Chris Anderson Gowanus Canal Conservancy - Summer 2016 Edna B. Sussman Foundation Internship Report

Introduction

The Gowanus Canal is a 1.8 mile long waterway in southwestern Brooklyn. It is bordered by the Red Hook peninsula to the west, Carroll Gardens and Cobble Hill neighborhoods to the north, Park Slope to the East, and the Gowanus Bay and greater New York Harbor to the south. Notori- ous today for its noxious pollution, stagnant waters laced with technicolor chemical sheens, and its infamous status as the final resting place for countless gangsters, the canal has been central to the development of the city for centuries. People have long been drawn to its banks for as many reasons as there are harmful bacteria in its murky waters. Native Americans, Dutch set- tlers, British soldiers, and many generations of enterprising Brooklynites have all staked a claim along its banks over the course of history.

NY - NJ Harbor Region Southwest Brooklyn Gowanus Canal & Neighborhood

Gowanus Canal:Region IssuesRegion Region & Challenges City City City NeighborhoodNeighborhoodNeighborhood 10 miles 10 miles 10 miles 2 miles 2 miles 2 miles 500 ft 500 ft 500 ft Recently, much of the conversation surrounding the canal has been related to its recent desig- nation as a Superfund site by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. After decades of industrial pollution paired with minimal governmental oversight or intervention, the canal was added to the EPA’s National Priority List in 2010, identifying it as one of the country’s most polluted waterways. Efforts are now underway for the cleanup of the canal, with remediation and construction expected to be complete within the next five to ten years.

Beyond the cleanup required by the EPA, the canal faces many other issues that will continue to play an important role in its future. Currently, the canal receives nearly 400 million gallons of raw sewage as a result of the 18 combined sewer outfalls that line its edge. Efforts are being made to mediate this significant pollution source, including public education for the residents within the canal’s sewershed to reduce their contribution to sewer overflows, as well as the installation of green infrastructure elements such as bioswales and raingardens to intercept stormwater runoff, reducing the stress on the city’s already undersized and overwhelmed sewer system.

Another issue that is poised to have an increasingly significant influence on the canal’s future is an impending rezoning from New York City’s Department of City Planning. With significant amount of vacant or underused properties, rising demand and value of housing, and the ev- er-present pressure of development, residents, stakeholders, and city officials have all been engaging in the conversation of how the land surrounding the Gowanus Canal will be used in the future. Community planning initiatives have been undergone in recent years, and currently the city’s planning department has begun the formal process of considering the results of these community planning processes in the formulation of a new zoning framework for the neighbor- hood that will dictate land use policies for the foreseeable future.

Finally, the threat of climate change, rising seas, and the increasing risk of flooding is a serious challenge for the neighborhoods bordering the canal. Before the canal was built, the Gowanus was a creek surrounded by hundreds of acres of salt marshes, meadows, and wetlands. After centuries of development, the land surrounding the canal still sits in a floodplain, albeit one that has been almost completely covered in impermeable surfaces. In October of 2012, Superstorm Sandy revealed the true vulnerability of the area, inundating the majority of the neighbor- hoods bordering the canal with several feet of water. In the years following, significant efforts have been made to assess and address the risk of flooding, however it remains to be seen how effective these efforts will be until the next major storm events. Many studies have concluded that the only reliable method of reducing flooding is to construct a deployable flood gate at the mouth of the canal.

The ongoing canal cleanup, concerns over flooding, and the rapid change in land use and neighborhood character over the past half-century has given rise to an especially involved and vocal local culture. Community organizations and board meetings are well used and well attended. The residents feel a pride about their neighborhood and recognize its unique place in New York City’s urban fabric, and they remain in active conversation with stakeholders and city officials about the future of the Gowanus Canal.

EPA and community residents inspecting the Gowanus Canal, 2013. Photo courtesy City Councilman Brad Lander Summer Work: Gowanus Canal Conservancy

This summer, I worked with one such community organization, and the experience as a whole greatly contributed to my understanding of the canal and the myriad issues that it is currently facing. The Gowanus Canal Conservancy (GCC) is a community-based non-profit organization that serves as the environmental steward for the Gowanus Canal Watershed. For over a decade, the organization has been working toward an “open, clean and alive Gowanus Canal water- shed”, focused on creating new park space along the canal, ensuring healthy water, soil and air, and fostering ecological, business and cultural activity within the watershed. As an orga- nization with such a mission, GCC has often found itself as a mediator between a wide range of stakeholders, including but not limited to the various communities that live within the water- shed, owners of local businesses and properties, developers, local community boards, New York Department of Environmental Conservation, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Throughout the three months that I worked with GCC, the variety in my work reflected the many different approaches that the organization takes in addressing the canal. Whether it dealt with education, outreach, or concept development, the work allowed me to examine the canal and its environs in ways that I would have never had the opportunity to otherwise.

Much of the work that GCC does relates to educating the public, primarily those that live within the canal’s watershed, about the many ways in which the canal is directly affected by the peo- ple that live and work near it. From explaining the legacy of historic pollution, the problem of combined sewer overflow events, and the importance of green infrastructure, this education takes the form of hosting public lectures, having an online presence, and perhaps most impor- tantly, developing a school curriculum that is open to any teacher to use within the classroom.

Through the STEM curriculum model, focusing on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math- ematic, GCC has developed an extensive curriculum that uses the Gowanus Canal as a basis for a wide variety of activities and project. This summer I assisted in the development of a unit devoted to teaching middle schoolers about climate change, the ways in which it has a direct impact on the Gowanus neighborhoods, and possibilities for adapting to anticipated effects of climate change, such as flooding due to frequent extreme storm events and sea-level rise. The maps and graphics that I produced for the unit helped me gain a clearer grasp of ways in which climate change is poised to have a large influence on the future of the neighborhood.

MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE IN CENTRAL PARK 1900 - 2015 FORECAST THE NEXT 100 YEARS... SEA LEVEL RISE IN NYC 1900 - 2015 FORECAST THE NEXT 100 YEARS...

68 100

8’ 67 KEY KEY

90 High Estimate 66 High Estimate

7’ 65 Low Estimate Low Estimate 80 64 Mid Estimate Range Mid Estimate Range

63 6’ 70 62

61 5’ 60

60

59 50 4’

58

SEA LEVEL RISE (inches) 40 57 3’ 56

30 55

MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (°F) TEMPERATURE MEAN ANNUAL 2’ 54 20 53

1’ 52 10

51

50 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

source: NYC Panel on Climate Change 2015 Report YEAR source: NYC Panel on Climate Change 2015 Report YEAR Graphs were created to help illustrate the indicators and effects of climate change on New York City Given its engagement with an active and concerned neighborhood, GCC often finds itself to be a mediator between various stakeholders, residents, and developers. The question of “What do you want the canal to be?” is often asked as a way to find common ground and inform further decisions and conversations.

Much of the work I did this summer was related to this sort of outreach. I helped to run several public events that encouraged people to engage with each other in discussing what their prior- ities are, particularly for the edge of the canal. I produced graphics and maps to help facilitate these discussions, and spent considerable time cataloging and analyzing feedback to gain a better understanding of overarching trends in public opinion. All of this data has been, and will continue to be, useful for the further development of ideas and designs.

Facilitating a community engagement event on the banks of the Gowanus Canal, July 2016

Mcglaughlin Park Mcglaughlin Park

Pier 5 Pier 5

Columbus Park Columbus Park

Oracle Playground Oracle Playground Columbus Plaza Columbus Plaza Brooklyn Brooklyn

Bridge Park Bridge Park

Pier 6 Pier 6

ATLANTIC AVENUE ATLANTIC AVENUE “stores” Palmetto Playground Palmetto Playground

Adam Yauch Park Adam Yauch Park Ft. Green Park “lush green space” Ft. Green Park “beautiful campus” “beautiful park” “views” “benches” “breakfast” “concerts” Cobble Hill Park “great activity” Cobble Hill Park “don’t know” FLATBUSH AVENUE “running path” “don’t know” FLATBUSH AVENUE “rarely see people” “trees” “shrubbery” “trees” “unsafe” Sixteen Sycamores Sixteen Sycamores ATLANTIC AVENUE Playground “shade” “benches”ATLANTIC AVENUE Playground “bbq” “well-maintained”

“peaceful” “not welcoming”

North Pacific “picnic tables” North Pacific Playground Playground

Boerum Heyward Park Boerum Heyward Park “unsafe” Park “post office” Park “violence” “bad crossing” South “horrible for peds” South Oxford “children play” Oxford BROOKLYN-QUEENS EXPY Park BROOKLYN-QUEENS EXPY Park

Gowanus Gowanus COURT STREET Houses COURT STREET Houses

Wyckoff Gardens Wyckoff Gardens

SMITH STREET “dirty” SMITH STREET

HOYT STREET “loud highway” HOYT STREET Carroll Park BALTIC STREET “bad for kids” Carroll Park BALTIC STREET Dean Playground Dean Playground

BOND STREET BOND STREET “swimming” Thomas “dangerous” Thomas Greene Park Greene Park “children” “scenic” Diamantina Diamantina Playground Playground “close to home” “bad odor” “green space” 3RD AVENUE “farmers market” 3RD AVENUE “close to home” “lack of access” “unpleasant” “nice to look at canal” “too small” GOWANUS EXPY GOWANUS EXPY “playground” “desolate” 4TH AVENUE “industrial views” 4TH AVENUE “softball” “out of my way” UNION STREET “june berry picking” UNION STREET

Admiral Triangle Park Slope Admiral Triangle Park Slope CARROLL STREET Playground CARROLL STREET Playground

Gil Gil “sweet spot” “is it public?” Hodges Hodges“community garden” “native plants” St. Mary’s Park St. Mary’s Park “too much cement” Whole Foods Esplanade Whole Foods Esplanade “restful”

3RD STREET 3RD STREET “swings” “walking” “good view” “sterile” “access” Washington Park Washington Park “projects” SMITH STREET SMITH STREET Red Hook Lowes Esplanade 6TH STREET Red Hook Lowes Esplanade 6TH STREET Recreation Center Recreation Center “crime scene” “habitat” COURT STREET COURT STREET “no shade” “nice” “beautiful” 10th St Viaduct “no maintenance” 10th St Viaduct “history” “smells” “benches” 2ND AVENUE “no shade” “did not 2NDknow AVENUE this” “relax” “shade” Ennis Ennis “hang out” Playground “isolated” Playground 10TH STREET “uninviting” “shopping”10TH STREET “farmers market” “eat” “shopping” 3RD AVENUE “pleasant” 3RD AVENUE “forage” “fun” “difficult location” “watch & sit” “events” “feels isolated” “good views” “exercise & play” “seats” “cultural”

4TH AVENUE “quiet time” “suburban”4TH AVENUE “sanitation” “toxic air” “speeding traffic”

Long Bank Long Bank “relaxing” “too expensive” 15TH STREET “views” 15TH STREET “astroturf”

“canoes” “oasis”

“good feelings” “basketball” PROSPECT PARK PROSPECT PARK PROSPECT EXPY PROSPECT EXPY “shop”

“didn’t know about it” “community activity” Community Charettes

Mayrose Park Mayrose Park “ugly” “garden” Open Space Analysis

Feedback analysis - Corridors Feedback analysis - Open Spaces In terms of larger-scale planning, the GCC has developed the concept of a “Gowanus Green- scape” concept, which has been the foundation for much of the work the GCC has done over the years. The Gowanus Greenscape vision has the goal of creating a cohesive system of open spaces along the canal. This goal can only be accomplished if there is a consistent vision that dictates strategies and design guidelines, and the GCC sees itself as being the organization best equipped to develop and promote this vision.

The conceptual design work I did this summer focused on studying and illustrating the variety of ways a canal-side esplanade could potentially be organized and arranged in terms of ac- cess, habitat creation, and flood management. Currently, the city’s waterfront access guidelines require a public access esplanade These exploratory concepts will continue to inform further de- sign development as concepts become more detailed and site-specific. Additionally, I developed design concepts for the 1st St turning basin, which were used at community meetings to discuss common goals for the final basin design.

Powerhouse SelectionFigliolia of initial design concepts for the 1st Street Turning Basin. These drawingsMudflats Low Marsh wereHigh Marsh usedUpland to help communicate potential property line Powerhouse ideas for basin designs to 5’

Assumed Water Level high tide

community(+/- 2’) 10’ members, stakeholders, and developers. low tide 15’

20’ 1st St

10’ 0’ Figliolia Carroll St A Bulkhead enhanced 3.5’ cap Clean fill Sand/peat substrate Footing for future Public access promenade -10’ with Econcrete facade pedestrian bridge -5’ Footings for pedestrian bridge, to be constructed as development on north side of basin allows.

Softened basin edge and Powerhouse increased wetland area provide habitat for more Low Marsh High Marsh Upland diverse wetland ecology.

0’ Esplanade continues along edge of basin, creating a more connected pedestrian experience. Powerhouse property line Powerhouse A 5’

Assumed Water Level high tide

(+/- 2’) 10’ low tide 15’ Extra Space Shortening basin length 20’ Storage creates space for public access from 3rd ave through a combination of public and private parcels. B Bulkhead enhanced 3.5’ cap Clean fill Sand/peat substrate Public access promenade with Econcrete facade

Powerhouse 3rd Ave

B

Extra Space Storage Storage Deluxe

1st St

Powerhouse property line Powerhouse C Storage Deluxe

1st Street Turning Basin Iteration 3: Increased habitat and improved Plan pedestrian access and circulation through modifying footprint of turning basin in a part- 100’ nership between the city and Powerhouse.

Public Access Saltmarsh Powerhouse Esplanade Zone Property Line

Public access promenade C (with street access to 3rd ave) 1st Street Turning Basin Iteration 3: Increased habitat and improved pedestrian Section access and circulation through modifying footprint of turning basin in a partnership between the city and Powerhouse.

0’ 5’ 10’ 15’ 20’ 25’ 30’ 35’ 40’ 45’ 50’ 55’ 60’ 65’ 70’ 75’ 80’ 85’ 90’ 95’ 100’

Powerhouse Figliolia

Mudflats Low Marsh High Marsh Upland Powerhouse property line Powerhouse 5’

Assumed Water Level high tide

(+/- 2’) 10’ low tide 15’ 20’

A Bulkhead enhanced 3.5’ cap Clean fill Sand/peat substrate Footing for future Public access promenade with Econcrete facade pedestrian bridge

Powerhouse

Low Marsh High Marsh Upland Powerhouse property line Powerhouse 5’

Assumed Water Level high tide

(+/- 2’) 10’ low tide 15’ 20’

B Bulkhead enhanced 3.5’ cap Clean fill Sand/peat substrate Public access promenade with Econcrete facade

Extra Space Storage Storage Deluxe Powerhouse property line Powerhouse

Public access promenade C (with street access to 3rd ave) 1st Street Turning Basin Iteration 3: Increased habitat and improved pedestrian Section access and circulation through modifying footprint of turning basin in a partnership between the city and Powerhouse.

0’ 5’ 10’ 15’ 20’ 25’ 30’ 35’ 40’ 45’ 50’ 55’ 60’ 65’ 70’ 75’ 80’ 85’ 90’ 95’ 100’ Future Work

While the official internship was completed at the end of August, my work with the Gowanus Canal Conservancy and the canal in general is far from finished. As a result of my summer expe- rience, I have decided to make the canal the subject of my capstone project, which is the final re- quirement for the masters of landscape architecture degree, and will be completed in the spring of 2017. The work involved with this capstone will be focused primarily on the dredging of a new basin as part of the EPA cleanup, and the opportunities that this project creates for habitat cre- ation, public access, and flood mitigation.

Conclusion

The three months that I spent with the Gowanus Canal Conservancy were an incredible oppor- tunity to observe, participate, and work within an organization that is directly engaging with a unique neighborhood facing more than its fair share of challenges and opportunities. This work not only contributed to the conservancy’s efforts of being the environmental stewards for the canal, but also allowed me to gain a deep understanding of the canal, which will provide a solid foundation upon which to continue my research and design work.

I would like to thank Andrea Parker, the Executive Director of the Gowanus Canal Conservancy, for her guidance and the hospitality with which she has shown me, treating me from the very first day like a valuable part of the conservancy. I would also like to thank my major professor, Richard Hawks, for his enthusiasm and ongoing support for this project. Finally, I would like to sincere- ly thank the Edna B. Sussman Foundation for its generosity that has made this entire experience possible. I look forward to building on the work that was done this summer, and will be forever grateful for this opportunity.

Ripple on the oil-covered waters of the canal. Photo by Steven Hirsch