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Dialectical Birthpangs of the Modern Western Worldview, As Reflected in the Works of Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon and Gerrard Winstanley

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Dialectical Birthpangs of the Modern Western Worldview, As Reflected in the Works of Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon and Gerrard Winstanley ONE STEP BACK, TWO STEPS FORWARD: Dialectical birthpangs of the modern Western worldview, as reflected in the works of Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon and Gerrard Winstanley Master’s thesis Pietari Tamminen University of Jyväskylä Department of Languages English January 2016 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Kielten laitos Tekijä – Author Pietari Tamminen Työn nimi – Title ONE STEP BACK, TWO STEPS FORWARD: Dialectical birthpangs of the modern Western worldview, as reflected in the works of Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon and Gerrard Winstanley Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Englanti Pro Gradu Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages Tammikuu 2016 96 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan modernin länsimaisen ajattelun syntyä Englannin 1500-1600 -lukujen vaihteen kulttuurisen ja poliittisen murroksen peilissä. Tarkastelen modernin edistysuskon läpimurtoa aatehistoriallisesti, kirjallisuuden ja poliittisen ajattelun kolmen keskeisen hahmon kautta: Christopher Marlowen näytelmä tohtori Faustuksesta, Sir Francis Baconin Uusi Atlantis -utopia sekä yhteisomistukseen pohjautuva Gerrard Winstanleyn poliittinen ohjelma heijastavat uuden ajattelun keskeisimpiä vallankumouksellisia ulottuvuuksia koko kulttuuriin ja länsimaiseen ajattelutapaan. Osoitan tutkielmassani, että kaikki nämä radikaalia edistysuskoa heijastavat läpimurrot pohjasivat keskeisesti nykykatsannossa irrationaalisilta vaikuttaviin, idealisoituihin käsityksiin kuvitellusta menneisyydestä, joiden innoittamana kirjoittajat loivat utooppiset tulevaisuuden visionsa. Alkemistiset ja okkulttiset aatteet sekä myyttiset historiantulkinnat ruokkivat aikakauden vaikutusvaltaisia visioita yhtä suuressa määrin kuin rationalistisesti ja eettisesti perustellut ohjelmat. Edistysuskon tai puhtaan järjen käsitteet, joko niiden rahvaanomaisissa tai akateemisen mahtipontisissa muodoissaan, selittävät vain kapeasti todellisia aatehistoriallisia ilmiöitä. Länsimaisen edistysuskon unohdetut tai vaietut irrationaaliset perustat ovat heijastuneet seuraavina vuosisatoina yhä uusina inkarnaatioina – joskus lievempinä, eksentrisen harmittomina ilmiöinä, joskus vaikutusvaltaisina liikkeinä, jotka ovat järisyttäneet maailmaa. Kommunistinen ja kapitalistinen maailmanjärjestys voivat esimerkiksi löytää itselleen eksoottisia ennaltakävijöitä ja ennakkotapauksia. Amerikan Yhdysvallat luotiin laajalti vapaamuurarillisen mytologian innoittamana, ja ”tieteellisen sosialismin” eräänä perusideana oli ihanne omistusyhteiskuntaa edeltäneestä, enemmän tai vähemmän paratiisinomaisesta primitiivisestä kommunismista. Voimme vielä internet-aikakautenakin – tai kenties erityisesti juuri nyt – havaita, että myyttiset inspiraation lähteet ovat edelleen kanssamme, niin hyvässä kuin pahassakin. Fantasian innoittamat roolipelaajat voivat olla pelkkä huvin lähde niin itselleen kuin ulkopuolisillekin, kun taas ISIS-terrorijärjestö voi ottaa itsensä kirjaimellisen kuolemanvakavasti ja pakottaa muunkin maailman tekemään niin. Se joka ymmärtää menneisyyttä, voi hallita tulevaisuutta, tai ainakin elää tyydyttävämpää elämää nykyhetkessä. Asiasanat – Keywords aatehistoria, edistysusko, Faust, alkemia, Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon, Gerrard Winstanley, vapaamuurarius, amerikanismi, primitiivinen kommunismi, internet-yhteisöt, ISIS Säilytyspaikka – Depository Kielten laitos - Dpt of Languages Muita tietoja – Additional information 5 Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 7 1.1. Origins of the Modern Era – visions of progress and alchemy ............................................... 7 1.2. The Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................... 10 2. DOCTOR FAUSTUS BY CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE .......................................... 13 2.1. Life of Marlowe..................................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Synopsis of the Faustus play ................................................................................................. 15 2.3. Real-life models of Faustus ................................................................................................... 25 2.4. The Avant-garde spirit of Renaissance Magic ...................................................................... 28 2.5. Prisca theologia, primordial wisdom .................................................................................... 30 3. NEW ATLANTIS BY SIR FRANCIS BACON ............................................................ 34 3.1. The life of Sir Francis Bacon ................................................................................................ 34 3.2. Outline of the novel ............................................................................................................... 36 3.3. The beginning of English New World colonization .............................................................. 39 3.4. Americas as a "world before the fall" .................................................................................... 43 3.5. Bacon’s proto-Masonic utopia .............................................................................................. 43 4. REVOLUTIONARY THEORIES OF GERRARD WINSTANLEY........................ 46 4.1. Life and writings of Winstanley ............................................................................................ 46 4.2. His background in the antinomian Ranter-Digger movement ............................................... 48 4.3. Winstanley's primitivist vision .............................................................................................. 49 4.4. Forerunner of Marx and Engels ............................................................................................. 52 5. ECHOES OF THE PAST AMONG THE PIONEERS OF THE FUTURE............. 55 5.1. Alchemy and the birth of modern science ............................................................................. 55 5.2. Freemasonry as the first self-made virtual community ......................................................... 57 5.3. Echoes of the past in the Western worldview ....................................................................... 61 5.4. Echoes of the past in the Communistic worldview ............................................................... 67 5.5. Tabula Rasa; the appeal of beginning again from the clean slate.......................................... 73 5.6. Primordial connection in modern youthful rebellion ............................................................ 74 5.7. Dangers and possibilities of the electronic global village ..................................................... 76 6. EPILOGUE .................................................................................................................... 85 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 89 6 List of Figures Figure 1. Portrait of Christopher Marlowe ................................................................ 15 Figure 2. The death of Simon Magus ........................................................................ 26 Figure 3. Portrait of Sir Francis Bacon ..................................................................... 35 Figure 4. Frontispiece of Bacon's Novum Organum ................................................. 58 Figure 5. ISIS propaganda: “Our Call of Duty” ........................................................ 78 Figure 6. Comparative depictions of Orwellian and Huxleyan dystopias ................. 86 7 1. INTRODUCTION The Enlightenment and the concept of progress form the backbone of modern Western civilization, and often this ideology takes the form of over-simplified faith in linear, clear-cut process from ignorance and obscurity to brighter and better things. In this thesis, I will approach the birth of modernity through the prism of three English sources of early modern era – the famous play about Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe, the utopian vision of Sir Francis Bacon, and the political program of Gerrard Winstanley. Through this three-fold approach, via the fields of art, science and politics, I study the roots of modern world, its sometimes not very “enlightened” ingredients, and the way the past dialectically influences us; sometimes we apparently have to draw inspiration from the past to be able to proceed further. These works show us the modern Western worldview as if in its eager childhood or adolescence, when the pre-rational whims and enthusiasms were not yet separated from a calm methodical approach. We today seem to be living in the resigned old age of Western culture, notably lacking such youthful idealism. It is a worthwhile endeavor to visit the original sources of our present notions to refresh our viewpoints. 1.1. Origins of the Modern Era – visions of progress and alchemy In a certain sense, the Renaissance Era (ca. 1350–1600) was like a "Coming of Age" time period for the modern Western civilization that we are now living in. Whether consciously or unconsciously, what most people today associate with the concept of "Western civilization" is a product of the so-called Enlightenment Era that began in the late 17th century, and grew to a fully articulated worldview in the 18th century. It emphasized rationalism, progress, secularism, and well-organized
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