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Biodiversidad De Las Plantas Vasculares

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Biodiversidad De Las Plantas Vasculares 229 BIODIVERSIDAD DE LAS PLANTAS VASCULARES THOMAS R. VAN DEVENDER,1 RICHARD S. FELGER,2 MARK FISHBEIN,3 FRANCISCO E. MOLINA-FREANER,4 J. JESÚS SÁNCHEZ-ESCALANTE5 Y ANA LILIA REINA-GUERRERO2 RESUMEN. La flora del estado de Sonora, con un área Sonorense en el este de Sonora y en los bosques de de 184 934 km², actualmente tiene 3 659 taxones es- montaña de la Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) en el pecíficos e intraespecíficos en 188 familias y 1 107 géne- este del estado. Varias plantas alcanzan sus límites más ros, documentada con ejemplares de herbario. Las 3 483 al sur en Sonora, entre las que se incluyen especies de especies (3 237 nativas) incluyen 104 variedades, 43 zonas templadas en las serranías aisladas conocidas subespecies y 30 híbridos entre especies. Únicamente como islas serranas (en inglés sky islands) en el noreste 78 taxones (68 especies, 8 sub-especies y 2 variedades y en la SMO en el este, y las especies del Desierto Sono- en 26 familias) son endémicos del territorio (sin islas) rense en matorral espinoso en la planicie costera del de Sonora. Las familias con el mayor número de taxo- sur de Sonora. Algunas plantas de pastizal desértico y nes endémicos son Cactaceae (13), Asteraceae (12) y de matorral desértico del Desierto Chihuahuense al- Agavaceae (11, 9 Agave). El endemismo es bajo (2.3% canzan tanto sus límites meridional y occidental en la de las 3 413 taxones nativos) debido a que Sonora es parte noreste y norte-centro de Sonora. una unidad política en donde las comunidades bióti- Un total de 58 especies de plantas de Sonora están cas y muchas cuasiendémicas se extienden a los esta- protegidas legalmente por el gobierno mexicano en la dos adyacentes o a las islas en el Golfo de California. NOM-059-ECOL-2001 (NOM, 2002) como E (probable- La diversidad de plantas de Sonora refleja la mezcla mente extinta), P (en peligro de extinción), A (amena- de grandes provincias biogeográficas. Los trópicos del zada) y Pr (sujeta a protección especial). Esta lista ne- Nuevo Mundo alcanzan su límite septentrional en cesita revisarse debido a que: 1. Información nueva in- Norteamérica en el este de Sonora. Muchas especies dica que algunas especies son más comunes, tienen dis- tropicales con amplia distribución alcanzan su límite tribución más amplia o no están tan amenazadas como norte cerca de Álamos en el sur de Sonora, en la selva se pensaba. 2. Las variedades de algunas especies tie- baja caducifolia, la cual se extiende hasta los 28° 35’ N nen requerimientos de conservación diferente. 3. Los en la sierra San Javier. El matorral espinoso de piede- nombres taxonómicos necesitan actualizarse. 4. Algu- monte (MEP) se extiende hasta los 30° 30’ N en la cuenca nas especies enlistadas como Pr no son raras o amenaza- hidrográfica del río Bavispe, donde la distribución de das pero necesitan manejarse como recurso natural y algunas plantas y animales tropicales se extiende hacia reglamentarse bajo una ley diferente. 5. Varias plantas el norte en los afluentes del norte del río Yaqui en el regionales, entre las que se incluye 69 taxones endémi- sureste de Arizona. Otras especies tropicales alcanzan cos al territorio continental de Sonora, las endémicas su límite norte en la transición del matorral espinoso de las islas del Golfo de California y otras 27 plantas costero al Desierto Sonorense cerca de Guaymas (ca. que están protegidas en Arizona deben evaluarse como 28° N) o en poblaciones aisladas en cañones o cum- candidatas para agregarse a la lista de la NOM. bres de sierras en el desierto. Muchas plantas alcanzan La mayor parte de Sonora tiene grandes áreas con sus límites occidentales en la transición MEP-Desierto hábitat natural, parte del cual está protegido en exten- sas reservas. La pérdida de la biodiversidad natural por 1 Sky Island Alliance. las perturbaciones y alteraciones a las comunidades 2 University of Arizona. 3 Oklahoma State University. bióticas naturales está aumentando en todo el estado 4 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. conforme se incrementa la población humana y la ur- 5 Universidad de Sonora. banización se extiende. Los grandes centros de desa- Van Devender, T.R., R.S. Felger, M. Fishbein, F.E. Molina-Freaner, J.J. Sánchez-Escalante y A.L. Reina-Guerrero. 2010. Biodiversidad de las plantas vasculares. En: F.E. Molina-Freaner y T.R. Van Devender, eds. Diversidad biológica de Sonora. UNAM, México, pp. 229-261. 230 DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA DE SONORA rrollo urbano se localizan en las zonas bajas de la parte imens, 188 families, and 1 107 genera. In the 3 483 central y occidental del estado. La región serrana de species (3 237 native), there are 104 additional varie- mayor altitud de la porción este del estado está menos ties, 43 additional subspecies, and 30 hybrids between poblada, pero la tala generalizada y las operaciones species. Only 78 taxa (68 species, 8 subspecies, and 2 mineras han impactado los bosques tropicales y de varieties in 26 families) are endemic to mainland So- montaña. El uso de leguminosas como mezquite (Pro- nora. Families with the largest numbers of endemic sopis) y palo fierro (Olneya) para producir carbón y el taxa are the Cactaceae (13), Asteraceae (12), and Aga- tallado de figuras de madera y la explotación de enci- vaceae (11, 9 Agave). Endemism is low (2.3% of the 3 nos (Quercus) para la producción de papel y carbón, 413 native taxa) because Sonora is a political unit, and representan usos no sustentables de especies importan- most biotic communities and many quasi-endemics ex- tes. El desmonte del matorral espinoso para la agricul- tend into adjacent states or onto islands in the Gulf of tura de gran escala y la construcción de granjas cama- California. roneras en los estuarios ha impactado dramáticamente The plant diversity of Sonora reflects the intermin- las áreas costeras con alta riqueza biológica. Los desa- gling of major biogeographic provinces. The New World rrollos turísticos en las playas del Golfo de California tropics reaches its northernmost limit in North Amer- y la construcción de la nueva carretera costera acelera- ica in eastern Sonora. Many widespread tropical spe- rán el desarrollo costero y, en consecuencia, la pérdida cies reach their northern limits near Álamos in southern del hábitat. Sonora in tropical deciduous forest, which extends to La flora de Sonora tiene relativamente pocas espe- 28° 35’ N in the Sierra San Javier. Foothills thorns- cies no nativas (246 taxones, 6.7% de la flora). La crub (FTS) extends to 30° 30’ N in the Rio Bavispe drain- mayoría son de las familias Poaceae (68 taxones), Bras- age, with some tropical plants and animals following sicaceae (19 taxones), Fabaceae (15 taxones) y Astera- the northern tributaries of the Río Yaqui into southeast- ceae (14 taxones) y en su mayoría son hierbas (83.1%), ern Arizona. Other tropical species reach their north- especialmente anuales (140 taxones). La mayoría de ern limits in the coastal thornscrub-Sonoran Desert tran- estas especies (75.1%) son de Eurasia y África y las sition near Guaymas (ca. 28° N) or in isolated popu- menos (67 taxones) provienen del Nuevo Mundo, desde lations in canyons and on mountaintops within the de- México a América del Sur. Sólo 15% de las especies no sert. Many plants reach their western limits in the FTS- nativas (37 taxones) se consideran invasoras con po- Sonoran Desert transition in east-central Sonora and tencial para dañar los hábitats naturales. Las especies in montane forests in the Sierra Madre Occidental invasoras más preocupantes son la mostaza del Sahara (SMO) in eastern Sonora. Many plants reach their (Brassica tournefortii), los zacates mediterráneo y árabe southern limits in Sonora including temperate species (Schismus arabicus, S. barbatus) en el noroeste del De- in the isolated sky island mountains in the northeast sierto Sonorense, el zacate buffel (Pennisetum ciliare) and the SMO in the east, and Sonoran Desert species in en el matorral desértico del centro, la costa y norte de thornscrub on the coastal plain in southern Sonora. Sonora, el matorral espinoso de piedemonte en la re- Desert grassland and Chihuahuan desertscrub plants gión este-centro y sur del estado y el zacate africano are reaching both their southern and western range li- (Eragrostis lehmanniana) y el zacate rosado (Melinis re- mits in northeastern and north-central Sonora. pens) en el pastizal desértico del este y norte del estado. A total of 58 Sonoran plants are legally protected Creemos que cada día es más urgente la conserva- by the Mexican government in the NOM-059-ECOL-2001 ción y manejo de áreas naturales protegidas, la protec- (NOM, 2002) as E (extinta, extinct), P (en peligro, in dan- ción de especies raras y amenazadas, la vigilancia y con- ger of extinction), A (Amenazada, threatened), and Pr trol de especies exóticas e invasoras y una educación (protección, special protection). The list needs revi- ambiental de calidad conforme la población humana sion because: 1. New information indicates species are sigue creciendo y aumenta la urbanización y la des- more common, more widespread, or not as threatened trucción de hábitats. as previously thought. 2. The varieties of species have different conservation needs. 3. Taxonomic names need ABSTRACT. The flora of the state of Sonora with an to be updated. 4. Some Pr species are not rare or threat- area of 184 934 km² presently includes 3 659 specific ened, but need to be managed as resources and regulat- and infraspecific taxa documented by herbarium spec- ed under different legislation. 5. Many regional plants, BIODIVERSIDAD DE LAS PLANTAS VASCULARES 231 including 69 taxa endemic to mainland Sonora, endem- human population continues to grow, and related de- ics on islands in the Gulf of California, and 27 addition- velopments and habitat destruction increase.
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