TESIS DOCTORAL Sistemas De Análisis Automático De Fotografías. Modelo Conceptual Según Los Estándares De La Web Semántica

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TESIS DOCTORAL Sistemas De Análisis Automático De Fotografías. Modelo Conceptual Según Los Estándares De La Web Semántica UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID TESIS DOCTORAL Sistemas de análisis automático de fotografías. Modelo conceptual según los estándares de la Web Semántica Autora: Nuria Torres Rodríguez Directores: José Antonio Moreiro González Jesús Robledano Arillo DEPARTAMENTO DE BIBLIOTECONOMÍA Y DOCUMENTACIÓN Getafe, marzo 2008 A mis padres, a Quique, y a mis hijos 2 Agradecimientos A Moreiro. A todo el departamento, y en particular a Jesús, Tomás, Rosa y Carlos Zorita. Gracias por aguantar mis dudas, mis neuras, mis arrebatos y por Procite. Por animarme, aconsejarme y creer en mi. Por el cariño y los buenos momentos. 3 4 SUMARIO 1 CAPÍTULO I: Introducción...............................................................................13 1.1 Hipótesis de partida...................................................................................................... 13 1.1.1 Objetivos generales.................................................................................................. 14 1.1.2 Objetivos concretos................................................................................................. 16 1.2 Metodología y fuentes.................................................................................................. 18 1.2.1 Fases principales....................................................................................................... 18 1.2.2 Fuentes y bibliografía............................................................................................... 18 1.2.3 Elaboración del glosario.......................................................................................... 22 1.2.4 Listado de organizaciones y bases de datos léxicas con sus siglas .................... 23 1.3 Estructura y presentación de la tesis......................................................................... 24 2 CAPÍTULO II: La Web Semántica ................................................................... 29 2.1 Introducción a la Web Semántica............................................................................... 33 2.1.1 Críticas a la Web Semántica.................................................................................... 36 2.1.2 Realizaciones actuales .............................................................................................. 42 2.2 Definición de la Web Semántica................................................................................. 47 2.3 La arquitectura de la Web Semántica: conceptos fundamentales .......................... 58 2.3.1 Características generales de la arquitectura web .................................................. 59 2.3.2 Principios................................................................................................................... 63 2.3.2.1 Identificación ................................................................................................... 63 2.3.2.1.1 Uniform Resource Identifier.................................................................... 63 2.3.2.1.2 Los esquemas URI..................................................................................... 65 2.3.2.1.3 Opacidad del URI...................................................................................... 66 2.3.2.1.4 Identificación de fragmentos ................................................................... 67 2.3.2.2 Interacción ....................................................................................................... 68 2.3.2.3 Representación ................................................................................................ 71 2.3.2.4 Servicios............................................................................................................ 74 2.3.2.5 Modelos y metadatos...................................................................................... 77 2.4 El paso previo a las ontologías: conjuntos de metadatos ....................................... 79 2.4.1 Dublin Core .............................................................................................................. 83 2.4.2 La fotografía de prensa y el IIM (Information Interchange Model) y el Subject Referente System de IPTC y NAA........................................................................................... 86 2.4.3 Open Archives Initiative (OAI)............................................................................. 90 2.5 Ontologías...................................................................................................................... 93 2.5.1 Introducción a las ontologías ................................................................................. 93 2.5.1.1 Concepto de ontología ................................................................................... 93 2.5.1.2 Utilidades de las ontologías............................................................................ 97 2.5.1.3 Usos actuales de las ontologías ................................................................... 104 2.5.1.3.1 Portales web .............................................................................................104 2.5.1.3.2 Colecciones multimedia.......................................................................... 105 2.5.1.3.3 Sitios Web de organizaciones................................................................. 106 2.5.1.3.4 Agentes inteligentes.................................................................................106 2.5.1.3.5 Diseño de documentos........................................................................... 111 2.5.1.3.6 Programadores de ordenador en informática ubicua ......................... 112 2.5.2 Comparación con los tesauros siguiendo la norma UNE 50-106-90............. 113 2.5.3 Definiciones de ontología .....................................................................................119 2.5.4 Las ontologías y sus tipos...................................................................................... 124 2.5.5 Componentes de un sistema que utiliza ontologías .......................................... 132 2.5.6 XML y las ontologías............................................................................................. 133 2.5.7 El mapeo de ontologías......................................................................................... 137 2.5.8 Lenguajes para crear ontologías en la Web ........................................................ 147 2.5.8.1 RDF y RDF Schema.....................................................................................148 2.5.8.2 DAML y OIL................................................................................................. 156 2.5.8.3 OWL (Ontology Web Language) ............................................................... 164 2.5.8.3.1 Web Ontology Working Group (Grupo WebOnt)............................ 165 2.5.8.3.2 Objetivos, requisitos y características de un lenguaje para crear ontologías ....................................................................................................................167 2.5.8.3.3 Realizaciones de OWL............................................................................171 2.5.8.4 Skos Core .......................................................................................................174 3 CAPÍTULO III: La documentación, la organización del conocimiento y la arquitectura de la información.................................................................................179 3.1 Los documentalistas y la Web................................................................................... 180 3.1.1 La biblioteca digital ................................................................................................181 3.1.2 Los objetos analizados en la Web........................................................................ 184 3.1.3 Colaboración en la construcción de la “biblioteca universal” ......................... 188 3.1.3.1 La interoperabilidad en la construcción de la biblioteca universal......... 188 3.1.3.2 El papel de los documentalistas .................................................................. 195 3.1.3.3 Panorama actual y temas relacionados en la investigación sobre Web Semántica ......................................................................................................................... 202 3.1.3.3.1 Los motores de búsqueda....................................................................... 202 3.1.3.3.2 Los metadatos, las ontologías y los buscadores semánticos en la actualidad ....................................................................................................................206 3.1.3.3.3 UML (Unified Modeling Language) ..................................................... 210 3.1.3.3.4 Otras tendencias en la investigación..................................................... 212 3.1.3.3.4.1 Mapas Conceptuales........................................................................ 213 3.1.3.3.4.2 Redes Semánticas y Redes neuronales .......................................... 215 3.1.3.3.4.3 Topic Maps ....................................................................................... 216 3.1.3.3.5 Automatización de procesos: indización automática e inteligencia artificial ....................................................................................................................221 3.1.3.3.6 La construcción automática de tesauros .............................................. 223 3.1.3.3.7 Reconocimiento de caras.......................................................................
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