importantly, an extensive tract devoted to the issue by Hincmar of Rheims, the story unfolds in frequently sordid detail. Lothar married Theutberga, a member of a prominent noble family, the so-called ‘Bosonids,’ in 855 for political advantage. What advantage this marriage offered the king seems soon to have departed, a process no doubt accelerated by Theutberga’s childlessness, and by 857 Lothar attempted a divorce from her and a return to his former partner (and possibly first wife), Waldrada, with whom he had a son. The grounds for the divorce were charges of the worst kind leveled at Theutberga: incest, sodomy, an abortion. Theutberga protested her innocence and either she or a proxy proved it through an ordeal of hot water in 858. Lothar, however, persisted, and in a trial at Aachen in 860 coerced Theutberga into a (false, or so many said) confession of her guilt. -
The Carolingian Past in Post-Carolingian Europe Simon Maclean
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository 1 The Carolingian Past in Post-Carolingian Europe Simon MacLean On 28 January 893, a 13-year-old known to posterity as Charles III “the Simple” (or “Straightforward”) was crowned king of West Francia at the great cathedral of Rheims. Charles was a great-great-grandson in the direct male line of the emperor Charlemagne andclung tightly to his Carolingian heritage throughout his life.1 Indeed, 28 January was chosen for the coronation precisely because it was the anniversary of his great ancestor’s death in 814. However, the coronation, for all its pointed symbolism, was not a simple continuation of his family’s long-standing hegemony – it was an act of rebellion. Five years earlier, in 888, a dearth of viable successors to the emperor Charles the Fat had shattered the monopoly on royal authority which the Carolingian dynasty had claimed since 751. The succession crisis resolved itself via the appearance in all of the Frankish kingdoms of kings from outside the family’s male line (and in some cases from outside the family altogether) including, in West Francia, the erstwhile count of Paris Odo – and while Charles’s family would again hold royal status for a substantial part of the tenth century, in the long run it was Odo’s, the Capetians, which prevailed. Charles the Simple, then, was a man displaced in time: a Carolingian marooned in a post-Carolingian political world where belonging to the dynasty of Charlemagne had lost its hegemonic significance , however loudly it was proclaimed.2 His dilemma represents a peculiar syndrome of the tenth century and stands as a symbol for the theme of this article, which asks how members of the tenth-century ruling class perceived their relationship to the Carolingian past. -
LECTURE 5 the Origins of Feudalism
OUTLINE — LECTURE 5 The Origins of Feudalism A Brief Sketch of Political History from Clovis (d. 511) to Henry IV (d. 1106) 632 death of Mohammed The map above shows to the growth of the califate to roughly 750. The map above shows Europe and the East Roman Empire from 533 to roughly 600. – 2 – The map above shows the growth of Frankish power from 481 to 814. 486 – 511 Clovis, son of Merovich, king of the Franks 629 – 639 Dagobert, last effective Merovingian king of the Franks 680 – 714 Pepin of Heristal, mayor of the palace 714 – 741 Charles Martel, mayor (732(3), battle of Tours/Poitiers) 714 – 751 - 768 Pepin the Short, mayor then king 768 – 814 Charlemagne, king (emperor, 800 – 814) 814 – 840 Louis the Pious (emperor) – 3 – The map shows the Carolingian empire, the Byzantine empire, and the Califate in 814. – 4 – The map shows the breakup of the Carolingian empire from 843–888. West Middle East 840–77 Charles the Bald 840–55 Lothair, emp. 840–76 Louis the German 855–69 Lothair II – 5 – The map shows the routes of various Germanic invaders from 150 to 1066. Our focus here is on those in dark orange, whom Shepherd calls ‘Northmen: Danes and Normans’, popularly ‘Vikings’. – 6 – The map shows Europe and the Byzantine empire about the year 1000. France Germany 898–922 Charles the Simple 919–36 Henry the Fowler 936–62–73 Otto the Great, kg. emp. 973–83 Otto II 987–96 Hugh Capet 983–1002 Otto III 1002–1024 Henry II 996–1031 Robert II the Pious 1024–39 Conrad II 1031–1060 Henry I 1039–56 Henry III 1060–1108 Philip I 1056–1106 Henry IV – 7 – The map shows Europe and the Mediterranean lands in roughly the year 1097. -
FICHA PAÍS Francia República Francesa
OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Francia República Francesa La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios, no defendiendo posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. ABRIL 2021 Moneda: euro=100 céntimos Francia Religión: La religión mayoritaria es la católica, seguida del islam. Otras re- ligiones (judaísmo, protestantismo, budismo) también están representadas, aunque en menor medida. Forma de Estado: República presidencialista, al frente de la cual está el REINO UNIDO presidente de la República, que ejerce el Poder Ejecutivo y es elegido por BÉLGICA Lille sufragio universal directo por un período de cinco años (sistema electoral a Canal de la Mancha doble vuelta). Sus poderes son muy amplios, y entre ellos se encuentra la Amiens facultad de nombrar al Primer Ministro, disolver el Parlamento y concentrar Rouen ALEMANIA Caen Metz la totalidad de los poderes en su persona en caso de crisis. El Primer Ministro PARIS Chalons-en- Champagne es el Jefe del Gobierno y debe contar con la mayoría del Parlamento; su poder Strasbourg Rennes político está muy limitado por las prerrogativas presidenciales. Orléans División administrativa: Francia se divide en 13 regiones metropolitanas, 2 regiones de ultramar y 3 colectividades únicas de ultramar, con un total de Nantes Dijon Besancon SUIZA 101 departamentos (96 metropolitanos y 5 de ultramar). -
Possibilities of Royal Power in the Late Carolingian Age: Charles III the Simple
Possibilities of royal power in the late Carolingian age: Charles III the Simple Summary The thesis aims to determine the possibilities of royal power in the late Carolingian age, analysing the reign of Charles III the Simple (893/898-923). His predecessors’ reigns up to the death of his grandfather Charles II the Bald (843-877) serve as basis for comparison, thus also allowing to identify mid-term developments in the political structures shaping the Frankish world toward the turn from the 9th to the 10th century. Royal power is understood to have derived from the interaction of the ruler with the nobles around him. Following the reading of modern scholarship, the latter are considered as partners of the former, participating in the royal decision-making process and at the same time acting as executors of these decisions, thus transmitting the royal power into the various parts of the realm. Hence, the question for the royal room for manoeuvre is a question of the relations between the ruler and the nobles around him. Accordingly, the analysis of these relations forms the core part of the study. Based on the royal diplomas, interpreted in the context of the narrative evidence, the noble networks in contact with the rulers are revealed and their influence examined. Thus, over the course of the reigns of Louis II the Stammerer (877-879) and his sons Louis III (879-882) and Carloman II (879-884) up until the rule of Charles III the Fat (884-888), the existence of first one, then two groups of nobles significantly influencing royal politics become visible. -
The Legacy of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages in the West The
The Legacy of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages in the West The Roman Empire reigned from 27 BCE to 476 CE throughout the Mediterranean world, including parts of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The fall of the Roman Empire in the West in 476 CE marked the end of the period of classical antiquity and ushered in a new era in world history. Three civilizations emerged as successors to the Romans in the Mediterranean world: the Byzantine Empire (in many ways a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire), and the civilizations of Islam and Western Europe. These three civilizations would become rivals and adversaries over the course of the succeeding centuries. They developed distinct religious, cultural, social, political, and linguistic characteristics that shaped the path each civilization would take throughout the course of the Middle Ages and beyond. The Middle Ages in European history refers to the period spanning the fifth through the fifteenth century. The fall of the Western Roman Empire typically represents the beginning of the Middle Ages. Scholars divide the Middle Ages into three eras: the Early Middle Ages (400–1000), the High Middle Ages (1000–1300), and the Late Middle Ages (1300–1500). The Renaissance and the Age of Discovery traditionally mark the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in European history. The legacy of the Roman Empire, and the division of its territory into three separate civilizations, impacted the course of world history and continues to influence the development of each region to this day. -
A Chronological Particular Timeline of Near East and Europe History
Introduction This compilation was begun merely to be a synthesized, occasional source for other writings, primarily for familiarization with European world development. Gradually, however, it was forced to come to grips with the elephantine amount of historical detail in certain classical sources. Recording the numbers of reported war deaths in previous history (many thousands, here and there!) initially was done with little contemplation but eventually, with the near‐exponential number of Humankind battles (not just major ones; inter‐tribal, dynastic, and inter‐regional), mind was caused to pause and ask itself, “Why?” Awed by the numbers killed in battles over recorded time, one falls subject to believing the very occupation in war was a naturally occurring ancient inclination, no longer possessed by ‘enlightened’ Humankind. In our synthesized histories, however, details are confined to generals, geography, battle strategies and formations, victories and defeats, with precious little revealed of the highly complicated and combined subjective forces that generate and fuel war. Two territories of human existence are involved: material and psychological. Material includes land, resources, and freedom to maintain a life to which one feels entitled. It fuels war by emotions arising from either deprivation or conditioned expectations. Psychological embraces Egalitarian and Egoistical arenas. Egalitarian is fueled by emotions arising from either a need to improve conditions or defend what it has. To that category also belongs the individual for whom revenge becomes an end in itself. Egoistical is fueled by emotions arising from material possessiveness and self‐aggrandizations. To that category also belongs the individual for whom worldly power is an end in itself. -
Everything You Need to Know About Luxembourg
Everything you need Everything you need toto know about knowLuxembourg about Luxembourg Luxembourg at a glance ATAt A a GLANCE glance Name Languages Official name: National language: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg luxembourgish (lëtzebuergesch) National holiday: Administrative languages: 23 June french, german and luxembourgish Geography Area: 2,586 sq. km Of which: agricultural: 49% wooded: 34% Neighbouring countries: Germany, Belgium and France Main towns: Luxembourg and Esch-sur-Alzette Administrative subdivisions: 3 districts (Luxembourg, Diekirch and Grevenmacher) 12 cantons, 118 town council areas (communes) Climate Temperate From May to mid-October, the temperatures are particu- larly pleasant. Whereas May and June are the sunniest months, July and August are the hottest. In September and October Luxembourg often experiences his own “Indian Summer”. Population Total population: 451,600 inhabitants, 81,800 of whom live in the City of Luxembourg. Over 174,200 (38.6%) people out of the total population are foreigners. (Source: STATEC January 2004) The capital City of Luxembourg Government Useful addresses : Form of government: Service information et presse du Gouvernement constitutional monarchy under a system of (Government Information and Press Service) parliamentary democracy 33, boulevard Roosevelt, L-2450 Luxembourg Head of State: Tel.: (+352) 478 21 81, Fax: (+352) 47 02 85 HRH Grand Duke Henri (since October 7, 2000) www.gouvernement.lu Head of government: www.luxembourg.lu Jean-Claude Juncker, Prime Minister [email protected] Parties in power in the government: coalition between the Christian-Social Party (CSV) Service central de la statistique et des études and the Socialist Workers’ Party of Luxembourg (LSAP) économiques (STATEC) Parties represented in the Chamber of Deputies: (Central Statistics and Economic Studies Service) Christian-Social Party (CSV), 13, rue Erasme, bâtiment Pierre Werner, Socialist Workers’ Party of Luxembourg (LSAP), B.P. -
Charlemagne Empire and Society
CHARLEMAGNE EMPIRE AND SOCIETY editedbyJoamta Story Manchester University Press Manchesterand New York disMhutcdexclusively in the USAby Polgrave Copyright ManchesterUniversity Press2005 While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in Manchester University Press, copyright in individual chaptersbelongs to their respectiveauthors, and no chapter may be reproducedwholly or in part without the expresspermission in writing of both author and publisher. Publishedby ManchesterUniversity Press Oxford Road,Manchester 8113 9\R. UK and Room 400,17S Fifth Avenue. New York NY 10010, USA www. m an chestcru niversi rvp ress.co. uk Distributedexclusively in the L)S.4 by Palgrave,175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010,USA Distributedexclusively in Canadaby UBC Press,University of British Columbia, 2029 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z? British Library Cataloguing"in-PublicationData A cataloguerecord for this book is available from the British Library Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 0 7190 7088 0 hardhuck EAN 978 0 7190 7088 4 ISBN 0 7190 7089 9 papaluck EAN 978 0 7190 7089 1 First published 2005 14 13 1211 100908070605 10987654321 Typeset in Dante with Trajan display by Koinonia, Manchester Printed in Great Britain by Bell & Bain Limited, Glasgow IN MEMORY OF DONALD A. BULLOUGH 1928-2002 AND TIMOTHY REUTER 1947-2002 13 CHARLEMAGNE'S COINAGE: IDEOLOGY AND ECONOMY SimonCoupland Introduction basis Was Charles the Great - Charlemagne - really great? On the of the numis- matic evidence, the answer is resoundingly positive. True, the transformation of the Frankish currency had already begun: the gold coinage of the Merovingian era had already been replaced by silver coins in Francia, and the pound had already been divided into 240 of these silver 'deniers' (denarii). -
Glossar the Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire
Tabelle1 Bavaria today Germany’s largest state, located in the Bayern Southeast besiege, v surround with armed forces belagern Bretons an ethnic group located in the Northwest of Bretonen France Carpathian Mountains a range of mountains forming an arc of roughly Karpaten 1,500 km across Central and Eastern Europe, Charles the Fat (Charles III) 839 – 888, King of Alemannia from 876, King Karl III. of Italy from 879, Roman Emperor (as Charles III) from 881 Danelaw an area in England in which the laws of the Danelag Danes were enforced instead of the laws of the Anglo-Saxons Franconia today mainly a part of Bavaria, the medieval Franken duchy Franconia included towns such as Mainz and Frankfurt Henry I 876 – 936, the duke of Saxony from 912 and Heinrich I. king of East Francia from 919 until his death Huns a confederation of nomadic tribes that invaded Hunnen Europe around 370 AD Lombardy a region in Northern Italy Lombardei Lorraine a historical area in present-day Northeast Lothringen France, a part of the kingdom Lotharingia Lothar I (Lothair I) 795 – 855, the eldest son of the Carolingian Lothar I. emperor Louis I and his first wife Ermengarde, king of Italy (818 – 855), Emperor of the Franks (840 – 855) Lotharingia a kingdom in Western Europe, it existed from Lothringen 843 – 870; not to be confused with Lorraine Louis I (Louis the Pious 778 – 840, also called the Fair, and the Ludwig I. Debonaire; only surviving son of Charlemagne; King of the Franks Louis the German (Louis II) ca. 806 – 876, third son of Louis I, King of Ludwig der Bavaria (817 – 876) and King of East Francia Deutsche (843 – 876) Louis the Younger (Louis III) 835 – 882, son of Louis the German, King of Ludwig III., der Saxony (876-882) and King of Bavaria (880- Jüngere 882), succeeded by his younger brother, Charles the Fat, Magyars an ethnic group primarily associated with Ungarn Hungary. -
The Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg ✵ ✵ the Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg ✵
The Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg ✵ ✵ The Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg ✵ TRH Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa wave to the crowd from the balcony of the Grand Ducal Palace (7 October 2000) Historical introduction ✹07 Chapter One The House of Luxembourg-Nassau ✹17 - The origins of the national dynasty 18 - The sovereigns of the House of Luxembourg 20 - Grand Duke Adolphe 20 - Grand Duke William IV - Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde 21 - Grand Duchess Charlotte 22 - Grand Duke Jean 24 - Grand Duke Henri 28 Grand Duchess Maria Teresa 32 - Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume 34 - Grand Duke Henri’s brothers and sisters 36 - HRH Grand Duke Henri’s accession to the throne on 7 October 2000 40 Chapter Two The monarchy today ✹49 - Prepared for reign 50 - The Grand Duke’s working day 54 - The Grand Duke’s visits abroad 62 - Visits by Heads of State to Luxembourg 74 - The public image of the Grand Ducal Family in Luxembourg 78 Chapter Three The constitutional monarchy ✹83 - The political situation of the Grand Duke 84 SUMMARY - The order of succession to the throne 92 Index - Index Accession to the Grand Ducal Throne 94 - The Lieutenancy 96 - The Regency 98 Chapter Four The symbols of the monarchy ✹101 - National Holiday – official celebration day of the Grand Duke’s birthday 102 - Coats of arms of the Grand Ducal House 104 - The anthem of the Grand Ducal House 106 Chapter Five The residences of the Grand Ducal Family ✹109 - The Grand Ducal Palace 110 - Berg Castle 116 - Fischbach Castle 118 Annexe - The Grand Duke’s visits abroad - Visits by Heads of State to Luxembourg HistoricalIntro introduction History Historical summary Around 963 1214 Siegfried acquires the rocky Ermesinde of Luxembourg outcrop of Lucilinburhuc marries Waleran of Limburg 1059-1086 1226- 1247 Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg Ermesinde, Countess of Luxembourg 8 1136 ✹ Death of Conrad II, last Count 1247-1281 Henry V of Luxembourg, of Luxembourg from the House known as Henry the Blond, of Ardenne. -
Early and High Middle Ages
Early and High Middle Ages Overview St Maurice’s Abbey, canton of Valais, founded in the 6th century and strategically positioned at a narrow section of the valley. © Marc-André Miserez/swissinfo The period which followed on from the Roman Empire and lasted from around 500 to 1000 AD is generally referred to as the Early Middle Ages. The area covered by present-day Switzerland underwent a similar development to that of the rest of Western Europe. The earliest centuries were marked by mass migration (Barbarian Invasions). Switzerland too saw the arrival of many different settlers, each bringing their own way of life and language. Christianity, which had already been introduced by the Romans, became widespread thanks partly to the work of missionaries. The Church, together with its dioceses and monasteries, became a major landowner and enjoyed all the attendant rights over the people who lived on and worked its lands. At the same time, noble families were expanding their power base through conquests, inheritance and marriage. For a brief period the King of the Franks, Charlemagne, controlled a large swathe of Western Europe. In 800 AD, he became the first medieval ruler to be crowned Emperor. Yet, the reign of Charlemagne did not establish any real idea of state. At each level of society, relations between the strong and weak were based on personal dependencies. The emperor ruled over a network of noble families, with kings, dukes and princes constantly jostling for greater power in a bid to preserve or add to the privileges they enjoyed. In 962, the German King Otto I was crowned emperor by the Pope in Rome.