DOCSLIB.ORG

The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations Kristian Kristiansen and Thomas B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations Kristian Kristiansen and Thomas B Cambridge University Press 0521604664 - The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations Kristian Kristiansen and Thomas B. Larsson Index More information Index Note: Page numbers for figures appear in italics. abstraction, in oral traditions and rock Amenhotep III, 72, 73, 80 art, 269 Amenophis II, 72 Abydos temple, 96 Amenophis III, see Amenhotep III acculturation, 25, 26--7, 30, 363 Amenophis IV, see Akhenaton acrobats/acrobatics, 230, 229--31, 351 Amun, 70 affines, 45, 46 Anatolia agency Alaça Hüyük site, 75, 78, 308, 348 socio-seismographic curve of, 370 Demircihuyuk site, 174 theory of, 370--72 Hasanoglan site, 308 agro-pastoral economies, 109 Hattusha site, 79, 200 Akhenaton, 72--3, 74 Horoztepe site, 77, 308 Akkad dynasties, 63 Miletus site, 101 Akkadian languages, 78 rulers, 75--7, 85 Akurgal, E., 315 trade networks, 77, 91--3, 181--5 Alaça Hüyük site, Anatolia, 75, 78, 308, use of metal, 77, 109 348 see also Boghazköy rock art; Hittites Alcinos, 227 ancestors, 45, 54, 56, 210 Aldred, C., 73 Anderlingen burial, 191, 206 Alexander, R. L., 96, 337 Andrén, A., 21--2, 269 Alfred, 238 Andronovo Culture, 171n.5, 176, 173--9 alliances Aner, E., 186 confirmed through marriage, 37, 205, animals, 45, 309, 348 232, 234, 240 as burial sacrifices, 176, 177, 245 Egyptian, 68, 72, 74 Mistress of Animals, 358, 344 guest friendships, 28, 238--40 role in religion, 320--4 power and, 37, 74, 80 used for sun journey transport, 309 travel and, 204--9 see also specific animals Almgren, O., 251 Anitta, 78 Die älteren Kulturperioden im Orient und in ankh, 73 Europa (Montelius), 2 Ankhesenpaaten, 81 Amarna letters, 67, 73 Apophis, 70 amber appearance, 227--31, 349--50; see also in hoards, 135, 158 costumes; hairstyles with Linear B inscriptions, 127, 235 Arafat, K., 7 necklaces, 234 archaeological record sun-discs, 302n.14 confirmation of ethnohistorical as a trade item, 122, 125, 127, 186 evidence, 22, 259, 329 value of, 139, 236 contexts and categories, 34, 33--8 425 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521604664 - The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations Kristian Kristiansen and Thomas B. Larsson Index More information 426 Index archaeological record (cont.) distribution, 209, 288--91 correspondence with written texts, in double burials, 266 139 with hats, 195, 274 trade goods and, 34, 93 between horns, 330 archaeology Nordic, 194, 200, 266 disciplinary boundaries, 21 production, 122 study of religion and, 251--3 with ships, 202 architecture with spiral decorations, 160, 194, 272 chieftain halls, 226, 277, 279, 277--80 symbolism of, 85, 280, 330, 341 columns, 163 Unetice hoard, 115 cult buildings, 338 axes, war, 218, 281 fortifications, 133, 226, 235 axes mundi, 357 funerary, see burial practices houses, 7, 29, 33 Babylon, 65--7 Minoan/Mycenaean imitations, 162 Backa, Brastad rock art, 286 similarities between cultures, 177 Bagterp lance, 217n.13 tell settlements, 162 Balkakra,˚ Sweden, throne, 203, 294 Arˆete, 57 Balkan-Carpathian region, metallurgy, Argonauts of the Western Pacific 109 (Malinowski), 268 Baltic Sea, 204 Arkaim site, 171, 174, 175; see also Barca site, Slovakia, 129, 162 Sintashta culture bards, 55, 59 Armorican culture, 125 Barret, J., 5, 11 armour, 220, 223 barrows arrowheads, distribution patterns, 216 construction, 241, 242 Art and Agency (Gell), 370 Gotland, 244 Art and the Early Greek State (Shanks), 247 grave goods, 213 artefacts, chronology, 314 Haga,˚ 339 artisans Jutland, 226, 244 in the archaeological record, 57--60 placement, 226, 355 supernatural powers of, 51--4 Sagaholm, 196, 242, 243, 328, 329, 349 travel and, 68, 97, 133, 141, 234, 337, Tinghøj, 312 364 Upton Lowell, 121 Aryans, 171n.5, 180 Battle-Axe Culture, 109 Arzawa kingdom, 80 Bavaria, 235 Ashur, 90--3 beads, 18, 58, 138 Ashvinau, 297, 327 Beal, R., 328n.3 Aspeberget rock art, 327, 343 The Organization of the Hittite Military, assassinations, 80 222 Assyria, 67 Beckman, G., 271, 291 Aten, 72--3, 74 behaviour, social Aunjetitz Culture, 112, 120 control of women, 237 authority, institutionalisation of, 47, 49 dress codes, 225 autonomous framework, 5--6 vs. ritual, 349--51 axes, ritual, 95, 201, 275, 281, 306, 341 Bell Beaker Culture, 112, 140 in antithetical compositions, 190, 190 belt boxes, 341 dating, 218n.13 belt plates, 294, 300, 306 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521604664 - The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations Kristian Kristiansen and Thomas B. Larsson Index More information Index 427 Beowulf, 23 brotherhood of rulers, 83, 99, 101, 104 Bernal, M., 193 Bruatorp, Sweden, 279 Bertemes, F., 112 Brumfiel, E., 9 bestiality, 324--8 Brun, P., 7n.2, 42 Bietak, M., 98 Bryce, T., 81 bits, distribution of, 184 Buchholz, H.-G., 168 Bittel, K., 315 Bühl hoard, 204 Bjerre, Denmark, 135 bull jumpers, 71, 230 Black Sea trade networks, 125 bulls, 327 Blischke, J., 150 cult of, 330 Boand, 260 Divine Twins as, 263 boars horns, 281, 330 hunting, 247, 347, 348 weather god’s sacred animal, 285, tusks, 247 285--6 Boas school, 27 burial practices, 284 Boghazköy rock art, 288, 289 barrows, 213, 226, 241, 242, 244, 355 Bohuslän rock art, 335, 336n.5, 356 Haga,˚ 339 chariot motifs, 223, 223 Jutland, 226, 244 Fossum, 342, 343, 342--3, 345 Sagaholm, 196, 242, 328, 329, 349 horned divinities, 331 Tinghøj, 312 raised arm gesture, 76 Upton Lowell, 121 sun-disc pulled by horse, 326 burial pits, 248 Bona, I., 159 cemeteries, 127, 133n.3, 246, 284 Bornholm, Gyldensgard˚ burial, 157, 189 chamber tombs, 144 Borodino find, 128 chariot burials, 176 Boroffka, N., 181 funerary architecture, 87 boundaries, 38, 38--43, 361 grave circles, 87, 144, 154, 156 bows kurgans, 109 arrows and, 218, 345 mass graves, 248 composite, 71 oak coffins, 152, 242, 245 as symbols of divinity, 68 pit graves, 134 Braudel, F., 32 shaft graves, 75, 88, 122--3, 128, 145, breasts, naked, 148, 150, 151 180, 181--4 Bregninge, Denmark, 332 tholos graves, 235, 236, 241 Brittany, 121, 122 tumuli, 109, 171, 177, 235, 241, bronze 338 commoditisation of, 136 burial rituals composition of, 99, 109, 124, 136 animal sacrifices, 176, 177, 245 expansion of technology, 140--1 social hierarchy in, 177 see also specific artefacts weapons and, 231--6 Bronze Age widow burning, 237, 274 end of, 365--7 burials as protohistory, 1, 20--4 Anderlingen, 191 trends, 140--1 chief/priest, 274 see also European Bronze Age culture; Clytemnestra, Tomb of, 302n.14 Nordic Bronze Age culture dating of, 120 The Bronze Age (Childe), 2 Dendrá, 144, 313 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521604664 - The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations Kristian Kristiansen and Thomas B. Larsson Index More information 428 Index burials (cont.) Carpathian tell cultures double burials, 237, 265, 266, 276, adaptation of Minoan/Mycenaean 276n.9, 276 institutions, 158--67 Egtved woman, 225n.16, 298, 299 architecture, 162, 163 of foreign women, 234 collapse of, 127, 211, 236 Guldhøj, 303, 304 cosmology, 359 Gyldensgard,˚ 157, 189 female costumes, 145, 150--4 Hagia Triada, 220, 262, 264 iconography, 145, 164, 200 Helmsdorf, 133 metal production, 134 Hesselagergard˚ woman, 298, 300 model of, 362 Ilica cemetery, 284 polities, 361 Kivik, Scania, 49, 71, 86n.6, 157, 188, territories, 17--16th c. bc, 126 187--9, 267--70 trade networks, 129, 179--85 cist-stones, 187, 188, 190, 192, 267, use of early signs, 168 268, 269--70, 328 Castor, 297 context; interregional, 198--9; local, Catacomb Culture, 109, 172 194--8 cattle, 172 dating, 189--93, 197, 198n.10 Caucasian region, 109, 134 grave goods, 187, 189--90 Celtic sagas, 23 plan view, 338 cemeteries, 127, 133n.3, 246, 284, Leubingen, 122, 133, 134, 266 358 Maikop, 109 centralisation vs. fragmentation, 105, Montelius, 156 359 Neolithic, 29 centres Nizná Mysla, 134 cosmological centres, 357 Ølby woman, 298 peripheries and, 5, 6, 21, 43--7 single burials, 172n.6 interaction among, 48, 112, 119, Tape cemetery, 127 364--5 Terramare, 216n.12 ceremonies, drinking, 281, 282 Tobøl woman, 220, 298, 301 cestrums, 85 travelling metallurgist, 141 chariots Unetice Culture, 120 buried with horses, 176 Vapheio, 330 charioteers and, 223, 223 Vatya cemeteries, 133n.3 groups of, 176, 221 warriors, 151, 215, 218, 231--6, 240--6 military use of, 180--1, 184, 184, 191 Wessex Culture, 120 origins, 185 Zafer Papoura, 302n.14 symbols of, 154 Burkert, W., 95 twin gods/goddesses and, 262, 262, Burnaburiash, 73 281 wheels calves of legs, exaggerated, 312--13, 315, bronze, 220 342 two-wheeled, 71, 178 Cameron, M., 281 wooden, 63 campstools, 216, 281, 282, 304, 303--8 see also sun-disc; sun-chariot Cape Gelidonya shipwreck, 105 Chernykh, E. N., 110, 134 caps, see headgear Cherry, J., 19 Carneiro, R. L., 248 chiefdoms © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521604664 - The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations Kristian Kristiansen and Thomas B. Larsson Index More information Index 429 characteristics, 40, 47, 52, 55--7, 58 Early Dynastic periods (2900-- Fijian, 248 2350 bc), 62--3, 108 maritime, 198 Kassite period (1595--1155 bc), 67 Panamanian, 54 Old Babylonian period (2004-- see also elite culture 1595 bc), 63 chieftain halls, 226, 277, 279, 277--80 Uruk period (3500--3200 bc), 65 chieftains Minoan Crete costumes, 264n.6, 272, 277, 351 Second Palace period (1700--1450 from external sources, 40 bc), 83 grave goods, 56, 58, 59, 121, 271, 303, of religious institutions, 256 305 Circum-Pontic Metallurgical System, 173 as priests, 303--8 cist-stones reproduction of power, 17 Kivik burial, 187, 188, 190, 192, 267, as the sun, 291 268, 269--70, 328 swords, 130 dating, 189--93 travel and alliances, 204--9, 210, 234 Sagaholm barrow, 327, 328, 329, travel by, 39--40, 371 349 see also elites; warrior aristocracies Clarke, D., 25--6, 363n.1 Childe, C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Was There Ever a Single Grave Culture in East Denmark? Traditions and Transformations in the 3Rd Millennium BC Iversen, Rune
    Was there ever a Single Grave culture in East Denmark? Traditions and transformations in the 3rd millennium BC Iversen, Rune Published in: Transitional Landscapes? The 3rd Millennium BC in Europe Publication date: 2016 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Iversen, R. (2016). Was there ever a Single Grave culture in East Denmark? Traditions and transformations in the 3rd millennium BC. In M. Furholt, R. Grossmann, & M. Szmyt (Eds.), Transitional Landscapes? The 3rd Millennium BC in Europe (pp. 159-170). Dr. Rudolf Habelt. Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie Vol. 292 Download date: 26. sep.. 2021 2 UFFE RASMUSSEN 3 Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie TRANSITIONAL LANDSCAPES? RD Band 292 THE 3 MILLENNIUM BC IN EUROPE Human Development in Landscapes 9 Herausgegeben für die Graduiertenschule >Human Development in Landscapes< der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel Herausgeber: Johannes Müller In Kommission bei Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 2016 TRANSITIONAL LANDSCAPES? RD THE 3 MILLENNIUM BC IN EUROPE Proceedings of the International Workshop "Socio-Environmental Dynamics over the Last 12,000 Years: The Creation of Landscapes III (15th – 18th April 2013)" in Kiel edited by: Martin Furholt, Ralph Großmann, Marzena Szmyt In Kommission bei Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 2016 4 UFFE RASMUSSEN 5 Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Redaktion: Martin Furholt, Ralph Großmann, Marzena Szmyt Englisches Korrektorat: Eileen Küçükkaraca, Kiel Layout: Janine Cordts, Kiel Satz: Janine Cordts, Kiel Bildbearbeitung: Janine Cordts, Eileen Küçükkaraca, Kiel Umschlaggestaltung: Karin Winter, Kiel Druck: BELTZ Bad Langensalza GmbH 2016 in Kommission bei Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn ISBN 978-3-7749-4061-1 Titel auch als eBook (PDF) erhältlich unter www.habelt.de Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie.
    [Show full text]
  • Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 BC
    Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81, 2015, pp. 361–392 © The Prehistoric Society doi:10.1017/ppr.2015.17 Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 BC By KRISTIAN KRISTIANSEN1 and PAULINA SUCHOWSKA-DUCKE2 The Bronze Age was the first epoch in which societies became irreversibly linked in their co-dependence on ores and metallurgical skills that were unevenly distributed in geographical space. Access to these critical resources was secured not only via long-distance physical trade routes, making use of landscape features such as river networks, as well as built roads, but also by creating immaterial social networks, consisting of interpersonal relations and diplomatic alliances, established and maintained through the exchange of extraordinary objects (gifts). In this article, we reason about Bronze Age communication networks and apply the results of use-wear analysis to create robust indicators of the rise and fall of political and commercial networks. In conclusion, we discuss some of the historical forces behind the phenomena and processes observable in the archaeological record of the Bronze Age in Europe and beyond. Keywords: Bronze Age communication networks, agents, temperate Europe, Mediterranean Basin THE EUROPEAN BRONZE AGE AS A COMMUNICATION by small variations in ornaments and weapons NETWORK: HISTORICAL & THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (Kristiansen 2014). Among the characteristics that might compel archaeo- Initially driven by the necessity to gain access to logists to label the Bronze Age a ‘formative epoch’ in remote resources and technological skills, Bronze Age European history, the density and extent of the era’s societies established communication links that ranged exchange and communication networks should per- from the Baltic to the Mediterranean and from haps be regarded as the most significant.
    [Show full text]
  • Remote Sensing, Archaeological, and Geophysical Data to Study the Terramare Settlements: the Case Study of Fondo Paviani (Northern Italy)
    remote sensing Article Remote Sensing, Archaeological, and Geophysical Data to Study the Terramare Settlements: The Case Study of Fondo Paviani (Northern Italy) Rita Deiana 1,* , David Vicenzutto 1, Gian Piero Deidda 2 , Jacopo Boaga 3 and Michele Cupitò 1 1 Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Padova, Piazza Capitaniato 7, 35139 Padova, Italy; [email protected] (D.V.); [email protected] (M.C.) 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, 35129 Padova, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Received: 22 June 2020; Accepted: 6 August 2020; Published: 13 August 2020 Abstract: During the Middle and Recent Bronze Age, the Po Plain and, more broadly Northern Italy were populated by the so-called “Terramare”, embanked settlements, surrounded by a moat. The buried remains of these archaeological settlements are characterized by the presence of a system of palaeo-environments and a consequent natural gradient in soil moisture content. These differences in the soil are often firstly detectable on the surface during the seasonal variations, with aerial, satellite, and Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) images, without any information on the lateral and in-depth extension of the related buried structures. The variation in the moisture content of soils is directly related to their differences in electrical conductivity. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM), also known as electromagnetic induction (EMI) measurements, provide non-direct measurements of electrical conductivity in the soils, helping in the reconstruction of the geometry of different buried structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomadic Migrations Nomads and Their Origins
    PART III Nomadic Migrations Nomads and Their Origins In this book, the term "nomad" refers only to "predatory pastoralists." The reason? Only this category was engaged in a more or less constant interac­ tion with areas of high civilization and the forest tribes in the Eurasian steppe and adjacent areas. Among mobile groups only they fit within the framework of this book. Anatoly Khazanov defines pastoral nomadism as "a distinct form of food­ producing economy in which extensive mobile pastoralism is the predomi­ nant activity, and in which the majority of the population is drawn into periodic pastoral migrations" (Khazanov 1994, 17). In these societies (1) pastoralism is the main form of economic activity; (2) herds graze free-range without stables, year-round; (3) seasonal mobility is contained within a spe­ cific grazing territory (this particular characteristic does not apply to nomads of Sahara); (4) the entire population is mobile; and (5) production is geared to subsistence (16). In principle, pastoralism does not preclude agriculture, and some schol­ ars even include populations for whom herding is secondary. They call these populations "semi-sedentary" (Forde 1963, 404, in Khazanov 1994, 21), distinguishing them from semi-nomadic (for whom herding is primary). The term "herdsman husbandry" is used when only a part, often significant, of the population is engaged in cattle breeding. For the purposes of this book such distinctions are not very important, although we should keep in mind that pastoralism is a continuum. Nomadism lies at one end of this continuum. It implies no or little de­ pendence on agriculture and a predatory stance vis-a.-vis sedentary neighbors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic
    THE SHARED LEXICON OF BALTIC, SLAVIC AND GERMANIC VINCENT F. VAN DER HEIJDEN ******** Thesis for the Master Comparative Indo-European Linguistics under supervision of prof.dr. A.M. Lubotsky Universiteit Leiden, 2018 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Background topics 3 2.1. Non-lexical similarities between Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2. The Prehistory of Balto-Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2.1. Northwestern Indo-European 3 2.2.2. The Origins of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 4 2.3. Possible substrates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic 6 2.3.1. Hunter-gatherer languages 6 2.3.2. Neolithic languages 7 2.3.3. The Corded Ware culture 7 2.3.4. Temematic 7 2.3.5. Uralic 9 2.4. Recapitulation 9 3. The shared lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 11 3.1. Forms that belong to the shared lexicon 11 3.1.1. Baltic-Slavic-Germanic forms 11 3.1.2. Baltic-Germanic forms 19 3.1.3. Slavic-Germanic forms 24 3.2. Forms that do not belong to the shared lexicon 27 3.2.1. Indo-European forms 27 3.2.2. Forms restricted to Europe 32 3.2.3. Possible Germanic borrowings into Baltic and Slavic 40 3.2.4. Uncertain forms and invalid comparisons 42 4. Analysis 48 4.1. Morphology of the forms 49 4.2. Semantics of the forms 49 4.2.1. Natural terms 49 4.2.2. Cultural terms 50 4.3. Origin of the forms 52 5. Conclusion 54 Abbreviations 56 Bibliography 57 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Friuli Between Late Copper Age and Early Bronze Age
    Traces in Time n. 5 – 2015 ISSN 2038-7709 FRIULI BETWEEN LATE COPPER AGE AND EARLY BRONZE AGE AUTHOR Giulio Simeoni CATEGORY Conference Procedeengs - Bronze Age Italian Meeting (BAIM) 2012, November 16th-17th, Parma (Italy) LANGUAGE English - Translation: Marina Baralle. _______________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION The period commonly referred as Eneolithic or Copper Age is currently poorly documented in Friuli (Borgna et al. 2011). In particular, features that can be clearly related to the Bell Beaker culture appear to be entirely absent. Until recently, this long sequence of time was basically considered a transition between the Neolithic and a period of the Bronze Age that has been somewhat better documented, but in many ways still needs to be clearly defined. The discovery of the remains of two dwellings and the re-analysis of ceramic and metal artefacts belonging to the last centuries of the third millennium BC has recently suggested a cultural framework for the north-eastern tip of the Italian territory that, in general, agrees with what has already been observed for the Eneolithic period and is in accordance with the trends of the following Early Bronze Age period. LATE COPPER AGE The aforementioned residential structures date to the end of Eneolithic period and consist of the remains of two huts discovered at S. Odorico of Flaibano (Udine) between 2007 and 2008 (Balasso et al. 2009). The diagnostic fragments come from the stratigraphic units of the most recent hut and consist of a body fragment belonging to a bowl with inverted body walls and tubular handles attached to the rim and a small rim fragment belonging to a bowl with a flattened lip bevelled towards the interior, with a slight exterior groove (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Neolithic Farmers in Poland - a Study of Stable Isotopes in Human Bones and Teeth from Kichary Nowe in the South of Poland
    Neolithic farmers in Poland - A study of stable isotopes in human bones and teeth from Kichary Nowe in the south of Poland Master thesis in archaeological science Archaeological Research Laboratory Stockholm University Supervisors: Kerstin Lidén and Gunilla Eriksson Author: Staffan Lundmark Cover photo: Mandible from the Kichary Nowe site, photo taken by the author Abstract: The diet of the Stone Age cultures is a strong indicator to the social group, thus farmers and hunters can be distinguished through their diet. There is well-preserved and well excavated Polish skeletal material available for such a study but the material has not previously been subject to stable isotopes analyses and therefore the questions of diets has not been answered. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the cultures in the Kichary Nowe 2 area in the Lesser Poland district in southern Poland. Through analysis of the stable isotopes of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur in the collagen of teeth and skeletal bones from the humans in the Kichary Nowe 2 grave-field and from bones from the fauna, coeval and from the same area, the study will establish whether there were any sharp changes of diets. The material from the grave-field comes from cultures with an established agricultural economy, where their cultural belonging has been anticipated from the burial context. The results from my study of stable isotopes from the bone material will be grouped by various parameters, culture, attribution to sex and age. The groups will then be compared to each other to investigate patterns within and between the groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages and Migrations in Prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe Summer Seminar
    Languages and migrations in prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe summer seminar 7–12 August 2018 National Museum of Denmark & the University of Copenhagen Languages and migrations in prehistoric Europe Roots of Europe summer seminar 7–10 August 2018 National Museum of Denmark Festsalen Ny Vestergade 10 Prinsens Palæ DK-1471 København K 11–12 August 2018 University of Copenhagen Faculty of Humanities (KUA) Multisalen (Room 21.0.54) Emil Holms Kanal 6 The Roots of Europe Summer Seminar Preface The Roots of Europe Research Center has its origins in a so-called Programme of Excellence funded by the University of Copenhagen and hosted by the De- partment of Nordic Studies and Linguistics. The founding members were a group of historical linguists specializing in Indo-European Studies, a disci- pline that goes back two centuries at the University of Copenhagen, to the days when the linguist and philologist Rasmus Rask (1787–1832) carried out 2 his ground-breaking research. The programme marked a new epoch in modern-day Indo-European stud- ies in that it began to incorporate the findings of archaeology and genetics in its quest to understand the prehistorical spread of the Indo-European lan- guages. This was not the first attempt to relate the many branches of the fam- Preface ily tree to material cultures and, indeed, genes. However, previous attempts were abandoned, after the field was, figuratively speaking, taken hostage by a nefarious alliance of pseudoscientific researchers and politicians around the turn and first half of the 20th century. After the Second World War, collaborations between archaeologists and linguists became rare and generally frowned upon.
    [Show full text]
  • First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations)
    First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations) Armen Petrosyan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan The foundation legends of the first capitals of Armenia and Georgia – Armawir and Armazi – have several common features. A specific cult of the moon god is attested in both cities in the triadic temples along with the supreme thunder god and the sun god. The names of Armawir and Armazi may be associated with the Anatolian Arma- ‘moon (god).’ The Armenian ethnonym (exonym) Armen may also be derived from the same stem. The sacred character of cultic localities is extremely enduring. The cults were changed, but the localities kept their sacred character for millennia. At the transition to a new religious system the new cults were often simply imposed on the old ones (e.g., the old temple was renamed after a new deity, or the new temple was built on the site or near the ruins of the old one). The new deities inherited the characteristics of the old ones, or, one may say, the old cults were simply renamed, which could have been accompanied by some changes of the cult practices. Evidently, in the new system more or less comparable images were chosen to replace the old ones: similarity of functions, rituals, names, concurrence of days of cult, etc (Petrosyan 2006: 4 f.; Petrosyan 2007a: 175).1 On the other hand, in the course of religious changes, old gods often descend to the lower level of epic heroes. Thus, the heroes of the Armenian ethnogonic legends and the epic “Daredevils of Sasun” are derived from ancient local gods: e.g., Sanasar, who obtains the 1For numerous examples of preservation of pre-Urartian and Urartian holy places in medieval Armenia, see, e.g., Hmayakyan and Sanamyan 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • ARCL 0141 Mediterranean Prehistory
    INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY ARCL 0141 Mediterranean Prehistory 2019-20, Term 1 - 15 CREDITS Deadlines for coursework: 11th November 2019, 13th January 2020 Coordinator: Dr. Borja Legarra Herrero [email protected] Office 106, tel. (0) 20 7679 1539 Please see the last page of this document for important information about submission and marking procedures, or links to the relevant webpages 1 OVERVIEW Introduction This course reunites the study and analysis of prehistoric societies around the Mediterranean basin into a coherent if diverse exploration. It takes a long-term perspective, ranging from the first modern human occupation in the region to the start of the 1st millennium BCE, and a broad spatial approach, searching for the overall trends and conditions that underlie local phenomena. Opening topics include the glacial Mediterranean and origins of seafaring, early Holocene Levantine-European farming, and Chalcolithic societies. The main body of the course is formed by the multiple transformations of the late 4th, 3rd and 2nd millennium BC, including the environmental ‘mediterraneanisation’ of the basin, the rise of the first complex societies in east and west Mediterranean and the formation of world-system relations at the east Mediterranean. A final session examines the transition to the Iron Age in the context of the emergence of pan-Mediterranean networks, and this also acts as a link to G202. This course is designed to interlock with G206, which explores Mediterranean dynamics from a diachronic and comparative perspective. Equally, it can be taken in conjunction with courses in the prehistory of specific regions, such as the Aegean, Italy, the Levant, Anatolia and Egypt, as well as Europe and Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Approaching Sheep Herds Origins and the Emergence of the Wool Economy in Continental Europe During the Bronze Age
    Approaching sheep herds origins and the emergence of the wool economy in continental Europe during the Bronze Age Sabatini, S.; Bergerbrant, S.; Brandt, Luise Ørsted; Margaryan, A.; Allentoft, M. E. Published in: Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences DOI: 10.1007/s12520-019-00856-x Publication date: 2019 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Sabatini, S., Bergerbrant, S., Brandt, L. Ø., Margaryan, A., & Allentoft, M. E. (2019). Approaching sheep herds origins and the emergence of the wool economy in continental Europe during the Bronze Age. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11(9), 4909-4925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00856-x Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences (2019) 11:4909–4925 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00856-x ORIGINAL PAPER Approaching sheep herds origins and the emergence of the wool economy in continental Europe during the Bronze Age S. Sabatini1 & S. Bergerbrant1 & L. Ø. Brandt2 & A. Margaryan3,4 & M. E. Allentoft3 Received: 20 February 2019 /Accepted: 8 May 2019 /Published online: 30 May 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract In recent years, extensive archaeological studies have provided us with new knowledge on wool and woollen textile production in continental Europe during the Bronze Age. Concentrations of large numbers of textile tools, and of zooarchaeological evidence suggesting intense sheepherding, hint at specialized centres of wool production during the Bronze Age. The aim of this paper is to discuss whether engagement with this economic activity was facilitated by the introduction of new foreign sheep types, possibly from the Eastern Mediterranean, where well-established wool economies existed, or by using local sheep, or a mixture of local and non-local types.
    [Show full text]
  • Bronze Age Amber in Western and Central Balkans Bronastodobni
    Arheološki vestnik 71, 2020, 133–172; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AV.71.03 133 Bronze Age amber in Western and Central Balkans Bronastodobni jantar na zahodnem in srednjem Balkanu Mateusz CWALIŃSKI Izvleček V članku se avtor ukvarja s problematiko dotoka jantarja na zahodni in srednji Balkan v času bronaste dobe (natanč- neje okoli 1600–900 pr. n. št.) ter njegovim kroženjem med regijami tega območja. Razpoložljivi podatki, povezani s to temo, so bili analizirani z uporabo različnih računskih metod. Predhodno tipološko opredeljene jantarne jagode kažejo kronološke razlike, kar omogoča delitev na dva glavna sklopa, ki ju je mogoče pripisati srednji in mlajši oz. pozni bro- nasti dobi. Nekatere oblike so v uporabi v obeh obdobjih. Za številne tipe je značilen omejen obseg razprostranjenosti, ki verjetno govori za lokalno proizvodnjo. Tipe jantarnih jagod avtor primerja tudi z jantarnimi izdelki s sosednjih ob- močij z jantarjem. Izbrani predmeti, ki se pojavljajo skupaj z jantarjem, dodatno osvetljujejo notranjo dinamiko kroženja jantarja in kažejo na potencialne udeležence izmenjave. Ključne besede: Balkan; bronasta doba; jantar; nakit; menjava; trgovina; analiza stikov; analiza mrež Abstract The paper touches upon the issue of amber inflow to Western and Central Balkans, and its circulation between in- dividual regions situated in this zone, during the Bronze Age (more specifically around 1600–900 BC). By using several computational methods, currently available data related to this topic is re-analysed. Previously distinguished types of amber beads show chronological differentiation that allows separating them into two major assemblages assignable to the Middle and Late Bronze Age respectively, with some forms having a prolonged use, overlapping both periods.
    [Show full text]