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Fairlight CMI I, II And TIf,E E'ATRTTGIIg EXPEATSUED When the Fairlight CMI was released seven years dgo, both the machine and its software represented a significant step forward in the application of computer technology to music. Today, the Fairlight is used in the rnaking of popular music the world over, as well as performing an important role in the field of musical and technological education. Despite this, very few people are fully aware of what the CI}II does and how it does it. Jim Grant, who's been working with one for a number of years at the London College of Furniture, has decided to rectify matters by writing a series dedicated to explaining the Fairlight's workings. Part one appears below. E&MM AUGUST1984 efore the Fairlight'sappearance, most computer music systems werethe perogativeof mainframes and their contributionto the world of 0r,1il8Nn everyday music was slight. Kim Ryrie (the Fairlight'sfather) and his Australian PIIDE I INDEX colleaguessoon changedall that, how- rnbL < DISK DONTROL ever and their inventionis now used in rNbL J KEYBDHRDCONTRclL almostarea of music production,to the PRGE 4 IIIIRI'1ONI C ENUELDPES many people extent that appreciateits PIi|jE 5 I,IEUEFORIlEENERBT I ON sound without realising that they're f nl-'L b I,IHUEFI]RI'1IIRfiI,I I NC listeningto 'musicby numbers'. However,despite its widespreaduse, I|1IRLI[HT PBriE 7 cc|NTR||LPFRRIlETERS thereare relativelyfew Fairlightsin general PRIJED S|JUNDSRIlPL I tI|] .100 circulation- less than in the UK - PFDE S SEUUENDER and to see one in actionat close quarters PH6E FI ffNffLOGINTERFHIE is a realtreat. Herein lies the rationalefor PBl]E [, COI'IPOSER this series of articles.What does the PFEE D l,IHUEFORHDI SPLFIY Fairlightdo? How does it do it? And PBriE L DI SK L I BRFRY what can the averagemusician do with I l,l.I PrirlE R RERL-TI IlE CD14P|]SER it? u3 , t5, Rl , l l TNbL 5 SCREENPR I NT Hardware I.JSERNFI14E , JIll DRRNT To take deliveryof a Fairlightleaves l@t your bank balanceempty and your living room full. The hardwareconsists of a CentralProcessor Unit (CPU),one - or optionallytwo - six-octavekeyboards, a 011flfftiD' typewriter-styleQWERTY keyboard, and a VDU with added lightpen.ln addition, DISK, EXEIlPLE FREE SPHCE. 536 thereare some long connectingleads, a USER. JIT'1GRflNT LIBRffRY NO. 8 floppy 1 INUENT .IN I6 STIDK C|] Systems disk driveand a box of 2llitrIlErm t7 ItiuENT .S0 disks containinglibrary sounds. 3 PRELUDE,IN I8 PRELUDE.SO 4 UIUFLDI ,III I9 UIURLDII.SO 5 BfiSSGT .UC ?B LOCUST .RS 6 BDD2 UC 2I PBGEI .PX Software 7 CBELLO(][}UC E2 PFGEz .PX 8 GRNGSR UC 23 PFGES ,PX A foolproof system of connectors- S STICK .UC 24 SYHTH .PC and a quick glanceat the manualon the 1B STRI'II D UC 25 SYNTH . PT 11 IfrNN UC 28 BFSSD .SS part of the user- ensuresthat the Fairlight T2 ERSSGT CO 27 CNTRL .SS can be powered up in no more than five 13 BBDz.. .C0 28 SN3 .SS minutes.The VDU 14 CBELLOOO.CO29 TUHEl ,SS displaysthe expectant I5 GRNGSR .CO 36 TUNEz ,SS message'CMl READY',while the CPU hums quietly:there are three fans pulling IlULTI CIiNDEL air throughthe innards,keeping 500 watts TRBNSFER DELETE EUERY clt r EII tlcL power of dissipationdown to an accept- !.qgH$I .,-l|:| .tvee:-ln$IRU|]1ENi .,, ,ye| l, ..:i,,r,e , 24. abletemperature.... voices'BDD2 STICK BFSSGT STR|4ID lnsertingthe Systemsdisk in the left- T handdrive (Drive 0) resultsin a faintclick as the stepper motors engage. The l@ operating software is loaded as a series of 'fetches'- each section of program loaded pulls in the next section.When this process has been completed,the user is faced with the Index page. See Figure1. Here lies one of the Fairlight'smost powerfulfeatures. The whole system is menu-drivenand the differentoptions correspond to different VDU displays and sets of commandswhich are entered Com'irter from the alphanumerickeyboard. Each rcthsb@rd option is referredto as a Page. A Page has one or more files resident9n the Systemsdisk whichare loaded when the Page is selected.Page 1 is the Index Menu itself (Figure 1), while Page 2 Address managesthe files stored on the disk in bus the right-handdrive (Drive 1). These files are user-created, and there are seven differenttypes, as indicatedby the suffix afterthe file name.These are as follows: Cmlfol NAME.VCis a voicefile occupying about crrcurlry 2OkBytes.lt holds waveform data (1610 wovelorm RAM and extra informationregarding looping dio signol and so on. oulpui NAME.CO holds control information such as portamento,vibrato frequency and depth. 28 AUGUST1984 E&MM channel cards perform this function autonomously.The computersection of the Fairlightpasses parameters such as pitch,vibrato, portamento rate and loop- ing pointsalong its data bus, and once sheet, 2 IfIIiIIEIIIIE and types these have been received,the channel 3 Ffim SPRCE on disk card outputsthe sound until the para- 3. lfnfilfli$ number meters are updated. 3 EfiffilflIn tiles {t4ULTI & CBNCEL) Overallpitching of the CMI is deter- flllffiE disk, usen or f i ]e nenret mined by a systemclock residenton a 4 EIIfII command soecialcard knownas the Mastercard. c EN:III|IE instnument on voire files We'll be referringto this on numerous f ml!fiflIn instrument f iles occasions over the next few months, 6 I[ll|ifflE voice f iles since it holds the circuitryfor a good b ]m:filfln sEquence f iles many of the CMI's functions.A 34MHz 7 |lJifllfll somnrend oscillatoris onboard,and this is divided 6 If#IIEiIfE cor'mahd and fed to the individualchannel cards. I nFffiff:dmftfmlfi pnotect i on the RAM clocking 18, ImmLEf0 orr mtsster k eybosrd It's from this clock that it mfiil:Im shortcuts rates- and thus keyboard pitches - are generated.The whole instrument can be toucn sny l0X r^rith LIGHTPEN or type, n(set) tuned by scalingthe masterclock. uherE: n = sneel touch lIffi or tvPe' HI ( netur n ) EE!tr4 Page2 Commands Lookingagain at Figure2, there are severalcommands at the bottom of the display.TRANSFER allows files to be copied from one disk to another,using Drive0 as the destinationdrive. This is TRfiNSFER FILES TO BNOTH YPE. L I GHTPEN, essentialfor creating backup copies of T,file(retunn) (select files) importantmusic and/or sounds. DELETE or <TRfiNSFER) erasesunwanted files to make room on T, f ile, f ile, lile(,. .etc)(return) prompts r,rhene, file = FiLENEIIE SF or f* or **-*l or I the disk. Invokingthis command (ssme as DELETE; see above) a confirmationmessage to prevent ac- cidentalerasure of importantfiles. When EXRI'4PLES, T. CH0RUS,IN(retunn) a file is deleted,FREE SPACE increases T, 4-18, FBLE.UC, 2S(neturn) Fi Ies ui I I be copied FR0l'1disk in RH dnive ( DISK fi) T0 anothen by the deletedfile size. disk in LH dnive (DISK B). Give TRRNSFERcotnmand uith svstem At the very bottom of the displdy is an disk in LH dnive and DISK R in RH drive. l,lhen the messaEe' exampleof the QUERYcommand. This PLRCE FILE DISK IN LH DRIUE Epp€tsFS, place DISK B in LH drive. l,lhen the tnansfer is tells us that LOCUST.INfile will auto- cornpleted a final message rri I I nequest the replacement of the maticallyload eight voices, whose names system disk. If a file alneEdy exists on DISK E (has semE are shown. name and suf f ix as f ile on DISK R), it uill N0T be ovenunitten youn PROTECTION. without consent. See also Help Pages TYPE, T, t(neturn) l,lhen the messege eppeErs place a EEIItr f i 1e disk in LH drive. By thistime, you're probably wondering Replace system disk r,rhen comPleted. Ner*rdisk ui I I usual ly how anybody using a Fairlight ever shor.r an incnease in FREE SPFCE avai lable managesto rememberall the commands, especiallysince we've only considered @ Page 2 and there are another 13 still to go. NAME.INconfigures the CMI to a parti- GhannelCards The answeris simple:Help Pages. cular instrumentstate. Voices are auto- Figures 4 and 5 show examples of maticallyloaded and spread across the Page 2 Help Pages. In fact, the entire Insidethe Fairlight,there are usuallyat keyboard. user's manual is held on the Systems least 16 circuit cards,the exact number NAME.SQ holds polyphonickeyboard disk.and sectionsrelevant to the current on various options such as sequencerinformation. depending display Page can be inspectedat any interface and sync card, NAME.RSis a realtime sequencer (Page an analogue time by typingHELP (what else?). these known as voice or R) file. and eight of are Initially,an index sheet is displayed channelcards. NAME.PXcorresponds to a screendump (Figure4). Touching any of the highlighted (Page S) to disk. This can be spooled The Fairlight produces sound by a optionswith the'lightpenresults in the later to a dot-matrix printer for hard copy. processcalled WaveformSynthesis. Each Help sheet specificto the selected option NAME.PC,PT, SS are MusicComposition command that dealsdirectly with sound being loaded and displayed. The user Language(MCL) files. These are gener- generationmust involveat least a section can flick backwards (BWD), forwards ated on Page C and hold text files that of a waveform. The waveform itself is (FWD)';or recall a previous place (PRE): describenotes with duration,dynamics held in 16K of RAM on each channel commandscan be enteredfrom the Help and so on. card as a directdigital representation, so sheetswhile viewing their correct format. A voice file can be loaded in a number that increasing amplitudes give larger The CMI then automaticallyreloads the of ways.
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