Computers + Storytelling Teaching + Learning Teaching and Learning With Interactive Fiction Brendan Desilets Second Edition May 2015 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Copyright 2015 by Brendan Desilets Preface Are you one of those fed-up English teachers who can't wait for the standardized testing boom to go bust? While you're waiting, would you like to try a highly- motivational literary form that can help students to think more clearly, build their reading skills, and even enable them to write better? And, with all those improved skills, might you even hope to see those nasty test scores go up a bit? Or are you a university instructor, looking for a way to integrate science and the humanities, without abandoning either one? Meanwhile, would you like to explore a medium that comes with a broad array of sophisticated writing-process tools? Or are you simply interested in teaching and learning in the Information Age, without any social- media hype? If you're in any of these categories, this book may be for you. It introduces a form of computer-based literature called interactive fiction, and shows you how this form dovetails with the goals of most students, teachers, and parents. It shows you how to get started with this challenging form, and it provides lots of instances of the form, most of them free of charge. 2 What is Interactive Fiction? Interactive fiction, sometimes called text-adventure gaming or IF, is a form of narrative literature in which the reader plays the part of a character in a story. In interactive fiction, as it was originally defined in the 1980’s, the reader indicates what she wants the character to do by typing ordinary sentences at a computer keyboard. By far, the most difficult aspect of interactive fiction, both for educators and for students, is learning the form itself. Applying interactive fiction to teaching and learning is relatively easy. As a result, this book will offer lots of guidance on getting started with interactive fiction. It will include a getting-started section for adults and another such section for younger people. IF and Thinking Skills Perhaps the most obvious way in which interactive fiction, also known as IF, promotes learning is that it stimulates and demands critical and creative thinking. This book will offer some ideas about improving thinking and will show how IF promotes problem-solving skills in uniquely effective ways. 3 Elements of Literature Though interactive fiction always requires some level of gamelike problem-solving, it is also a true form of literature. Works of IF, or “interactive fictions,” feature plots, characters, setting, points of view, themes, tones, and all manner of stylistic variation. And, because of the unusual way in which IF readers make their way through stories, interactive fiction offers, and even enforces, a natural way to pause and consider these literary elements. This book will offer practical suggestions for using interactive fiction to study important literary concepts, the kinds that build better readers and even (sometimes) enhance test scores. Fluency Reading and literature teachers sometimes fight about the precise role of oral fluency in building good reading skills. It's clearly possible to overstress the importance of fluency, especially in the classroom teaching of students who have gone beyond early reading. Still, it's important for students to read with a reasonable level of quickness and fluidity, and there are ways to improve fluency in readers of all ages. As it happens, interactive fiction works extremely well for reading aloud. And this book will offer a specific technique that uses IF to build fluency in a way that few 4 other literary forms can match. Interactive Fiction and the Writing Process Most young readers like interactive fiction a lot, especially when they have mentors to help them with the genre. Often, these readers want to start writing IF, even before they've achieved much skill in reading it. Fortunately, it's possible for people of almost all ages to write interactive fiction to write interactive fiction, using a number of “authoring systems,” which take some of the sting out of creating computer-based literature. In this volume, we’ll offer introductions and tutorials to three authoring systems. Two of these, Adrift and Quest, use menus and forms to make IF writing easier. A third system, known as Inform 7, allows students to work on their expository writing skills as they craft interactive narratives. This book will have suggestions about using Inform 7 with students aged eleven to eighty (more or less). Teaching and Learning Content with Interactive Fiction Interactive fiction, then, is a great way to build a variety of reading, writing, and thinking skills. But it can present content, too. This book will focus mostly on skill building, but it will also look at several stories that present worthwhile content, ranging from the 1893 5 World's Fair, to the early days of nuclear weaponry, to the delivery of candy grams in a middle school. Some Ground Rules Mostly because this book has separate sections for kids and adults, some of the material seems, and is, repetitious. However, some of the redundancies are adapted for their particular purposes. For instance, the example stories used to illustrate tutorials are often very similar to each other, but the versions for young people are actually somewhat different. This book is offered under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. In other words, you’re more than welcome to use whatever you find here. However, you must attribute what you use to its author, and you must use it in a non-commercial way. Also, if you build material of you own from what you find you here, you must share what you build freely. Updates of This Book This book, in a frequently-updated form is available at the website “Teaching and Learning with Interactive Fiction” (http://bdesilets.com/if). Like the website, the current volume has two large sections. The longer first section, “Teaching with Interactive Fiction,” is for adults. 6 The second section, “Fun and Learning with Interactive Fiction,” is for younger people. The author is glad to respond to queries, at [email protected]. “Teaching With Interactive Fiction” deals with reading interactive fiction in a way that will probably appeal most to teachers of younger students, aged ten to sixteen, or so. Some of its sections on writing IF focus on younger kids, too. The sections about writing interactive fiction with a system called Inform 7 are a bit different, though. These chapters are more relevant to university teaching. This book offers tutorials on three different systems for writing interactive fiction. Readers have often praised the usefulness of such tutorials, but they do have at least one clear disadvantage. Since the authors of systems for writing IF often refine and change their systems, it is impossible to guarantee that each tutorial will work as well tomorrow as it does today. Still, the systems are stable enough to make the tutorials potentially helpful, if not perfect. 7 Table of Contents Teaching With Interactive Fiction (Mainly for Adults) Chapter 1 – What is Interactive Fiction?......................10 Chapter 2 – The Pain and Promise of the Parser…….14 Chapter 3 – Interactive Fiction and Critical Thinking…38 Chapter 4 – Interactive Fiction and the Reading Process………………………………………………54 Chapter 5 – Building Fluency with Interactive Fiction ..64 Chapter 6 – Creating Interactive Fiction with Adrift…..77 Chapter 7 – Creating Interactive Fiction with Quest on the Web……………………………………………..109 Chapter 8 – Inform 7 and the Writing Process………135 Chapter 9 – Why Inform 7?........................................200 Chapter 10 – The Writer's Self in Interactive Fiction..243 Chapter 11 – Recommended Works of Interactive Fiction……………………………………………….262 Chapter 12 – An Interactive Classic from the Commercial Era: Arthur, the Quest for Excalibur…………………………………………….281 Chapter 13 – An Interactive Classic from the Modern Era: The Firebird…………………………………...291 Chapter 14 – An Interactive Fiction Competition Winner: Winter Wonderland………………………………...318 Chapter 15 – An Interactive Tragedy: Photopia……..320 Chapter 16 – An Interactive Fiction About Middle School Students: The Enterprise Incidents………………324 8 Chapter 17 – Acquiring Interactive Fiction…………338 Fun and Learning With Interactive Fiction (Mostly for Kids) Chapter 18 – What is IF?........................................348 Chapter 19 – Why Kids Like Interactive Fiction…...358 Chapter 20 – Top IF Stories for Kids………………..363 Chapter 21 – A Classic Interactive Fiction: Arthur: the Quest for Excalibur……………………………….375 Chapter 22 – A Funny Tale of Adventure: The Firebird………………………………………..381 Chapter 23 – A Middle-School Story: The Enterprise Incidents……………………………………………386 Chapter 24 – IF at Its Comic Best: Lost Pig and Place Under Ground………………………………………392 Chapter 25 – Writing Interactive Fiction With Adrift…417 Chapter 26 – Writing Interactive Fiction With Quest on the Web……………………………………………..436 Chapter 27 – Writing Interactive Fiction With Inform 7……………………………………………456 Chapter 28 – Getting Interactive Fiction……………484 Notes and References………………………………..493 9 10 Teaching With Interactive Fiction Chapter 1 – What Is Interactive Fiction? Defining interactive fiction can be a tricky business, but, for our purposes, it shouldn't detain us long. Interactive fiction is a computer-based