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Land Conservation and Land Use in New England: Trends, Challenges & Opportunities Amanda Loomis University of Southern Maine

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Land Conservation and Land Use in New England: Trends, Challenges & Opportunities Amanda Loomis University of Southern Maine University of Southern Maine USM Digital Commons New England Environmental Finance Center Land Conservation (NEEFC) 6-30-2009 Land Conservation and Land Use in New England: Trends, Challenges & Opportunities Amanda Loomis University of Southern Maine Tom Devine University of Southern Maine Andrea Small University of Southern Maine Brittany Howard University of Southern Maine BForettllow R ichthiasr adndson additional works at: http://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/land UnivPerasitrty ofof SotheuthAergrn Micaulturine al and Resource Economics Commons, Architectural Engineering SeCeommon next page fors, addEnivtionironmeal authornstal Design Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, Finance and Financial Management Commons, Growth and Development Commons, Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons, Natural Resource Economics Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Recreation Business Commons, Sustainability Commons, Tourism and Travel Commons, Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons, Urban Studies and Planning Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Recommended Citation Loomis, Amanda; Devine, Tom; Small, Andrea; Howard, Brittany; Richardson, Brett; and Dulac, Stephanie, "Land Conservation and Land Use in New England: Trends, Challenges & Opportunities" (2009). Land Conservation. 2. http://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/land/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the New England Environmental Finance Center (NEEFC) at USM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Land Conservation by an authorized administrator of USM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Amanda Loomis, Tom Devine, Andrea Small, Brittany Howard, Brett Richardson, and Stephanie Dulac This article is available at USM Digital Commons: http://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/land/2 The Muskie School Of Public Service Graduate Program in Community Planning and Development This Capstone Project, entitled Land Use and Land Conservation in New England: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities Amanda Loomis, Tom Devine, Andrea Small, Brittany Howard, Brett Richardson, and Stephanie Dulac is approved and accepted as part of the requirement for the Master of Community Planning and Development Degree Approved By (Capstone Advisor): On the 30th day of June, 2009 Land Use and Land Conservation in New England: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities Amanda Loomis, Tom Devine, Andrea Small, Brittany Howard, Brett Richardson, and Stephanie Dulac Table of Contents Executive Summary.......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ……………… ........................................................................................................................... 3 New England State Papers Connecticut ........................................................................................................................... 6 Maine .................................................................................................................................. 45 Massachusetts ..................................................................................................................... 71 New Hampshire ................................................................................................................ 89 Rhode Island ................................................................................................................... 113 Vermont ............................................................................................................................ 141 Evaluation of the Process ........................................................................................................................... 162 Appendices Appendix A: CLC Documents ........................................................................................................ 164 Appendix B: Capstone Presentation ................................................................................................... 197 Land Use & Land Conservation in New England Executive Summary Executive Summary In recognition of the Centennial New England Governors Conference of 1908, Richard Barringer, the chair of the Blue-Ribbon Commission on Land Conservation appointed six Muskie graduate students to research the trends, challenges, and opportunities of land conservation within the six New England states. Below is a regional synthesis of the common themes among the states. TRENDS During the 20th Century, the New England landscape reverted from intense agricultural use to predominantly forest. Land consumption has increased more rapidly than population growth and low-density sprawl threatens forestland, farms, and open space. New Englanders have increased organizational capacity through grassroots land trusts and statewide non-profit organizations to advance conservation; collaboration among state agencies, non-profit organizations, land trusts, and municipalities is an established and ongoing tradition. Public and private funding for land conservation has increased. The rise of local agriculture has created greater awareness of food systems production, and enhanced support for farmland preservation. CHALLENGES The fragmented nature of the current development pattern is self-perpetuating and inhibits the conservation of large tracts of land that support biodiversity and public recreation access. Current economic challenges may decrease private funding to conservation organizations and jeopardize state governments‘ financial commitment. Motivation and fundraising for stewardship of conserved lands is diminishing. Global climate change will complicate land management efforts. Fragmenting land ownership, sprawling land consumption and the downturn of the American forest products industry continue to threaten forestland. Aging farmers, development pressure, and limited earning potential threaten New England farmlands, even as demand for locally-grown food increases. New England‘s youth is increasingly disconnected from the outdoors. OPPORTUNITIES Public support is strong for conservation, and the question is no longer whether to conserve land, but what lands to conserve and how. The economic recession has given community leaders, as well as conservationists, an opportunity to slow down and strategically plan where they want to direct growth and where they want to conserve land. Regional collaboration can create a New England-wide conservation strategy which will benefit from the well-established land conservation organizations within each state. 1 Land Use & Land Conservation in New England Executive Summary Local and regional open space planning can be integrated within the New England land conservation strategy. Statewide tax policies and regulation that redirect growth to urban areas and away from sensitive areas can be further developed and enhanced. Youth education and outreach will help cultivate a new generation of conservation champions and land stewards. Land conservation can be integrated with climate change mitigation strategies, such as carbon sequestration. 2 Land Use & Land Conservation in New England Introduction INTRODUCTION Sprawling development patterns accelerated across the New England landscape in the last three decades and consumed the region‘s forests, farms, and open spaces at an unprecedented rate. New England‘ers in all six states formed land trusts, supported statewide conservation organizations, and collaborated with state and federal partners to protect some of their most-prized recreation lands, wildlife habitats, and working lands. The current economic recession has slowed development pressures across the region and offers an opportunity to build on recent successes. The time is right to plan a coordinated New England conservation strategy that protects and links the region‘s natural assets. In this paper, six graduate students from the Community Planning & Development program at the Muskie School of Public Service identify land use trends, ongoing challenges, and current conservation opportunities in each of the six New England States. To do this, the students reviewed reports from state, federal, non-profit, and private sources, and interviewed and corresponded personally with conservation leaders in each of the states. This paper also offers a review of the collaborative process established by the New England Governor‘s Conference to coordinate the blue-ribbon Commission Land Conservation (CLC), and the participatory process undertaken in the State of Maine to generate input and consensus on Maine‘s priorities among the state‘s leading conservationists. The CLC builds on a legacy of conservation in New England. Led by Massachusetts Governor Curtis Guild Jr., the six states convened the First New England Governors‘ Conference in Boston in November 1908 to discuss resource conservation issues. This regional effort was inspired by the 1908 White House Conference of the Governors of the United States assembled by President Theodore Roosevelt to address national concern for natural resources. From this groundswell of interest the White Mountain National Forest, Green Mountain National Forest, and Acadia National Park were ultimately established to protect New England forests, headwaters, and landscapes. More recently, Charles H. Foster and
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