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'Taking the Law Into Your Own Hands': Violent Vigilantism in Post

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'Taking the Law Into Your Own Hands': Violent Vigilantism in Post ‘TAKING THE LAW INTO YOUR OWN HANDS’: VIOLENT VIGILANTISM IN POST-WAR SOCIETIES Linn Häggqvist Master‟s Thesis Spring 2017 Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University Supervisor: Nina von Uexküll 1 ABSTRACT Why do some post-civil war societies experience high levels of violent vigilantism, whilst others do not? Vigilantism, i.e. when citizens take the law into their own hands, in post-civil war societies is an overlooked topic within peace and conflict research. It is however a daily reality in some parts of the world, where populations are facing challenging post-war conditions, with the transition from war to peace being marked by high levels of crime and lack of order and security. Studies on vigilantism have pointed to the importance of state legitimacy; if the state is not viewed as the legitimate, this may spur citizens to take matters into their own hands. One potential variable that can undermine state legitimacy is judicial corruption. The judiciary has an important role in enforcing law and order, but if this role is perverted by corrupt practices, then citizens can no longer expect that the state is able to uphold the law in a fair way, and may turn to vigilantism. The aim of this thesis is to test this argument by studying the post-civil war cases of Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua. While the hypothesis gets some support, the overall conclusion is that while judicial corruption may harm the popular attitude toward the judiciary, it is perhaps not the most important variable in explaining high levels of violent vigilantism. Key words: Post-war, vigilantism, judicial corruption, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Nina von Uexküll, for supporting me throughout this thesis-writing process. I am also grateful for the support that I got from my supervision partner Annette, as well as my dear classmates Kajsa, Katie and Aron. I would like to dedicate a special thanks to my parents, especially my mother, for always supporting my educational choices and encouraging me to pursue my interests, even if they entail dark topics such as war and violence. Lastly, but most importantly, I dedicate this thesis to my partner Robin, who was my biggest support throughout this whole ordeal. 3 Table of contents: List of Figures, Tables, and Graphs .....................................................................................................6 Chapter 1:Introduction ........................................................................................................................7 Chapter 2:Judicial Corruption and Violent Vigilantism in Post-war Societies .................................... 10 Previous Research on Violence in Post-Civil War Societies ........................................................... 10 Legacy of war ........................................................................................................................... 12 Conditions of Peace .................................................................................................................. 13 Conceptualizing Violent Vigilantism.............................................................................................. 15 Conceptualizing judicial corruption .............................................................................................. 21 The judiciary’s role in post-war society ..................................................................................... 21 Definition and discussion of judicial corruption ........................................................................ 22 Why is judicial corruption in post-war societies important to study? .......................................... 26 The causal link: How judicial corruption leads to violent vigilantism in post-war societies ............ 27 Chapter 3:Research Design ............................................................................................................... 31 Method and Case Selection ........................................................................................................... 31 Operationalization of variables ..................................................................................................... 34 Sources and Potential Biases ........................................................................................................ 37 Chapter 4: Guatemala – High levels of violent vigilantism ................................................................ 38 Post-war context ........................................................................................................................... 38 Violent vigilantism ........................................................................................................................ 38 Judicial corruption........................................................................................................................ 39 Causal mechanism ........................................................................................................................ 42 Chapter 5: El Salvador – Intermediate levels of violent vigilantism ................................................... 48 Post-war context ........................................................................................................................... 48 Violent vigilantism ........................................................................................................................ 48 Judicial Corruption ....................................................................................................................... 50 Causal mechanism ........................................................................................................................ 52 Chapter 6:Nicaragua – Low levels of violent vigilantism ................................................................... 56 Post-war context ........................................................................................................................... 56 Violent vigilantism ........................................................................................................................ 56 Judicial corruption........................................................................................................................ 57 Causal mechanism ........................................................................................................................ 59 Chapter 7: Cross-case comparison ..................................................................................................... 64 Hypothesis .................................................................................................................................... 64 4 Causal pathway ............................................................................................................................ 65 Alternative explanations ................................................................................................................ 69 Limitations and biases................................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 8: Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 74 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 74 Future research and policy implications ........................................................................................ 75 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 77 5 List of Figures, Tables, and Graphs Figure 1: Guatemala - Latinobarómetro (2000) ................................................................................ 45 Figure 2: El Salvador - Latinobarómetro (2000) ............................................................................... 54 Figure 3: Nicaragua - Latinobarómetro (2000) ................................................................................. 62 Graph 1: Guatemala - Corrupt judicial decision (V-Dem 2017) ........................................................ 41 Graph 2: El Salvador - Corrupt judicial decision (V-Dem 2017) ....................................................... 52 Graph 3: Nicaragua - Corrupt judicial decision (V-Dem 2017) ......................................................... 59 Table 1: Summary of case selection................................................................................................... 33 Table 2: Guatemala: Confidence in the judiciary (Latinobarómetro, %) ............................................ 42 Table 3: Guatemala - Is there equality before the law or not? Latinobarómetro (1997-2000) ............ 43 Table 4: Guatemala - How much equality is there before the law (Latinobarómetro 2002-05) ........... 44 Table 5: El Salvador - Confidence in the judiciary (Latinobarómetro 1996-2002) ............................. 53 Table 6: El Salvador - There is equality before the law or not (Latinobarómetro 1996-2000) ............ 53 Table 7: Nicaragua – confidence in the judiciary (Latinobarómetro 1996-2000) ............................... 60 Table 8: Nicaragua- There is equality before the law or not (Latinobarómetro 1996-2000) ............... 61 Table 9: Cross-case comparison - Summary of empirical results on the expected relationship ..........
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