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Un Estudio Comparativo De Benito Perez Galdos Jose

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Un Estudio Comparativo De Benito Perez Galdos Jose UN ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DE BENITO PEREZ GALDOS JOSE MARIA ECA.DE QUEIROZ. by JANE MARY SABORIO B. A., University of British Columbia, 1964 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of M. A. in the Department of Hispanic and Italian Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard The University of British Columbia April, 1968 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and Study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by hiis representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Hispanic & Italian Studies The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date April 26, 1968 UN ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DE BENITO PEREZ GALDOS Y JOSE MARIA ECA DE QUEIROZ RESUMEN Las ultimas decadas del siglo XIX cotnprenden un periodo de gran agitacion politico-religiosa en Esparia y Portugal. La estructura social tradicional siente el etnpuje de las tenden- cias modernas que, basadas en conceptos logicos y humanitarios, iran a transformarla en un nuevo sistetna compatible con los avances cient£ficos de la epoca. Es un periodo tal que, autores como Benito Perez Galdos y Eca de Queiroz sienten la responsabilidad de tomar en sus manos la educacion de la gente, de hacerles darse cuenta de lo que sucede, o simplemente de implantar una semilla de reflexion en la mente de sus respectivos "pueblos". Es el proposito de este estudio, una indagacion de las circunstancias que influyen a ambos autores, que dan formacion a sus respectivos puntos de vista, y que motivan la necesidad, que sienten, de exponerlos. Tomando base en una seleccion de cuatro obras de cada autor, Dona PerfectaT La familia de Leon RochT El Amigo Manso y Fortunata y Jacinta de Galdos, y 0 Pritno BazilioT A Reliquia, Os Maias y A illustre casa de Ramires de Eca de Queiroz, eva- lue y compare sus tendencias e ideas respecto a la politica, la religion y la sociedad; notando que, a pesar de tener ellos un fin comun, el tnejoramiento intelectual y social de sus respectivos palses, toman rutas disimiles para realizarlo CONTENTS PRIMERA PARTE CAPITULO I Galdos y la novela del siglo XIX en Espana 1 II Dofia Perfecta 6 III La familia de Leon Roch 12 IV El Amigo Manso 20 V Fortunata v Jacinta 30 SEGUNDA PARTE CAPITULO I Eca de Queiroz y la novela del siglo XIX en Portugal 36 II 0 Primo Bazilio 41 III A Reliquia 50 IV Os Maias 56 V A illustre casa de Ramires 62 TERCERA PARTE CAPITULO I La religion 67 II Clases sociales 79 III La polltica, el gobierno y la burocracia 86 IV Comparaciones de tetnas principales y secundarios ' 93 V Conclusiones 97 APARTES 107 BIBLlOGRAFIA SELECCIONADA 110 Al presentar este estudio quiero reiterar mi gratitud hacia el profesor Harold V. Livermore Jefe del Departamento de Estudios Hispanicos e Italianos, cuyo interes y cooperacion han hecho posible la cristalizacion de mis esfuerzos PRIMERA PARTE CAPITULO I GALDOS Y LA NO VELA DEL SIGLO XIX EN ESPANA Benito Perez Galdos, uno de los mas fecundos novelistas espaRoles, nacio en Las Palmas en 1843. Asistio primero a una escuela inglesa, luego completo el bachillerato en el colegio de San Agustin. Leyo Cervantes, Quevedo, Victor Hugo y otros. Colaboro durante estos anos con la prensa. En 1863 se trasla- do a Madrid para proseguir con sus estudios y alii empezo a escribir para los periodicos. Sus padres le indicaron la ca- rrera de derecho, aunque esta no le entusiasmo del todo. Par- ticipo en las tertulias y reuniones formales, visito los tea- tros, frecuento el Viejo Ateneo, y se le veia a menudo en el Cafe Universal. Ola y hablaba de politica en aquellos dias de conspiraciones y camarillas. Andaba por las ealles y las plazas escuchando los chismes de los transeuntes y absorbiendo el color local de Madrid y sus contornos, gozando de esta vida pintoresca y animada, que luego sabia evocar tan minuciosamen- te en sus novelas. Desarrollo una obra dramatica La Expulsion de los MoriscosT que no logro representar. Viajo a Paris y - 2 - dandose cuenta entonces de que la novela de tema espanol como forma literaria podria ser aceptada al igual que la de tema frances, se dedico a la novelistica. En la pri- mera parte del siglo esta forma (la novela puramente es- paRola^ estaba desacreditada y envilecida por el influjo excesivo de obras traducidas del frances. Del ano 1850 en adelante, va cogiendo prestigio cada vez mas y por alii de 1870 aparecen novelas de gran calibre, tal vez iniguala- das hasta la fecha. Con Galdos, la novela historica de tono romantico y decadente se convirti5 en un relato exacto, con minuciosos detalles de la epoca, y como logica conclusion, termina por convertirse en novela de tesis. Es facil ver entonces el exito inesperado que con esta forma alcanza. Llega Galdos a la cumbre de su popularidad en 1883. El aprecio que le tienen los autores contempora- neos es ejemplificado por Leopoldo Alas, Clarin, quien da una cena en su honor. Acepta un puesto politico de diputa- do de Sagasta. Viaja a las distintas capitales europeas. Con Pereda, se familiariza con las provincias portuguesas y espafiolas. Llega a ser aficionado de Santander y de Toledo. En el afio 1889 logra ingresar en la Real Academia EspaRola. Mas tarde en 1898 sin dinero es obligado a comenzar una tercera serie de los Episodios Nacionales. En 1891 escenifica una novela suya, RealidadT volviendo - 3 - asl a su intento juvenil. Entre los afios 1907 y 1910, ocupa el puesto de diputado republicano. AI envejecer pierde la vista, lo cual oculta a sus parientes por mucho tiempo. Muere en 1920. Como maestro de la novela escribi5 con realismo lo que observo en la vida, a fin de presentar con vera- cidad la sociedad burguesa que predominaba en el siglo XIX. Influenciado por Cervantes y su obra maestra, Don Quijote? se dedico a mostrar la falsedad de ciertas ilusiones y el error de imaginarse la vida tal como no es y de tener una imaginacion demasiado aguda. Maria, la herolna de la novela La Familia de Leon Rocht tiene grandes aspiraciones que jamas podra realizar; no reco- noce la diferencia entre la realidad y la ilusion. Tam- poco comprende que la falta de reconoeer esta diferencia o lxnea divisoria constituye su propia destruccion. Es el concepto de la estupidez humana. Las dificultades de Maria son el resultado de lo que el filosofo, Jules Gaultier, expreso en su tratado, "Elle se coneoit autre- i ment qu'elle n'est". Se cree la esposa perfecta por su atraccion fisica y por su excesiva religiosidad, que en su opinion la convierte en santa, sobreponiendola a toda culpa, no admitiendo que ella pueda ser la culpable, que pueda no tener razpn. Mientras cumpla con sus devo- ciones, se considera libre de cualquier otra obligacion. - 4 - Leon se equivoca al figurarse que el caracter de Maria no tiene forma fija, piensa que el podra amoldarlo a su deseo. Embebido con la idea de que la razon es la unica guia fiel y que por medio de ella se llega a todo deseo; ciego se conduce a su propio fracaso, a su propia muerte, espiritual por lo menos. Para Galdos, ambos personajes son v£ctimas de la sociedad y de sus propias debilidades; Maria, de la vida extravagante, artificial y decadente que se creo; y Leon, de las nuevas ideas y teorias, que como joven inteligente acogio con entusiasmo, mas sin poder asimilarlas. Maria, por su ignorancia y sentimentalidad; Leon, por su sabiduria mal entendida. Galdos es en el fondo una persona seria, religio- sa y moral. Para el todo caracter de la clase media, aun- que sea vulgar o plebeyo, tiene algo bueno en su alma, todo corazon es capaz de recobrar sus fuerzas. Como Gal• dos no es ni esceptico ni cinico, todos los seres humanos pueden salvarse, aun el picaro. Para el las ideas y los sentimientos cristianos predominan. La religion, el amor de la familia, y la armonia de la casa son lo esencial de la vida. La fe y el amor, aunque no parezcan tener ningu- na correspondencia con la inteligencia, son la verdadera y unica base de la certidumbre; son el unico medio por el - 5 - cual el hombre puede comprender algo acerca de su origen y de su destino. En este concepto se basa la filosofla de Galdos. CAPITULO II DONA PERFECTA Dona Perfecta, una viuda, hija de buena familia que vive en Orbajosa invita a su sobrino, Pepe Rey, a pasar una temporada en su casa para que este llegue a conocer a su prima Rosario. El padre de Pepe y la madre de Rosario pien- san casar a sus hijos un dia. Pepe llega, se enamora de su prima quien es bonita y simpatica, pero al mostrar sus acti- tudes liberates y usar un tono sumamente ironico al hablar de la iglesia y de las cosas que le atafien, pierde la con- fianza y la aprobacion de su tia de inmediato. Dofla Perfecta encierra a Rosario en su cuarto y se decide al principio a aguantar al huesped hasta el fin de su planeada estadia, martirizandose de esta manera para cumplir con su concien- cia. Sin embargo, pronto cambia de idea.
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