DOCSLIB.ORG

Characterization of a Hyperthermophilic Sulphur-Oxidizing Biofilm Produced by Archaea Isolated from a Hot Spring

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characterization of a Hyperthermophilic Sulphur-Oxidizing Biofilm Produced by Archaea Isolated from a Hot Spring Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 25 (2017) 58–63 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Electronic Journal of Biotechnology Research article Characterization of a hyperthermophilic sulphur-oxidizing biofilm produced by archaea isolated from a hot spring Emky Valdebenito-Rolack a,⁎, Nathaly Ruiz-Tagle a, Leslie Abarzúa a,GermánArocab,HomeroUrrutiaa a Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile b Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile article info abstract Article history: Background: Sulphur-oxidizing microorganisms are widely used in the biofiltration of total reduced sulphur Received 18 August 2016 compounds (odorous and neurotoxic) produced by industries such as the cellulose and petrochemical Accepted 10 November 2016 industries, which include high-temperature process steps. Some hyperthermophilic microorganisms have the Available online 24 November 2016 capability to oxidize these compounds at high temperatures (N60°C), and archaea of this group, for example, Sulfolobus metallicus, are commonly used in biofiltration technology. Keywords: Results: In this study, a hyperthermophilic sulphur-oxidizing strain of archaea was isolated from a hot spring Biofilms on polyethylene (Chillán, Chile) and designated as M1. It was identified as archaea of the genus Sulfolobus (99% homology Biofiltration fi Cellulose industries with S. solfataricus 16S rDNA). Bio lms of this culture grown on polyethylene rings showed an elemental -1 -1 Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis sulphur oxidation rate of 95.15 ± 15.39 mg S l d , higher than the rate exhibited by the biofilm of the extremophile sulphur-oxidizing archaea S. metallicus (56.8 ± 10.91 mg l-1 d-1). Hyperthermophile Conclusions: The results suggest that the culture M1 is useful for the biofiltration of total reduced sulphur gases at Industrial gas emissions high temperatures and for other biotechnological applications. Petroleum refinery Sulfolobus © 2016 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Sulphide This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Sulphur-oxidizing archaea Sulphur-oxidizing microorganisms 1. Introduction a mesophilic reactor because no additional cooling equipment is necessary [8]. Few reports have been published about biofiltration The use of sulphur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) has been proposed to under thermophilic conditions [14], and only four of them describe oxidize total reduced sulphur compounds (TRS) present in industrial TRS biodegradation [7,12,15,16]. However, there are several reports gas emissions [1,2,3]. These gaseous compounds, emitted by several that describe microbial communities and enriched consortia from hot industrial processes, are toxic [4] and odorous [5].Theuseofbiofilters springs composed mainly of chemolithotrophic archaea from the inoculated with SOB has been shown to be a good solution for treating genera Sulfolobus, Acidianus,andMetallosphaera [17,18]. In fact, all theseemissionsatmoderatetemperatures, but there are many gaseous known sulphur-oxidizing extreme hyperthermophiles (optimum emissions from industrial processes containing these compounds at temperature N 60°C) are crenarchaeotes [19]. Some hyperthermophilic high temperatures (N50°C), especially in boiler combustion, petroleum sulphur-oxidizing prokaryote cultures have been isolated, predominated refinery, smelting and composting facilities [6,7] because most by archaea, for example, the VS2 culture found in hot spring sediments biochemical transformations occur more rapidly at high temperature [8]. from underground mines at Hokkaido, Japan [18], which can be used To date, most of the studies reporting TRS oxidation using SOB in bioleaching. Another example is found in the hyperthermophilic biofilms involve mesophilic or moderate thermophilic conditions microorganisms characterized in geysers in the Yellowstone National [9,10,11,12]. The immobilization of thermophilic desulphurisation Park, USA [17]. In these reports, the main archaea genera were prokaryotes on a packing support material in a bioreactor operating Sulfolobus, Metalosphaera,andThermoplasma; however, the latter is under thermophilic conditions produces more rapid and economical mainly heterotrophic. In the first study mentioned above, the optimum treatment processes [13]. The advantages of using a thermophilic temperature for S0 (elemental sulphur) oxidation was 70°C in a culture bioreactor are high degradation kinetics and lower cost than dominated by Sulfolobus metallicus and Thermoplasma acidophilum,with S0 oxidation rate of 99 mg S0 L-1 d-1. One of the most frequently studied genera of hyperthermophilic sulphur-oxidizing archaea is Sulfolobus, ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (E. Valdebenito-Rolack). which contains widely described species like S. metallicus and Sulfolobus Peer review under responsibility of Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. solfataricus. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.11.005 0717-3458/© 2016 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). E. Valdebenito-Rolack et al. / Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 25 (2017) 58–63 59 To date, no S0-oxidizing microorganisms from volcanic thermal epifluorescence microscopy with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) environments have been described; therefore, the study of the S0 stain. oxidizing efficiency of a biofilm of hyperthermophilic prokaryotes from such environment is of great interest for the application in TRS 2.5. Sulphur oxidation rate biofiltration under thermophilic conditions. The present study aimed to characterize a microbial community At the end of the 30 d incubation period, the culture medium obtained from a hot spring located in the Andes Mountains near was discarded and made up with fresh 9 K liquid culture medium, Chillán, Chile, by determining the oxidation rate of S0 in comparison with the addition of 10 g L-1 S0 as energy source. The S0 oxidation rate with that achieved by a biofilm of S. metallicus.Themicrobial was monitored for 30 additional days to measure the sulphate cultures were characterized using 16S rDNA profile, sequencing and concentration as the final product of the S0 bio-oxidation process, phylogenetic analysis. assuming that 71 mg S0 L-1 d-1 is equivalent to 214 mg L-1 d-1 -2 -2 de SO4 [18].TheSO4 concentration was measured by BaSO4 2. Materials and methods spectrophotometry at 420 nm using a SulfaVer 4 kit and following the manufacturer's instructions (HACH LANGE, Dusseldorf, Germany). The -1 2.1. Samples measurements were performed every 7 d, and a sulphate (mg L ) vs, time (d) plot was made. The sulphate oxidation rate was calculated by Three samples of sediment (5-g wet weight, taken using a sterile linear regression using the software Prim 6.0 (GraphPad Software steel spoon), and water (40 mL, taken using a sterile plastic 50-mL Inc.). In this phase, growth was controlled as described in Section 2.5. tube) were taken from a hot spring located in the Andes Mountains All the experiments were conducted with the M1 strain and the near Chillán (36° 54′ 35″S/71° 25′ 4″W, 80°C and pH = 3), as standard strain, including a negative control, in triplicate. described by Coram-Uliana et al. [20], and transported to the laboratory where they were stored at 4°C in darkness. 2.6. Analysis of results For biofilm development and sulphur oxidation rates, the values are 2.2. Standard bacterial strains expressed as the mean of three replicates. Growth differences and oxidation rate comparisons were made by measuring the significance S. metallicus DSMZ 6482 was used as standard positive control in S0 of the difference between the averages of the parameters mentioned, degradation and for molecular characterization experiments. using one-way ANOVA (α ≤ 0.05). 2.3. Microbial enrichment 2.7. DNA extraction fl Cultures were performed in 500-mL Erlenmeyer asks with Pellets were collected from 1.6 mL of an active culture or an original fi hermetic stopper, using a 9 K modi ed culture medium (Table 1), sample diluted by centrifugation in Eppendorf tubes at 8000 rpm for -1 0 with 10 g L of S as energy source, and incubated on a shaker 3 min. The supernatant was eliminated, and each pellet was – (170 rpm) at 60 80°C [7,18,21]. The cultures were transferred to new re-suspended in 310 μL of HTE buffer (HTE: 50 mM Tris–HCl, 20 mM fl asks with fresh medium and incubated in the same conditions three EDTA, pH = 8), after which 350 μL of SDS 2% in HTE buffer was added. times to avoid carry-over. The pH drop was measured as growth Five microlitre RNase A was added, and the mixture was incubated indicator, as described by Salo-Zieman et al. [18]. Ten millilitre of at 37°C for 15 min. It was then incubated with 35-μLProteinaseK samples with positive growth was transferred to hermetically closed at 50°C for 60 min and shaken for 2 min in vortex. A 700 μLof fl 250-mL glass asks and made up to 100 mL with a 9 K culture phenol:chloroform:isoamilic alcohol was added (25:24:1), mixed fl medium. The asks were incubated on a rotary shaker at 170 rpm at briefly, and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 3 min. The upper aqueous – 60 80°C. This transfer was carried out at least three times. Growth phase was transferred into new tubes. The phenol:chloroform:isoamilic was monitored as described above. alcohol step was performed twice. Sodium acetate 3 M was added at 1/10 of the final volume and mixed. The mixture was refrigerated 2.4. Biofilm development overnight at -20°C. Each tube was then centrifuged at 11,000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was eliminated, and the DNA pellet was Ten millilitre (107 cell mL-1) of the enrichment culture M1 or the washed with ethanol 70%.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role of Polyphosphate in Motility, Adhesion, and Biofilm Formation in Sulfolobales. Microorganisms 2021, 9
    microorganisms Article The Role of Polyphosphate in Motility, Adhesion, and Biofilm Formation in Sulfolobales Alejandra Recalde 1,2 , Marleen van Wolferen 2 , Shamphavi Sivabalasarma 2 , Sonja-Verena Albers 2, Claudio A. Navarro 1 and Carlos A. Jerez 1,* 1 Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] (C.A.N.) 2 Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology II-Microbiology, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany; [email protected] (M.v.W.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (S.-V.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Polyphosphates (polyP) are polymers of orthophosphate residues linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds that are important in all domains of life and function in many different processes, including biofilm development. To study the effect of polyP in archaeal biofilm formation, our previously described Sa. solfataricus polyP (−) strain and a new polyP (−) S. acidocaldarius strain generated in this report were used. These two strains lack the polymer due to the overexpression of their respective exopolyphosphatase gene (ppx). Both strains showed a reduction in biofilm formation, decreased motility on semi-solid plates and a diminished adherence to glass surfaces as seen by DAPI (40,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining using fluorescence microscopy. Even though arlB (encoding the archaellum subunit) was highly upregulated in S. acidocardarius polyP (−), no archaellated cells were observed. These results suggest that polyP might be involved in the regulation of the expression of archaellum components and their assembly, possibly by affecting energy availability, phosphorylation or other phenomena.
    [Show full text]
  • Counts Metabolic Yr10.Pdf
    Advanced Review Physiological, metabolic and biotechnological features of extremely thermophilic microorganisms James A. Counts,1 Benjamin M. Zeldes,1 Laura L. Lee,1 Christopher T. Straub,1 Michael W.W. Adams2 and Robert M. Kelly1* The current upper thermal limit for life as we know it is approximately 120C. Microorganisms that grow optimally at temperatures of 75C and above are usu- ally referred to as ‘extreme thermophiles’ and include both bacteria and archaea. For over a century, there has been great scientific curiosity in the basic tenets that support life in thermal biotopes on earth and potentially on other solar bodies. Extreme thermophiles can be aerobes, anaerobes, autotrophs, hetero- trophs, or chemolithotrophs, and are found in diverse environments including shallow marine fissures, deep sea hydrothermal vents, terrestrial hot springs— basically, anywhere there is hot water. Initial efforts to study extreme thermo- philes faced challenges with their isolation from difficult to access locales, pro- blems with their cultivation in laboratories, and lack of molecular tools. Fortunately, because of their relatively small genomes, many extreme thermo- philes were among the first organisms to be sequenced, thereby opening up the application of systems biology-based methods to probe their unique physiologi- cal, metabolic and biotechnological features. The bacterial genera Caldicellulosir- uptor, Thermotoga and Thermus, and the archaea belonging to the orders Thermococcales and Sulfolobales, are among the most studied extreme thermo- philes to date. The recent emergence of genetic tools for many of these organ- isms provides the opportunity to move beyond basic discovery and manipulation to biotechnologically relevant applications of metabolic engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea Use the Most Energy Efficient Aerobic Pathway for CO2 Fixation
    Ammonia-oxidizing archaea use the most energy efficient aerobic pathway for CO2 fixation Martin Könneke, Daniel M. Schubert, Philip C. Brown, Michael Hügler, Sonja Standfest, Thomas Schwander, Lennart Schada von Borzyskowski, Tobias J. Erb, David A. Stahl, Ivan A. Berg Supporting Information: Supplementary Appendix SI Text Phylogenetic analysis of the proteins involved in the HP/HB cycle in N. maritimus. The enzymes of the HP/HB cycle with unequivocally identified genes consisting of more than 200 amino acids were used for the phylogenetic analysis (Table 1). The genes for biotin carrier protein (Nmar_0274, 140 amino acids), small subunit of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (Nmar_0958, 140 amino acids) and methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase (Nmar_0953, 131 amino acids) were not analyzed, because their small size prevents reliable phylogenetic tree construction. The genes for acetyl-CoA/propionyl-CoA carboxylase and methylmalonyl-CoA carboxylase homologues can be found in autotrophic Thaumarchaeota and aerobic Crenarchaeota as well as in some heterotrophic Archaea (SI Appendix, Figs. S7-S9, Table S4). Although these enzymes are usually regarded as characteristic enzymes of the HP/HB cycle, they also participate in various heterotrophic pathways in Archaea, e.g. in the methylaspartate cycle of acetate assimilation in haloarchaea (1), propionate and leucine assimilation (2, 3), oxaloacetate or methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylation (4, 5), anaplerotic pyruvate carboxylation (6). In all three trees (SI Appendix, Figs. S7-S9) the crenarchaeal enzymes tend to cluster with thaumarchaeal ones, but there appears to be no special connection between aerobic Crenarchaeota (Sulfolobales) and Thaumarchaeota sequences. Thaumarchaeal 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase genes form a separate cluster closely related to bacterial sequences; the bacterial enzymes are probably involved in aminobutyrate fermentation (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Calditol-Linked Membrane Lipids Are Required for Acid Tolerance in Sulfolobus Acidocaldarius
    Calditol-linked membrane lipids are required for acid tolerance in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Zhirui Zenga,1, Xiao-Lei Liub,1, Jeremy H. Weia, Roger E. Summonsc, and Paula V. Welandera,2 aDepartment of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; bDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019; and cDepartment of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Edited by Katherine H. Freeman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved November 7, 2018 (received for review August 14, 2018) Archaea have many unique physiological features of which the lipid and sea-surface temperatures in the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic, composition of their cellular membranes is the most striking. and the geologic history of archaea in ancient sediments (13, 14). Archaeal ether-linked isoprenoidal membranes can occur as bilayers However, deciphering the evolutionary implications of archaeal or monolayers, possess diverse polar head groups, and a multiplicity lipid biosynthesis, as well as being able to properly interpret ar- of ring structures in the isoprenoidal cores. These lipid structures chaeal lipid biomarkers, requires a full understanding of the are proposed to provide protection from the extreme temperature, biosynthetic pathways and the physiological roles of these various pH, salinity, and nutrient-starved conditions that many archaea structures in extant archaea. inhabit. However, many questions remain regarding the synthesis Studies of archaeal membrane lipid synthesis have revealed and physiological role of some of the more complex archaeal lipids. distinct proteins and biochemical reactions, but several open In this study, we identify a radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) questions remain (4, 15).
    [Show full text]
  • Lipids of Sulfolobus Spp. | Encyclopedia
    Lipids of Sulfolobus spp. Subjects: Biophysics | Biotechnology Contributors: Kerstin Rastaedter , David J. Wurm Submitted by: Kerstin Rastaedter Definition Archaea, and thereby, Sulfolobus spp. exhibit a unique lipid composition of ether lipids, which are altered in regard to the ratio of diether to tetraether lipids, number of cyclopentane rings and type of head groups, as a coping mechanism against environmental changes. Sulfolobales mainly consist of C40-40 tetraether lipids (caldarchaeol) and partly of C20-20 diether lipids (archaeol). A variant of caldarchaeol called glycerol dialkylnonitol tetraether (GDNT) has only been found in Sulfolobus and other members of the Creanarchaeota phylum so far. Altering the numbers of incorporated cyclopentane rings or the the diether to tetraether ratio results in more tightly packed membranes or vice versa. 1. The Cell Membrane and Lipids of Sulfolobus spp. The thermoacidophilic genus Sulfolobus belongs to the phylum Crenarchaeota and is a promising player for biotechnology [1], since it harbors a couple of valuable products, such as extremozymes[ 2], trehalose [3], archaeocins [4] and lipids for producing archaeosomes [5]. Genetic tools for this genus have rapidly advanced in recent years[ 6], generating new possibilities in basic science and for biotechnological applications alike. The cultivation conditions are preferably at around 80 °C and pH 3 [7]. Sulfolobus species are able to grow aerobically and can be readily cultivated on a laboratory scale. These organisms became a model organism for Crenarchaeota and for adaption processes to extreme environments [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Sulfolobus species were found in solfataric fields all over the world[ 14]. A major drawback of cultivating this organism was the lack of a defined cultivation medium.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Sequencing of Sulfolobus Sp. A20 from Costa Rica And
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 30 November 2016 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01902 Genome Sequencing of Sulfolobus sp. A20 from Costa Rica and Comparative Analyses of the Putative Pathways of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Metabolism in Various Sulfolobus Strains Xin Dai 1, 2, Haina Wang 1, 2, Zhenfeng Zhang 1, Kuan Li 3, Xiaoling Zhang 3, Marielos Mora-López 4, Chengying Jiang 1, Chang Liu 1, 2, Li Wang 1, Yaxin Zhu 1, Walter Hernández-Ascencio 4, Zhiyang Dong 1 and Li Huang 1, 2* 1 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 2 3 Edited by: College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, 4 Kian Mau Goh, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Center for Research in Cell and Molecular Biology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Reviewed by: Yutaka Kawarabayasi, The genome of Sulfolobus sp. A20 isolated from a hot spring in Costa Rica was Kyushu University, Japan sequenced. This circular genome of the strain is 2,688,317 bp in size and 34.8% in G+C Peter Redder, Paul Sabatier University, France content, and contains 2591 open reading frames (ORFs). Strain A20 shares ∼95.6% *Correspondence: identity at the 16S rRNA gene sequence level and <30% DNA-DNA hybridization Li Huang (DDH) values with the most closely related known Sulfolobus species (i.e., Sulfolobus [email protected] islandicus and Sulfolobus solfataricus), suggesting that it represents a novel Sulfolobus Specialty section: species.
    [Show full text]
  • 4 Metabolic and Taxonomic Diversification in Continental Magmatic Hydrothermal Systems
    Maximiliano J. Amenabar, Matthew R. Urschel, and Eric S. Boyd 4 Metabolic and taxonomic diversification in continental magmatic hydrothermal systems 4.1 Introduction Hydrothermal systems integrate geological processes from the deep crust to the Earth’s surface yielding an extensive array of spring types with an extraordinary diversity of geochemical compositions. Such geochemical diversity selects for unique metabolic properties expressed through novel enzymes and functional characteristics that are tailored to the specific conditions of their local environment. This dynamic interaction between geochemical variation and biology has played out over evolu- tionary time to engender tightly coupled and efficient biogeochemical cycles. The timescales by which these evolutionary events took place, however, are typically in- accessible for direct observation. This inaccessibility impedes experimentation aimed at understanding the causative principles of linked biological and geological change unless alternative approaches are used. A successful approach that is commonly used in geological studies involves comparative analysis of spatial variations to test ideas about temporal changes that occur over inaccessible (i.e. geological) timescales. The same approach can be used to examine the links between biology and environment with the aim of reconstructing the sequence of evolutionary events that resulted in the diversity of organisms that inhabit modern day hydrothermal environments and the mechanisms by which this sequence of events occurred. By combining molecu- lar biological and geochemical analyses with robust phylogenetic frameworks using approaches commonly referred to as phylogenetic ecology [1, 2], it is now possible to take advantage of variation within the present – the distribution of biodiversity and metabolic strategies across geochemical gradients – to recognize the extent of diversity and the reasons that it exists.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cell Membrane of Sulfolobus Spp.—Homeoviscous Adaption and Biotechnological Applications
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review The Cell Membrane of Sulfolobus spp.—Homeoviscous Adaption and Biotechnological Applications Kerstin Rastädter, David J. Wurm, Oliver Spadiut and Julian Quehenberger * Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (K.R.); [email protected] (D.J.W.); [email protected] (O.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 April 2020; Accepted: 29 May 2020; Published: 30 May 2020 Abstract: The microbial cell membrane is affected by physicochemical parameters, such as temperature and pH, but also by the specific growth rate of the host organism. Homeoviscous adaption describes the process of maintaining membrane fluidity and permeability throughout these environmental changes. Archaea, and thereby, Sulfolobus spp. exhibit a unique lipid composition of ether lipids, which are altered in regard to the ratio of diether to tetraether lipids, number of cyclopentane rings and type of head groups, as a coping mechanism against environmental changes. The main biotechnological application of the membrane lipids of Sulfolobus spp. are so called archaeosomes. Archaeosomes are liposomes which are fully or partly generated from archaeal lipids and harbor the potential to be used as drug delivery systems for vaccines, proteins, peptides and nucleic acids. This review summarizes the influence of environmental parameters on the cell membrane of Sulfolobus spp. and the biotechnological applications of their membrane lipids. Keywords: archaea; Sulfolobus; homeoviscous adaption; membrane; tetraether; diether; lipids; biotechnological application 1. Introduction Membranes are an important barrier between the cell and extracellular space and thus act as a physical barrier as well as a gatekeeper.
    [Show full text]
  • Biotechnology of Archaea- Costanzo Bertoldo and Garabed Antranikian
    BIOTECHNOLOGY– Vol. IX – Biotechnology Of Archaea- Costanzo Bertoldo and Garabed Antranikian BIOTECHNOLOGY OF ARCHAEA Costanzo Bertoldo and Garabed Antranikian Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Germany Keywords: Archaea, extremophiles, enzymes Contents 1. Introduction 2. Cultivation of Extremophilic Archaea 3. Molecular Basis of Heat Resistance 4. Screening Strategies for the Detection of Novel Enzymes from Archaea 5. Starch Processing Enzymes 6. Cellulose and Hemicellulose Hydrolyzing Enzymes 7. Chitin Degradation 8. Proteolytic Enzymes 9. Alcohol Dehydrogenases and Esterases 10. DNA Processing Enzymes 11. Archaeal Inteins 12. Conclusions Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Archaea are unique microorganisms that are adapted to survive in ecological niches such as high temperatures, extremes of pH, high salt concentrations and high pressure. They produce novel organic compounds and stable biocatalysts that function under extreme conditions comparable to those prevailing in various industrial processes. Some of the enzymes from Archaea have already been purified and their genes successfully cloned in mesophilic hosts. Enzymes such as amylases, pullulanases, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases, cellulases, xylanases, chitinases, proteases, alcohol dehydrogenase,UNESCO esterases, and DNA-modifying – enzymesEOLSS are of potential use in various biotechnological processes including in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 1. Introduction SAMPLE CHAPTERS The industrial application of biocatalysts began in 1915 with the introduction of the first detergent enzyme by Dr. Röhm. Since that time enzymes have found wider application in various industrial processes and production (see Enzyme Production). The most important fields of enzyme application are nutrition, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, detergents, textile and leather industries. There are more than 3000 enzymes known to date that catalyze different biochemical reactions among the estimated total of 7000; only 100 enzymes are being used industrially.
    [Show full text]
  • Function and Adaptation of Acidophiles in Natural and Applied Communities
    Stephan Christel Linnaeus University Dissertations No 328/2018 Stephan Christel and Appliedand Communities Acidophiles in Natural of Adaptation and Function Function and Adaptation of Acidophiles in Natural and Applied Communities Lnu.se ISBN: 978-91-88761-94-1 978-91-88761-95-8 (pdf ) linnaeus university press Function and Adaptation of Acidophiles in Natural and Applied Communities Linnaeus University Dissertations No 328/2018 FUNCTION AND ADAPTATION OF ACIDOPHILES IN NATURAL AND APPLIED COMMUNITIES STEPHAN CHRISTEL LINNAEUS UNIVERSITY PRESS Abstract Christel, Stephan (2018). Function and Adaptation of Acidophiles in Natural and Applied Communities, Linnaeus University Dissertations No 328/2018, ISBN: 978-91-88761-94-1 (print), 978-91-88761-95-8 (pdf). Written in English. Acidophiles are organisms that have evolved to grow optimally at high concentrations of protons. Members of this group are found in all three domains of life, although most of them belong to the Archaea and Bacteria. As their energy demand is often met chemolithotrophically by the oxidation of basic ions 2+ and molecules such as Fe , H2, and sulfur compounds, they are often found in environments marked by the natural or anthropogenic exposure of sulfide minerals. Nonetheless, organoheterotrophic growth is also common, especially at higher temperatures. Beside their remarkable resistance to proton attack, acidophiles are resistant to a multitude of other environmental factors, including toxic heavy metals, high temperatures, and oxidative stress. This allows them to thrive in environments with high metal concentrations and makes them ideal for application in so-called biomining technologies. The first study of this thesis investigated the iron-oxidizer Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans that is highly relevant for boreal biomining.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Diversity in Nonsulfur, Sulfur and Iron Geothermal Steam Vents
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Microbial diversity in nonsulfur,sulfurand iron geothermal steam vents Courtney A. Benson, Richard W. Bizzoco, David A. Lipson & Scott T. Kelley Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA Correspondence: Scott T. Kelley, Abstract Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, Fumaroles, commonly called steam vents, are ubiquitous features of geothermal CA 92182-4614, USA. Tel.: 11 619 594 habitats. Recent studies have discovered microorganisms in condensed fumarole 5371; fax: 11 619 594 5676; e-mail: steam, but fumarole deposits have proven refractory to DNA isolation. In this [email protected] study, we report the development of novel DNA isolation approaches for fumarole deposit microbial community analysis. Deposit samples were collected from steam Received 24 June 2010; revised 26 October vents and caves in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Yellowstone National Park and 2010; accepted 3 December 2010. Lassen Volcanic National Park. Samples were analyzed by X-ray microanalysis and Final version published online 1 February 2011. classified as nonsulfur, sulfur or iron-dominated steam deposits. We experienced considerable difficulty in obtaining high-yield, high-quality DNA for cloning: only DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01047.x half of all the samples ultimately yielded sequences. Analysis of archaeal 16S rRNA Editor: Alfons Stams gene sequences showed that sulfur steam deposits were dominated by Sulfolobus and Acidianus, while nonsulfur deposits contained mainly unknown Crenarchaeota. Keywords Several of these novel Crenarchaeota lineages were related to chemoautotrophic 16S; phylogeny; microbial community; ammonia oxidizers, indicating that fumaroles represent a putative habitat for Crenarchaeota; Sulfolobus.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic and Functional Analysis of Metagenome Sequence from High-Temperature Archaeal Habitats Demonstrate Linkages Between Metabolic Potential and Geochemistry
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 15 May 2013 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00095 Phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenome sequence from high-temperature archaeal habitats demonstrate linkages between metabolic potential and geochemistry William P.Inskeep 1,2*, Zackary J. Jay 1, Markus J. Herrgard 3, Mark A. Kozubal 1, Douglas B. Rusch4, Susannah G.Tringe 5, Richard E. Macur 1, Ryan deM. Jennings 1, Eric S. Boyd 2,6, John R. Spear 7 and Francisco F. Roberto8 1 Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA 2 Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA 3 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark 4 Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA 5 Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA 6 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA 7 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA 8 Newmont Mining Corporation, Englewood, CO, USA Edited by: Geothermal habitats in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) provide an unparalleled opportu- Martin G. Klotz, University of North nity to understand the environmental factors that control the distribution of archaea in Carolina at Charlotte, USA thermal habitats. Here we describe, analyze, and synthesize metagenomic and geochem- Reviewed by: Ivan Berg, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität ical data collected from seven high-temperature
    [Show full text]