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The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations Kristian Kristiansen and Thomas B

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Cambridge University Press 0521604664 - The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations Kristian Kristiansen and Thomas B. Larsson Index More information Index Note: Page numbers for figures appear in italics. abstraction, in oral traditions and rock Amenhotep III, 72, 73, 80 art, 269 Amenophis II, 72 Abydos temple, 96 Amenophis III, see Amenhotep III acculturation, 25, 26--7, 30, 363 Amenophis IV, see Akhenaton acrobats/acrobatics, 230, 229--31, 351 Amun, 70 affines, 45, 46 Anatolia agency Alaça Hüyük site, 75, 78, 308, 348 socio-seismographic curve of, 370 Demircihuyuk site, 174 theory of, 370--72 Hasanoglan site, 308 agro-pastoral economies, 109 Hattusha site, 79, 200 Akhenaton, 72--3, 74 Horoztepe site, 77, 308 Akkad dynasties, 63 Miletus site, 101 Akkadian languages, 78 rulers, 75--7, 85 Akurgal, E., 315 trade networks, 77, 91--3, 181--5 Alaça Hüyük site, Anatolia, 75, 78, 308, use of metal, 77, 109 348 see also Boghazköy rock art; Hittites Alcinos, 227 ancestors, 45, 54, 56, 210 Aldred, C., 73 Anderlingen burial, 191, 206 Alexander, R. L., 96, 337 Andrén, A., 21--2, 269 Alfred, 238 Andronovo Culture, 171n.5, 176, 173--9 alliances Aner, E., 186 confirmed through marriage, 37, 205, animals, 45, 309, 348 232, 234, 240 as burial sacrifices, 176, 177, 245 Egyptian, 68, 72, 74 Mistress of Animals, 358, 344 guest friendships, 28, 238--40 role in religion, 320--4 power and, 37, 74, 80 used for sun journey transport, 309 travel and, 204--9 see also specific animals Almgren, O., 251 Anitta, 78 Die älteren Kulturperioden im Orient und in ankh, 73 Europa (Montelius), 2 Ankhesenpaaten, 81 Amarna letters, 67, 73 Apophis, 70 amber appearance, 227--31, 349--50; see also in hoards, 135, 158 costumes; hairstyles with Linear B inscriptions, 127, 235 Arafat, K., 7 necklaces, 234 archaeological record sun-discs, 302n.14 confirmation of ethnohistorical as a trade item, 122, 125, 127, 186 evidence, 22, 259, 329 value of, 139, 236 contexts and categories, 34, 33--8 425 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521604664 - The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations Kristian Kristiansen and Thomas B. Larsson Index More information 426 Index archaeological record (cont.) distribution, 209, 288--91 correspondence with written texts, in double burials, 266 139 with hats, 195, 274 trade goods and, 34, 93 between horns, 330 archaeology Nordic, 194, 200, 266 disciplinary boundaries, 21 production, 122 study of religion and, 251--3 with ships, 202 architecture with spiral decorations, 160, 194, 272 chieftain halls, 226, 277, 279, 277--80 symbolism of, 85, 280, 330, 341 columns, 163 Unetice hoard, 115 cult buildings, 338 axes, war, 218, 281 fortifications, 133, 226, 235 axes mundi, 357 funerary, see burial practices houses, 7, 29, 33 Babylon, 65--7 Minoan/Mycenaean imitations, 162 Backa, Brastad rock art, 286 similarities between cultures, 177 Bagterp lance, 217n.13 tell settlements, 162 Balkakra,˚ Sweden, throne, 203, 294 Arˆete, 57 Balkan-Carpathian region, metallurgy, Argonauts of the Western Pacific 109 (Malinowski), 268 Baltic Sea, 204 Arkaim site, 171, 174, 175; see also Barca site, Slovakia, 129, 162 Sintashta culture bards, 55, 59 Armorican culture, 125 Barret, J., 5, 11 armour, 220, 223 barrows arrowheads, distribution patterns, 216 construction, 241, 242 Art and Agency (Gell), 370 Gotland, 244 Art and the Early Greek State (Shanks), 247 grave goods, 213 artefacts, chronology, 314 Haga,˚ 339 artisans Jutland, 226, 244 in the archaeological record, 57--60 placement, 226, 355 supernatural powers of, 51--4 Sagaholm, 196, 242, 243, 328, 329, 349 travel and, 68, 97, 133, 141, 234, 337, Tinghøj, 312 364 Upton Lowell, 121 Aryans, 171n.5, 180 Battle-Axe Culture, 109 Arzawa kingdom, 80 Bavaria, 235 Ashur, 90--3 beads, 18, 58, 138 Ashvinau, 297, 327 Beal, R., 328n.3 Aspeberget rock art, 327, 343 The Organization of the Hittite Military, assassinations, 80 222 Assyria, 67 Beckman, G., 271, 291 Aten, 72--3, 74 behaviour, social Aunjetitz Culture, 112, 120 control of women, 237 authority, institutionalisation of, 47, 49 dress codes, 225 autonomous framework, 5--6 vs. ritual, 349--51 axes, ritual, 95, 201, 275, 281, 306, 341 Bell Beaker Culture, 112, 140 in antithetical compositions, 190, 190 belt boxes, 341 dating, 218n.13 belt plates, 294, 300, 306 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521604664 - The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations Kristian Kristiansen and Thomas B. Larsson Index More information Index 427 Beowulf, 23 brotherhood of rulers, 83, 99, 101, 104 Bernal, M., 193 Bruatorp, Sweden, 279 Bertemes, F., 112 Brumfiel, E., 9 bestiality, 324--8 Brun, P., 7n.2, 42 Bietak, M., 98 Bryce, T., 81 bits, distribution of, 184 Buchholz, H.-G., 168 Bittel, K., 315 Bühl hoard, 204 Bjerre, Denmark, 135 bull jumpers, 71, 230 Black Sea trade networks, 125 bulls, 327 Blischke, J., 150 cult of, 330 Boand, 260 Divine Twins as, 263 boars horns, 281, 330 hunting, 247, 347, 348 weather god’s sacred animal, 285, tusks, 247 285--6 Boas school, 27 burial practices, 284 Boghazköy rock art, 288, 289 barrows, 213, 226, 241, 242, 244, 355 Bohuslän rock art, 335, 336n.5, 356 Haga,˚ 339 chariot motifs, 223, 223 Jutland, 226, 244 Fossum, 342, 343, 342--3, 345 Sagaholm, 196, 242, 328, 329, 349 horned divinities, 331 Tinghøj, 312 raised arm gesture, 76 Upton Lowell, 121 sun-disc pulled by horse, 326 burial pits, 248 Bona, I., 159 cemeteries, 127, 133n.3, 246, 284 Bornholm, Gyldensgard˚ burial, 157, 189 chamber tombs, 144 Borodino find, 128 chariot burials, 176 Boroffka, N., 181 funerary architecture, 87 boundaries, 38, 38--43, 361 grave circles, 87, 144, 154, 156 bows kurgans, 109 arrows and, 218, 345 mass graves, 248 composite, 71 oak coffins, 152, 242, 245 as symbols of divinity, 68 pit graves, 134 Braudel, F., 32 shaft graves, 75, 88, 122--3, 128, 145, breasts, naked, 148, 150, 151 180, 181--4 Bregninge, Denmark, 332 tholos graves, 235, 236, 241 Brittany, 121, 122 tumuli, 109, 171, 177, 235, 241, bronze 338 commoditisation of, 136 burial rituals composition of, 99, 109, 124, 136 animal sacrifices, 176, 177, 245 expansion of technology, 140--1 social hierarchy in, 177 see also specific artefacts weapons and, 231--6 Bronze Age widow burning, 237, 274 end of, 365--7 burials as protohistory, 1, 20--4 Anderlingen, 191 trends, 140--1 chief/priest, 274 see also European Bronze Age culture; Clytemnestra, Tomb of, 302n.14 Nordic Bronze Age culture dating of, 120 The Bronze Age (Childe), 2 Dendrá, 144, 313 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521604664 - The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations Kristian Kristiansen and Thomas B. Larsson Index More information 428 Index burials (cont.) Carpathian tell cultures double burials, 237, 265, 266, 276, adaptation of Minoan/Mycenaean 276n.9, 276 institutions, 158--67 Egtved woman, 225n.16, 298, 299 architecture, 162, 163 of foreign women, 234 collapse of, 127, 211, 236 Guldhøj, 303, 304 cosmology, 359 Gyldensgard,˚ 157, 189 female costumes, 145, 150--4 Hagia Triada, 220, 262, 264 iconography, 145, 164, 200 Helmsdorf, 133 metal production, 134 Hesselagergard˚ woman, 298, 300 model of, 362 Ilica cemetery, 284 polities, 361 Kivik, Scania, 49, 71, 86n.6, 157, 188, territories, 17--16th c. bc, 126 187--9, 267--70 trade networks, 129, 179--85 cist-stones, 187, 188, 190, 192, 267, use of early signs, 168 268, 269--70, 328 Castor, 297 context; interregional, 198--9; local, Catacomb Culture, 109, 172 194--8 cattle, 172 dating, 189--93, 197, 198n.10 Caucasian region, 109, 134 grave goods, 187, 189--90 Celtic sagas, 23 plan view, 338 cemeteries, 127, 133n.3, 246, 284, Leubingen, 122, 133, 134, 266 358 Maikop, 109 centralisation vs. fragmentation, 105, Montelius, 156 359 Neolithic, 29 centres Nizná Mysla, 134 cosmological centres, 357 Ølby woman, 298 peripheries and, 5, 6, 21, 43--7 single burials, 172n.6 interaction among, 48, 112, 119, Tape cemetery, 127 364--5 Terramare, 216n.12 ceremonies, drinking, 281, 282 Tobøl woman, 220, 298, 301 cestrums, 85 travelling metallurgist, 141 chariots Unetice Culture, 120 buried with horses, 176 Vapheio, 330 charioteers and, 223, 223 Vatya cemeteries, 133n.3 groups of, 176, 221 warriors, 151, 215, 218, 231--6, 240--6 military use of, 180--1, 184, 184, 191 Wessex Culture, 120 origins, 185 Zafer Papoura, 302n.14 symbols of, 154 Burkert, W., 95 twin gods/goddesses and, 262, 262, Burnaburiash, 73 281 wheels calves of legs, exaggerated, 312--13, 315, bronze, 220 342 two-wheeled, 71, 178 Cameron, M., 281 wooden, 63 campstools, 216, 281, 282, 304, 303--8 see also sun-disc; sun-chariot Cape Gelidonya shipwreck, 105 Chernykh, E. N., 110, 134 caps, see headgear Cherry, J., 19 Carneiro, R. L., 248 chiefdoms © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521604664 - The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations Kristian Kristiansen and Thomas B. Larsson Index More information Index 429 characteristics, 40, 47, 52, 55--7, 58 Early Dynastic periods (2900-- Fijian, 248 2350 bc), 62--3, 108 maritime, 198 Kassite period (1595--1155 bc), 67 Panamanian, 54 Old Babylonian period (2004-- see also elite culture 1595 bc), 63 chieftain halls, 226, 277, 279, 277--80 Uruk period (3500--3200 bc), 65 chieftains Minoan Crete costumes, 264n.6, 272, 277, 351 Second Palace period (1700--1450 from external sources, 40 bc), 83 grave goods, 56, 58, 59, 121, 271, 303, of religious institutions, 256 305 Circum-Pontic Metallurgical System, 173 as priests, 303--8 cist-stones reproduction of power, 17 Kivik burial, 187, 188, 190, 192, 267, as the sun, 291 268, 269--70, 328 swords, 130 dating, 189--93 travel and alliances, 204--9, 210, 234 Sagaholm barrow, 327, 328, 329, travel by, 39--40, 371 349 see also elites; warrior aristocracies Clarke, D., 25--6, 363n.1 Childe, C.
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  • Approaching Sheep Herds Origins and the Emergence of the Wool Economy in Continental Europe During the Bronze Age

    Approaching Sheep Herds Origins and the Emergence of the Wool Economy in Continental Europe During the Bronze Age

    Approaching sheep herds origins and the emergence of the wool economy in continental Europe during the Bronze Age Sabatini, S.; Bergerbrant, S.; Brandt, Luise Ørsted; Margaryan, A.; Allentoft, M. E. Published in: Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences DOI: 10.1007/s12520-019-00856-x Publication date: 2019 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Sabatini, S., Bergerbrant, S., Brandt, L. Ø., Margaryan, A., & Allentoft, M. E. (2019). Approaching sheep herds origins and the emergence of the wool economy in continental Europe during the Bronze Age. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11(9), 4909-4925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00856-x Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences (2019) 11:4909–4925 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00856-x ORIGINAL PAPER Approaching sheep herds origins and the emergence of the wool economy in continental Europe during the Bronze Age S. Sabatini1 & S. Bergerbrant1 & L. Ø. Brandt2 & A. Margaryan3,4 & M. E. Allentoft3 Received: 20 February 2019 /Accepted: 8 May 2019 /Published online: 30 May 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract In recent years, extensive archaeological studies have provided us with new knowledge on wool and woollen textile production in continental Europe during the Bronze Age. Concentrations of large numbers of textile tools, and of zooarchaeological evidence suggesting intense sheepherding, hint at specialized centres of wool production during the Bronze Age. The aim of this paper is to discuss whether engagement with this economic activity was facilitated by the introduction of new foreign sheep types, possibly from the Eastern Mediterranean, where well-established wool economies existed, or by using local sheep, or a mixture of local and non-local types.
  • Bronze Age Amber in Western and Central Balkans Bronastodobni

    Bronze Age Amber in Western and Central Balkans Bronastodobni

    Arheološki vestnik 71, 2020, 133–172; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AV.71.03 133 Bronze Age amber in Western and Central Balkans Bronastodobni jantar na zahodnem in srednjem Balkanu Mateusz CWALIŃSKI Izvleček V članku se avtor ukvarja s problematiko dotoka jantarja na zahodni in srednji Balkan v času bronaste dobe (natanč- neje okoli 1600–900 pr. n. št.) ter njegovim kroženjem med regijami tega območja. Razpoložljivi podatki, povezani s to temo, so bili analizirani z uporabo različnih računskih metod. Predhodno tipološko opredeljene jantarne jagode kažejo kronološke razlike, kar omogoča delitev na dva glavna sklopa, ki ju je mogoče pripisati srednji in mlajši oz. pozni bro- nasti dobi. Nekatere oblike so v uporabi v obeh obdobjih. Za številne tipe je značilen omejen obseg razprostranjenosti, ki verjetno govori za lokalno proizvodnjo. Tipe jantarnih jagod avtor primerja tudi z jantarnimi izdelki s sosednjih ob- močij z jantarjem. Izbrani predmeti, ki se pojavljajo skupaj z jantarjem, dodatno osvetljujejo notranjo dinamiko kroženja jantarja in kažejo na potencialne udeležence izmenjave. Ključne besede: Balkan; bronasta doba; jantar; nakit; menjava; trgovina; analiza stikov; analiza mrež Abstract The paper touches upon the issue of amber inflow to Western and Central Balkans, and its circulation between in- dividual regions situated in this zone, during the Bronze Age (more specifically around 1600–900 BC). By using several computational methods, currently available data related to this topic is re-analysed. Previously distinguished types of amber beads show chronological differentiation that allows separating them into two major assemblages assignable to the Middle and Late Bronze Age respectively, with some forms having a prolonged use, overlapping both periods.