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Food Security, Safety Nets and Social Protection in Ethiopia

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Food Security, Safety Nets and Social Protection in Ethiopia FOOD SECURITY, SAFETY NETS AND SOCIAL PROTECTION IN ETHIOPIA Edited by Dessalegn Rahmato, Alula Pankhurst And Jan-Gerrit van Uffelen Forum for Social Studies (FSS) Addis Ababa Copyright: Forum for Social Studies and authors, 2013 All Rights Reserved Text layout: Konjit Belete ISBN 13: 978-99944-50-47-3 Forum for Social Studies (FSS) P.O. Box 25864 code 1000 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Email: [email protected] Web: www.fssethiopia.org.et Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views FSS or its Board of Advisors. Acknowledgements: The publication of this book has been made possible by financial support from WOTRO Science of Global Development of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) under the Linking Emergency Assistance and Food Security (LEAFS) program of collaboration between Wageningen University in the Netherlands and Bahir Dar University in Ethiopia. FSS gratefully acknowledges this support. FSS would also like to thank the authors for their contributions. Dedication: This book is dedicated to the memory of Dr Konjit Fekade who died in December 29, 2010. Dr Konjit was an active member and dedicated supporter of FSS right from its inception and served as a member of its Board of Advisors for the first six years and participated in its activities until a few months before her death. ii CONTENTS List of Contributors vii Forum for Social Studies: A Brief Institutional Profile xi Foreword Capacity Building and Research in Food Security at Bahir Dar University Baylie Damtie xiii Preface Introduction to the LEAFS Program Dorothea Hilhorst and Jan-Gerrit van Uffelen xv Introduction Food Security Safety Nets and Social Protection in Ethiopia Dessalegn Rahmato, Alula Pankhurst and Jan-Gerrit van Uffelen xxv PART I FOOD SECURITY AND SOCIAL PROTECTION: THE ETHIOPIAN EXEMPLAR The Government’s Food Security Program Berhanu Woldemichael 1 Social Protection in Situations of Chronic Food Insecurity and Poverty: Lessons from Different Models And Implications for Ethiopia Jan-Gerrit van Uffelen 3 Learning from the PSNP: The Influence of Ethiopia’s Social Protection Experience in Sub-Saharan Africa and Beyond Rachel Slater and Anna McCord 39 iii From Safety Nets to Social Protection: Options for Direct Support Beneficiaries of the Productive Safety Net Program Stephen Devereux and Amdissa Teshome 67 Food Security and Safety Nets: Assessment and Challenges Dessalegn Rahmato 109 From Disaster Response to Predictable Food Security Interventions: Structural Change or Structural Reproduction? Jan-Gerrit van Uffelen 143 Implementing Large Scale Food Security Programs in Rural Ethiopia: Insights from the Productive Safety Net Program John Hoddinott, Rachel Sabates-Wheeler, Guush Berhane, Mulugeta Handino, Neha Kumar, Jeremy Lind, Alemayehu 173 Seyoum Taffesse, and Mulugeta Tefera Migration and Resettlement: Reflections on Trends and Implications for Food Security Alula Pankhurst, Mengistu Dessalegn, Valerie Mueller and Maji 219 Hailemariam PART II LOCAL PERSPECTIVES: URBAN AND RURAL CASE STUDIES Food Security and Household Vulnerability in Addis Ababa Bamlaku Alamirew and Solomon Tsehay 273 The Impact of the PSNP on Food Security in Selected Kebeles of Enebse Sar Midir District East Gojjam Zone, Amhara National Regional State Tafesse Kassa 297 iv iv An Assessment of the PSNP in Selected Kebeles of Konso Special Woreda, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Regional State Gelebo Orkaido Katane 311 Geblen and Korodegaga: A Tale of Two Food Insecure Villages in Tigray and Oromia Regions Philippa Bevan, Rebecca Carter and Catherine Dom 325 Psychological Morbidity, Long Term Food Aid and Food Insecurity in Rural Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Community Study Charlotte Hanlon, Girmay Medhin, Frank Kortmann, and Jan- 363 Gerrit van Uffelen PART III DIFFERENTIAL PERSPECTIVES: HOUSEHOLDS, GENDER AND CHILDREN The Importance of Labor for Food Security: Household Experiences in Ebinat Woreda, Amhara Region Aschale Dagnachew Siyoum 407 Rethinking Safety Nets and Vulnerability: Implications of Household Cycles, Types and Shocks Alula Pankhurst 429 Household Experiences of Graduation from the PSNP: Implications for Food Security Aschale Dagnachew Siyoum 457 The Gender Dimensions of Food Insecurity Kidist Gebreselassie and Hirut Bekele Haile 481 Food Security, Social Protection and Children’s Wellbeing: Transforming the Productive Safety Net Program Yisak Tafere and Tassew Woldehanna 515 v v Contributors Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse is a Senior Research Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute. His research interests include impact evaluations of safety net programs, crop productivity, aspirations and wellbeing, and rainfall indexed insurance. Amdissa Teshome is an independent consultant based in Addis Ababa. His area of research and consultancy include disaster risk management, food security, safety nets, and social protection. Aschale Dagnachew Siyoum is an Assistant Professor at Bahir Dar University at the Department of Disaster Risk Management and Sustainable Development. His research interests include rural livelihoods and food security, credit and rural livelihoods, safety nets and social protection. Bamlaku Alamirew is an Assistant Professor and Chair at the Center for Rural Development Studies, College of Development Studies, Addis Ababa University. His research interests include poverty, food security, social protection, empowerment, sustainable land management, productivity, and efficiency Baylie Damtie is the President of Bahir Dar University and has carried out research in physics and taught at Bahir Dar and Addis Ababa Universities. Berhanu Woldemichael is the Director of the Food Security Co-ordination Directorate in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Philippa Bevan is an independent sociology research consultant; her current research interests include developing complexity social science methods for community research; modernization, development and inequalities in rural communities in Ethiopia. Rebecca Carter is a principal consultant at Mokoro and researcher for the Governance and Social Development Resource Centre at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. Her research interests are in community wellbeing dynamics, social protection and aid management. Catherine Dom is a Principal Consultant at Mokoro working in developing countries in Africa and South-East Asia. Her research interests include community wellbeing dynamics, social protection, education, and fragile states. vii Guush Berhane is a postdoctoral fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. His research interests include rural financial markets, risk and insurance, and social safety nets. Dessalegn Rahmato was the Executive Director of FSS from 1998 to 2005 and is now a freelance consultant. His research interests include agrarian change and food security. Stephen Devereux is a Research Fellow at the UK Institute of Development Studies. He works on food security and social protection in Africa. Gelebo Orkaido Katane has served in various capacities in Konso wereda administration in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region. He is currently Mobile Support Team Leader in the Pastoral Community Development Project of the Region. Frank Kortmann, is a professor in transcultural psychiatry at Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; he is a mental health consultant in non western countries, especially Afghanistan and Ethiopia where he has worked and carried out research. Girmay Medhin is an Associate Professor at the Aklilu-Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University. His research interests include application of structural equation modeling on interactions between risk factors and health outcomes, particularly in the field of mental health. Charlotte Hanlon is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, and Senior Lecturer in Global Mental Health at King’s College London, UK. Her research interests include public and maternal mental health and services and sociocultural aspects of mental health in Ethiopia. Dorothea Hilhorst is Professor of Humanitarian Aid and Reconstruction at Wageningen University Disaster Studies. Her research interests include the aidnography of humanitarian crises, disasters and climate change adaptation, peace building and fragile states. Hirut Bekele is a Lecturer at the Women’s Development Research Centre (KANITA) at the Universiti Sains Malaysia in Penang, Malaysia. Her research interests include impact assessments, microfinance and entrepreneurship, and gender. John Hoddinott is Deputy Director at the International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC. He research interests include poverty, growth and drought in Ethiopia. He has led evaluations of the Productive Safety Net Programme since 2006. viii viii Kidist Gebreselassie is a researcher on socioeconomic and gender issues and is a gender researcher and consultant at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. Her research interest includes food security, poverty, natural resources management, climate adaptation, and gender. Neha Kumar is a Research Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington DC. She works on issues related to poverty and gender in Ethiopia, including the evaluation of the Productive Safety Nets Programme since 2008.
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