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Archaeological Expressions of Holocene Cultural and Environmental Change in Coastal Southeast Queensland

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Archaeological Expressions of Holocene Cultural and Environmental Change in Coastal Southeast Queensland Archaeological Expressions of Holocene Cultural and Environmental Change in Coastal Southeast Queensland Annette Deborah (Tam) Smith BA (Hons), MA. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2016 The School of Social Science i ii Abstract This thesis is concerned with the relationship between Holocene environmental changes and human behaviour in coastal southeast Queensland. The study region covers an area stretching from Fraser Island in the north to the border of northern New South Wales in the south, and possesses the best documented and intensively scrutinised coastal archaeological record in Australia. The archaeology of the area was a major focus from the late 1970s when the Moreton Regional Archaeological Project, a long-term multi-stage regional project, was established to coordinate archaeological investigations in southeast Queensland. The Cooloola Region Archaeological Project was established in the mid-1980s to explore the archaeology north of the Noosa River. These initial studies provided the basis for a regional chronology, as well as models of settlement and subsistence based on the exploitation of the area’s rich marine resources. In the time since the original work was conducted the research foci for coastal archaeology, both in Australia and internationally, have moved toward more complex issues such as assessing the impact of humans on marine ecosystems, the identification of patterns in resource exploitation strategies, and the use of molluscs as proxy evidence in local and regional environmental reconstructions. Additionally, regionally-specific models of Holocene environmental change have been developed, in line with greater emphasis being placed on the ecology and biology of the constituent species in middens in addressing questions of spatial and chronological variations in site patterning. In view of these developments, midden deposits from five sites from differing locations in southeast Queensland were re-analysed, and a literature review of two further sites was also undertaken, with the aim of assessing human behavioural variability during the mid to late Holocene through the identification of chronological and spatial trends in resource exploitation and site location, in the context of recent regional palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. While some constants have been identified, the findings indicate considerable variability in site characteristics across the region, strongly influenced by local environmental factors. Implications for previous models of long-term cultural change have been identified, and an historical ecology-based model of occupation presented. The chronology and nature of occupation in the region has been refined. iii Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the policy and procedures of The University of Queensland, the thesis be made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 unless a period of embargo has been approved by the Dean of the Graduate School. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis. iv Publications during candidature No publications Publications included in this thesis No publications included. v Contributions by others to the thesis No contributions by others. Statement of parts of the thesis submitted to qualify for the award of another degree None. vi Acknowledgements Researching and writing a PhD thesis is never a straightforward endeavour, although it seems to be a good idea at the time. The project has taken a long time to come to fruition, delayed by a combination of protracted and ultimately fruitless negotiations with stakeholders, illness, and bereavement. There are many people to thank for helping me to eventually get over the line. My initial aim of excavating on Bribie Island proved financially impractical on a modest research budget. For helping to realise Plan B my sincere thanks go to Dr Brit Asmussen, Mr Nick Hadnutt, and Mr Peter Volk for their assistance in accessing the archaeological collections held at the Queensland Museum. Deepest thanks also to the Queensland Museum Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island Consultative Committee for permission to access and analyse those collections. Thanks are also extended to Associate Professor Jay Hall for access to the Bribie Island 9 material excavated by the 1992 University of Queensland Field Archaeology class, and for access to the original site recordings and MRAP files. I was very fortunate to have as my academic advisors Dr Patrick (Pat) Faulkner of the University of Sydney, formerly of the University of Queensland, Associate Professor Chris Clarkson of the University of Queensland, and Professor Ian McNiven of Monash University. Associate Professor Jay Hall of the University of Queensland, my teacher, mentor, and friend from my undergraduate, Honours, and MA days, also kept an eye on the project ... I did not make their jobs easy, but I am enormously grateful for their input, advice and experience. Pat particularly informed and advised on all areas of the research; his skills as an archaeomalacologist are second to none, and he is also mercifully a dab hand at statistics. He is also one of the kindest and most decent people one could ever hope to meet. His support, both academic and personal, over the years it took to bring this thesis together has been a source of great comfort. I continue to deny any responsibility for his decision, part way through my candidature and while my principal advisor, to take up a position at another university 1000km away. Ian was one of my tutors (in a line-up which also included Peter Hiscock, Ian Lilley, and Bryce Barker) during my part-time undergraduate days when the Cooloola Region Archaeological Project was in full-swing. His body of work has long been an inspiration, and there are few people with a more intimate understanding of the archaeology of Aboriginal southeast Queensland. I was delighted when he agreed to be involved in my thesis research. His insights, pithy observations, and his humour, in what have at times been trying circumstances, have always been most welcome. In what is a nice turn-of the-tables, I was the teaching assistant when Chris was an undergraduate student in one of the University of Queensland Field Archaeology vii classes on Bribie Island in the early 1990s. Even then his knowledge of lithics was scary. Chris kindly stepped in as my principal advisor when Pat moved to Sydney. I must confess some disappointment that the artefact assemblages in my study were not more exciting for him but, as he does most things, he has calmly taken it in his stride. The research was supported by the University Of Queensland School of Social Science. The desk space, and most particularly the use of the laboratory facilities, is greatly appreciated. The help and support of the unflappable and unendingly accommodating Emilija Nicolosi, lab technician extraordinaire, is gratefully acknowledged. The School’s postgrad admin officers Keitha Brown, Caoimhe Cantwell, and Benjamin Byrne provided invaluable advice, support, and encouragement throughout. I am grateful for the Australian Postgraduate Award which supported the initial research. Enormous amounts of shell were shifted during the course of the research, and I am grateful to the volunteer members of the Shell Group who came and went as the work progressed: Adriana Basiaco, Perri Braithwate, Annabelle Brealey, Abby Capel, Jessica Carey, Anne Collins, Jenny Collins, Claudia Calderon Flores, Linden Gablonski, Megan Harvey, Rhys Jones (no, not that Rhys Jones), Matt Kennedy, Charlie Les Moines, Jessica McNeil, Ruth Ridgway, Adelia Tan, and Bella Wan. Ruth stayed on until the very end; her contributions as an observant and meticulous recorder, as well as her friendship and humour, are deeply appreciated. Jessica McNeil also provided insights into the artefact assemblages which are gratefully acknowledged, as is her enthusiasm. No one loves stone like Jess does. My fellow PhD cohort members Linda Terry, Matt Harris, Ariana Lambrides, Xavier Carah, Emma James, Aleisha Owen, Dale Simpson, Hilda Maclean, Rhona Fenwick, Chris Lovell, Jane Lavers, Jaydeyn Thomas, Cemre Ustunkaya, and Nathan Wright provided a lively and supportive network. Lunch in the tea room was never boring. And whenever
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