NORTHERN Australia

REGIONAL INDIGENOUS LAND STRATEGY (rils)

NORTHERN Australia Message from the ILC Chairperson Welcome to the Regional Indigenous Land Strategy (RILS) for the Northern Australia region—the first time the ILC has, through the RILS, recognised the particular environmental, social and economic features of this vast region. This RILS represents an additional, more focused layer to the ILC Group’s strategic direction as laid out in the National Indigenous Land Strategy (NILS) for the period 2018 to 2022. These are the first national and regional land strategies that I and the current ILC Board have had the honour of presenting to you, our stakeholders and partners in growing the Indigenous Estate. As you will see throughout the strategies, the ILC is focused on becoming a trusted partner in developing the Indigenous Estate to achieve economic, environmental, social and cultural benefits for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The ILC Board, staff and subsidiary companies are determined to apply the resources available to us to help transform Indigenous-held land and waters and our unique cultural assets into a source of prosperity for this and future generations. Central to our strategies has been identifying the best ways to invest and partner with you, to make our collective resources go further. On behalf of the ILC Board, I thank those who participated in consultation sessions on these important documents. Your views have informed our way forward. Please take the time to read through this regional strategy and the national strategy it accompanies. Also check the ILC website and follow us on social media. Most The Indigenous Estate importantly, contact your local ILC office with any ideas you have for projects that fit with The Indigenous Estate holds the key to successful economic development for all Indigenous this strategy or would benefit from ILC partnership. Australians. Its significant tangible and intangible assets—not just land and waters, but people and the knowledge and intellectual property flowing from the heritage of Indigenous Mr Eddie Fry, Chairperson Australians—must be used for the benefit of all Indigenous Australians. The Indigenous Estate is the focus of the ILC’s efforts.

Boab tree at Myroodah Station, WA Front cover image: Gunbalanya River, NT

REGIONAL INDIGENOUS LAND STRATEGY NORTHERN australia | 3 Introduction About the ILC The ILC is an Australian Government agency established under the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act 2005 (the ATSI Act) to assist Indigenous Australians to achieve economic, environmental, social or cultural benefits through land-related projects. The ILC has two functions, as set out in the ATSI Act: • to assist Indigenous Australians to acquire land • to assist in the management of Indigenous-held land, however that land was acquired. This makes the ILC an important institution in helping to define, enhance, and grow the Indigenous Estate.

Roebuck Plains Station, WA Mossman Gorge, Qld

4 | THE ILC GROUP REGIONAL INDIGENOUS LAND STRATEGY NORTHERN australia | 5 2018–2022 RILS The following regions underpin the RILS About the National Indigenous Land from 2018: What Strategy and Regional Indigenous • ILC Functions Land Strategies • Northern Australia - includes northern Land Acquisition and Land Management Western Australia, the northern areas The National Indigenous Land Strategy of the Northern Territory and North we do (NILS), a requirement under the ATSI Queensland. The climate, environment Act, is the ILC’s key policy document. The and general economic-development directions laid out in the NILS inform other opportunities in northern Australia differ key documents, including our annual significantly from the rest of Australia. Corporate Plan. The latest NILS was tabled For example, savanna burning for in Parliament in February 2018 and is emissions reduction is viable in this broad available at www.ilc.gov.au/NILS region and not in others. Also required by the ATSI Act are Regional Indigenous Land Strategies (RILS), which • Desert Australia - includes the desert provide regions within Australia with an regions of Western Australia, northern • Subsidiary Operations additional, layered framework for the South Australia, the Northern Territory, - National Centre of Indigenous Excellence interpretation and implementation of the south-west Queensland and north-west NILS. New South Wales. As with the Northern - Voyages Indigenous Tourism Australia Australia region, Australia’s arid regions The RILS regions have been restructured How we - Australian Indigenous Agribusiness are unique and projects benefit from for the current NILS period, 2018 to 2022. economies of scale. There is value in Previously ILC regions were the six states considering the opportunities arising in and the Northern Territory. Now they these areas in their own right. do it • ILC Program Mechanism reflect eco-regions—highlighting important environmental, demographic and economic Our Land Our Future differences across the continent and the • South-West Australia - includes the - Dedicated Industry Strategies ways these are reflected in the different southern coastal areas of Western Australia west from the south Australian - Investment Principles situations of Indigenous people. In making this change, the ILC Board recognises the border across to Perth and north to Port - Priority Areas opportunities presented through bringing Hedland. together discrete, but aligned, land parcels within the Indigenous Estate to allow the • South-East Australia - includes development of joined-up projects and southern South Australia, all of Victoria economies of scale. and Tasmania, most of New South Wales and south-east Queensland. What we • Benefits Assist Indigenous People to Achieve Economic, achieve Environmental, Social and Cultural Benefits

6 | THE ILC GROUP REGIONAL INDIGENOUS LAND STRATEGY NORTHERN australia | 7 NORTHERN AUSTRALIA Regional Indigenous Land Strategies Regions 2018–2022

8 | THE ILC GROUP REGIONAL INDIGENOUS LAND STRATEGY NORTHERN australia | 9 Port Smith, WA Roebuck Plains station, WA Boab Tree

THE northern AUSTRALIA REGION The region’s biodiversity assets include Vegetation within this region mainly consists The savannas range from open forest in the Landscape the tropical rainforests, wetlands and arid of savanna woodland but also includes coastal and sub-coastal regions to woodlands The Northern Australia region covers an rangelands of the Northern Territory, the important rainforest areas in the western fall in the semi-arid regions to open woodlands area of approximately 1.9 million square steep mountain ranges of the Ord and Fitzroy of the Great Dividing Range and associated with scattered low trees in the more arid kilometres. It stretches across three states River catchments of the Kimberley, and in tablelands and major grasslands (Gulf Plains interior. Treeless grasslands occur on and territories, from the Kimberley region, the east, relatively intact savanna woodland and Mitchell Grass Downs). Located in the heavier soils and where drainage is impeded. WA, across to the Top End of the Northern and important rainforest areas as well as drier part of the tropics on Queensland’s east Most ecosystems in northern Australia are Territory, then across the Gulf of Carpentaria the Mitchell, Gilbert, Norman and Staaten coast, the Burdekin region encompasses a grassy landscapes. Notable exceptions are to Queensland, from Rockhampton on the River catchments on Cape York, all of which diversity of landscapes including wet tropical the rainforests (the Wet Tropics in north Tropic of Capricorn and north to the Torres flow into the Gulf of Carpentaria. Most of the rainforests (Eungella and the Paluma Range), Queensland and the monsoon forests and Strait. Great Barrier Reef World Heritage area lies drier sub-catchment areas (Belyando and vine thickets of Queensland, the Top End The Northern Australia region has a diverse within this region. Other significant vegetation Burdekin Rivers) and the very wet coastal and the Kimberley), some of the wetland range of landscapes with most less than communities are coastal mangrove forests, plains of the lower Burdekin River. The delta ecosystems closer to the coast, and the 500 metres above sea level, with local relief swamp forests, floodplain grasslands and of the Burdekin River supplies irrigation, most rugged and rocky landscapes of the generally less than 100 metres. Soil types heathlands. Extensive areas of Cape York, mainly for sugar cane farming. Further south, Kimberley and western Arnhem Land where vary considerably. Arnhem Land, NT, and the Kimberley are part the Central Queensland coast and hinterland the vegetation is sparse scrub or heath. of Australia’s National Reserve System. is prime beef country.

10 | THE ILC GROUP REGIONAL INDIGENOUS LAND STRATEGY NORTHERN australia | 11 Occasionally cold air from the south penetrates well into the tropics and night- Issues time temperatures may drop enough for Among the land management issues in this frosts to form in some inland regions in the region are: fire management (including loss east and west. As the dry progresses through of traditional Indigenous burning practices), August and September the temperatures invasive animal and plant species and the begin to rise as the sun moves more directly impact of grazing, including land clearing. overhead and the south-easterly winds begin Presently there is a suite of weeds, ranging to subside. from grasses to shrubs to larger woody The coastal areas of this region tend to have plants, invading large tracts of land that are more predictable monsoon climate with a nevertheless of marginal productivity. This shorter, intense wet season. However, as you constrains the financial and labour resources move further inland away from the coast the available for weed management. In this climate becomes generally less predictable region there is therefore a strong emphasis and drier. The impacts of climate change are on preventing the spread of established predicted to exacerbate these conditions. weeds. Invasive animals include cats, cane toads, buffalo and wild pigs—collectively The availability of water is a major driver these damage both natural environments and of economic activity, particularly for key grazing land. northern industries such as agriculture, aquaculture, mining, energy and tourism. The period of this RILS offers a critical While this region receives more than 60 opportunity to make pro-active investment per cent of national rainfall, falls are highly across the Northern coastal regions to ensure seasonal and capturing and using it is community resilience to the forecasted challenging. impacts of climate change.

Fish River Station, NT

Spanning thousands of kilometres, the The ‘wet’ season lasts from around ‘saltwater country’ of northern Australia November through to April. Almost all includes some of the most intact coastal and of the year’s rain falls during this period marine habitats in the world. This country and generally arrives in heavy bursts from is a stronghold for threatened turtles and thunderstorms, widespread monsoon dugongs and home to some of the world’s depressions or from the passage of most extensive mangrove forests, coral associated tropical cyclones. The dry season, reefs and seagrass meadows, constituting from May through to October exhibits dry, one of the least human-impacted marine cool weather with little rain, low humidity and ecosystems in the world, combined with, wider-ranging temperatures. across its more northerly reaches, a mostly Across the savannas the more stable dry intact traditional Indigenous knowledge base season is characterised by prevailing dry for land and sea management. south-east winds (moister on the east coast), cooler temperatures, greater temperature Climate variation during the day, clear skies and low The Northern Australia region lies in a tropical humidity. Light rains may fall, particularly climatic zone, where temperatures are warm in the south-east portions, during the early throughout the year and there are two distinct winter months but can occur in any month. seasons: the ‘wet’ and the ‘dry’. Port Smith, WA

12 | THE ILC GROUP REGIONAL INDIGENOUS LAND STRATEGY NORTHERN australia | 13 This land is held under a diverse range Indigenous population of tenure arrangements: freehold land, The Northern RILS region has an Indigenous Crown land subject to pastoral lease (under population of approximately 122,000 – the different State/Territory legislation), National second highest of the RILS regions. Most Reserve land where activity is restricted, of the Indigenous population within this and Indigenous land, also subject to various region live in regional, remote and very legislative regimes. remote areas, with the capital city of the • Indigenous land interests in the Kimberley, Northern Territory (Darwin) only home to just WA, largely arise from significant native title over 11,500 Indigenous people. Far North determinations. Queensland has an Indigenous population of around 38,000, North Queensland’s • In the Northern Territory large areas of Indigenous population is approximately land have been granted under inalienable 40,000 and the North Western area of freehold title to Aboriginal Land Trusts Bulimba homestead, Qld Western Australia, which incorporates the under the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Kimberly region has an Indigenous population Territory) Act 1976; most of the pastoral of approximately 14,000. districts of the Territory are subject to native title claims. The Northern Territory continues to have Climate change is a significant issue across Investment at all levels of government the highest proportion of Aboriginal and • In northern Queensland Indigenous people this region, with these effects (already evident is needed to address these widespread Torres Strait Islander people living in rural have some interests in land in the Torres or likely): infrastructure deficits, in particular across areas at approximately 49 per cent. Since the Strait and on Cape York but Indigenous • increased average temperatures remote and very remote Indigenous Australia. 1996 Census, the proportion of Aboriginal holdings elsewhere are limited—the Queensland area of this region has more • rising sea-levels, stronger tropical and Torres Strait Islander people living in Infrastructure urban areas has increased from 73% to 79%. conventional freehold title than other cyclones and increased intensity of jurisdictions. oceanic storm surges The Northern Australia region generally This was largely driven by the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander In all parts of this region there are extensive • saltwater intrusion into northern has less infrastructure than the South-East population in capital cities, which has native title claims, both determined and Australia’s vast freshwater floodplains and South-West regions. Major highways do traverse the region, including Highway 1 increased from 30% in 1996 to 35% in 2016. registered. The Australian Government has • bleaching and death of coral reefs, circumnavigating the continent. Rail lines mapped land tenure in northern Australia at damage to mangrove forests and seagrass operate in central Australia (Adelaide to Indigenous-held land www.austrade.gov.au/land-tenure • more favourable conditions for mosquitoes Darwin) and east-coast Queensland (Brisbane Northern Australia has proportionately more noting that, unlike the ILC, the Australian and mosquito-borne disease such as to Cairns) and inland from Townsville to Mount determined native title, more Indigenous Government defines the northern Australia as dengue fever and Ross River virus Isa. A great deal of northern infrastructure land and more pastoral leases than southern all land above the Tropic of Capricorn. • disruption of the finely balanced is funded by and meets the needs of Australia. relationships between flora and fauna in the resources industry. Elsewhere more the region’s ecosystems infrastructure is needed to link the dispersed • more extreme fire and flood events that populations and remote business of the north, Case study: land acquisition may assist the spread of invasive species. a factor acknowledged by the Australian Government (see ‘Opportunities’ on page 16). Acquisitions have included pastoral leases in the Kimberley, Northern Territory and Queensland. In addition to the environmental threats The ILC has developed and run beef enterprises on a number of these stations providing training described above, other challenges directly Other challenges directly affect Indigenous and employment for Indigenous people. It has also leased land from Indigenous owners and affect Indigenous people’s ability to gain people’s ability to gain benefit from their brought it into production. The ILC developed the Roebuck Export Depot, adjacent to Roebuck benefit from their land holdings in this land holdings in this region. Property-rights Plains Station near Broome, WA; both properties are now divested to the Traditional Owner region. Property-rights infrastructure infrastructure (cadastral surveys, town organisation. Home Valley Station in the Kimberley is the base for an ILC-developed tourism (cadastral surveys, town planning) and planning) as well as physical infrastructure (all- business. Near Cairns, Qld, the ILC purchased land and developed the Mossman Gorge Centre physical infrastructure (access roads, weather access roads, telecommunications) are with the Kuku Yalanji Traditional Owners. The centre is a major employer of local Indigenous telecommunications, essential services) necessary to achieving economic development people. It receives around 350,000 tourists a year (and rising), highlighting Indigenous culture are necessary to achieving economic on Indigenous land. Investment at all levels of and connection to the spectacular rainforest environment. development on Indigenous land. government is needed to establish systems to define and recognise property rights across A number of regional or urban-based properties providing for new or expanded service delivery remote and very remote Indigenous areas. have also been acquired across northern Australia, and the ILC has long-standing productive relationships with many regional Indigenous organisations.

14 | THE ILC GROUP REGIONAL INDIGENOUS LAND STRATEGY NORTHERN australia | 15 Australia, is funding projects to build a more Since 2012 the ILC has worked with diversified economy and ‘unlock the north’s Agribusiness community, government and philanthropic full potential’, to create an environment In this region Indigenous Australians hold groups to increase Indigenous involvement Opportunities large areas of pastoral and potential pastoral/ where the private sector can thrive across in ‘carbon farming’, government-approved agricultural land, and have a rich historical There are many opportunities across the industries such as agriculture, tourism and land management methodologies that reduce connection to the cattle industry in particular. Northern Australia region. In general, resources. greenhouse-gas emissions or store carbon in The ILC is looking to assist Indigenous however, the region is less developed than An Indigenous Reference Group has been vegetation or soils. Savanna fire management land-holders to increase their influence the South-West and South-East regions. established comprising senior leaders from (SFM—early dry season controlled burning to and commercial strength across all sectors help prevent uncontrolled late-season wildfires) The Australian Government’s Our North, across Northern Australia, to ensure that of northern agribusiness. This may involve is a carbon-farming methodology that applies Our Future – White Paper on Developing development flowing from the White Paper diversification away from the traditional only in this region and is increasingly practised Northern Australia (June 2015) identifies a benefits Indigenous people and businesses. emphasis on the beef industry, or exploiting on Indigenous-held land. These projects are range of reforms and investments needed The ministerial media release announcing the opportunities in agribusiness supply chains eligible to earn Australian Carbon Credit Units to stimulate development to take advantage reference group’s membership (December that add value to basic agricultural products. (ACCUs) under the Australian Government’s of the region’s proximity to Asia. The White 2017) outlines its functions as: ‘… developing Land in the Northern Australia region is Emissions Reduction Fund. Through a Paper identified barriers to economic actions to advance the Indigenous business already used for cropping and horticulture partnership with INPEX, the ILC delivers an SFM development including complex land-tenure sector, grow the capability of Indigenous (cotton, sugar cane, vegetables, fruit). The program assisting Indigenous groups to plan arrangements, skills gaps and critical land owners to engage in development and White Paper envisages an expansion of these and implement fire projects across the Northern infrastructure and transport deficits arising support Indigenous innovation in northern sectors, and more extensive harnessing of Territory, supporting economic development from a low and dispersed population. The Australia.’ water resources for irrigation. opportunities through the application of Government, through the Office of Northern traditional ecological knowledge.

Mossman Gorge tour, Qld

Mossman Gorge Visitor Centre, Qld Billabong at Fish River, NT Mossman Gorge tour, Qld

16 | THE ILC GROUP REGIONAL INDIGENOUS LAND STRATEGY NORTHERN australia | 17 land could be used to generate solar, wind interests in sea-based country arising from Niche Indigenous products Tourism or geothermal energy for on sale to energy common law judgments. These include the Across Australia Indigenous people are The Northern region has many spectacular retailers. Blue Mud Bay High Court decision (July 2008) the custodians of traditional cultural and land and seascapes and rich Indigenous The roll out of renewable-energy technologies that gave Traditional Owners in the Northern environmental knowledge, and particularly so cultural connections. Both are a potential could also assist Indigenous communities Territory exclusive access rights to waters in this region where Indigenous knowledge basis for tourism businesses—either larger in this region, including communities off the lying on their land (intertidal zones). The systems survive. Indigenous land holders scale resorts or smaller, locally-based electricity grid, to ensure energy supply and High Court held in Akiba on behalf of the could develop enterprises based on growing ecotourism or cultural tourism ventures. With cut costs. Torres Strait Regional Seas Claim Group v or wild-harvesting native plants for food, agribusiness, tourism is a recognised high- Commonwealth (August 2013) that native title pharmaceutical or cosmetic uses, or the growth area in the Australian economy. Water-based activities rights and interests could comprise a right to harvesting of protein from native (e.g. access resources and take for any purpose The Australian Government’s National kangaroo, emu, crocodile) or feral animals Renewable energies (both commercial and non-commercial) Aquaculture Strategy (September 2017) aims (e.g. buffalo). Investment is needed to Australia needs to transform its energy resources in the native title claim area. In the to double the value of Australia’s aquaculture research potential products, build markets sources to meet internationally agreed Torres Strait, resources from the sea are the industry over ten years, and recognises that for them, and establish Indigenous people’s emissions-reduction targets (the UN Paris primary, and often only, basis for economic Indigenous rights and interests must be participation in niche-product supply chains. Agreement). If suitable, Indigenous-held development, and Traditional Owners there considered in developing projects. aspire to have all commercial fishing licences The ILC is currently working with the in Indigenous hands. Australian Government to change its The ‘Scaling Up’ Inquiry into Opportunities legislation to enable the corporation to for Expanding Aquaculture in Northern Case study: land management invest beyond land to salt and fresh water. Australia (Joint Select Committee on Northern This investment may include support for Among the five key industry sectors targeted by the ILC Board is niche products—or ‘bush Australia, February 2016) pointed to an Indigenous aquaculture businesses, the foods’, specialised agribusiness where opportunities arise from Indigenous people’s connection escalating world-wide demand for seafood- purchase of fishing licences, or assisting to an extensive land base and unique cultural and ecological knowledge. based protein; however, the Australian Indigenous groups to care for and reconnect industry had developed mainly in the south of There is increasing awareness of the commercial potential of Australian flora. A range of with water country. Across this region the continent. products are already on the market in this country and overseas. Many Indigenous land holders Indigenous people already hold extensive are interested in developing enterprises based on cultivating and/or wild-harvesting native plants or harvesting protein from native or feral animals. ILC land management projects have already ventured into these areas, but the ILC recognises that even greater effort is required to consolidate and market new industries based on these products. A major ILC initiative is based on the potential of the Kakadu plum—called gubinge in Western Australia. Kakadu plum is a native fruit that grows almost exclusively on Indigenous-held land across northern Australia. The fruit has very high levels of vitamin C. It has uses in the emerging bushfood dining scene, in the functional food market (Kakadu plum has great preservative qualities) and in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. The aim is to establish a Kakadu plum supply chain through development of markets and building the capability of Indigenous enterprises to supply these markets. This longer term collaborative project involves broad community engagement through a proposed ‘Kakadu Plum Indigenous Network’ and employment of a dedicated ILC Kakadu Plum Business Development Manager. Among other things, the project is supporting Adelaide-based business, Something Wild (majority owned by the Motlop family and overseen by former AFL footballer and Larrakia man Daniel Motlop) to develop uses for the Kakadu plum in partnership with Palgun Wurnangat Aboriginal Corporation in Wadeye, NT, where plums are harvested. Something Wild has been testing the efficacy of Kakadu plum as a preservative in meat, greens and dairy and as a flavour additive or enhancer for a variety of products including pickles and health foods. The aim is to develop products where Kakadu plum can be used in large amounts—so northern Indigenous communities can earn income from harvesting the plums and for the benefits go back to them culturally and financially. Tiwi Nursery/land management Rangers

18 | THE ILC GROUP REGIONAL INDIGENOUS LAND STRATEGY NORTHERN australia | 19 The inquiry reported that some 1.5 million In this region Indigenous rangers are widely hectares of land in northern Australia had employed in biosecurity surveillance and been assessed as suitable for aquaculture. monitoring, helping to prevent threats (pests, weeds, diseases) to human and animal health Conservation economy and to Australia’s natural and agricultural environments from penetrating across Northern Australia is as much a conservation Australia’s ‘northern barrier’ facing New challenge as a development opportunity. Guinea and Asia. Around 70 skilled ranger Indigenous people live on country that may groups play a vital biosecurity role, with many otherwise be unoccupied and many are located along coastlines in very remote areas. involved in ‘caring for country’, where groups receive income from government and others for ecosystem services. Ranger-type work presents opportunities for expansion, with the increasing need to preserve biodiversity and rehabilitate environments. Fitzroy River at Myroodah Station, WA RELATIONSHIPS & LINKS Relationships & links The native title representative bodies and The ILC always seeks to consult and partner with local and regional organisations service providers across this region are: in taking advantage of opportunities on Cape York Land Council, Qld Indigenous-held land. Collaboration is a core www.cylc.org.au principle underpinning ILC projects. Over the period of this RILS, the ILC will focus Kimberley Land Council, WA on three levels of alliance building: networks www.klc.org.au linking Indigenous land holders through their engagement with the Indigenous Estate; Northern Land Council, NT partnerships with the ILC on key projects www.nlc.org.au and activities; and strategic alliances, formal North Queensland Land Council arrangements involving the ILC, Indigenous www.nqlc.com.au land holders and industry and charitable groups. Queensland South Native Title Services The ILC will work with stakeholders to www.qsnts.com.au leverage knowledge of what works from Torres Strait Regional Authority (TSRA), Qld previous and existing projects, tailored www.tsra.gov.au to local aspirations and expertise. Where possible, projects will be strengthened by The TSRA, governed by a representative input across multiple sectors—government, board, manages the Australian Government’s community, private and charitable. Indigenous programs throughout the Torres Strait.

Karajarri Rangers, WA

20 | THE ILC GROUP REGIONAL INDIGENOUS LAND STRATEGY NORTHERN australia | 21 Other land-based entities are: Other important Indigenous organisations Anindilyakwa Land Council, NT (Groote (by no means an exhaustive list) are: Eylandt) North Australia Indigenous Land and www.anindilyakwa.com.au Sea Management Alliance (NAILSMA), Tiwi Land Council, NT (Tiwi Islands) an alliance of northern Indigenous www.tiwilandcouncil.com organisations based in Darwin, NT www.nailsma.org.au This region has a relatively high Indigenous population and is home to many significant KRED, Broome, WA Indigenous organisations, delivering www.kred.org.au services in a range of areas (health, legal Nyamba Buru Yawuru, Broome, WA aid, economic development, advocacy, etc.) www.yawuru.com in addition to the land-related organisations above. Wunan Foundation, east Kimberley, WA Much local government is also in Indigenous www.wunan.org.au Home Valley Station, WA hands or Indigenous-specific. Areas encompassing Aboriginal communities Aboriginal Peak Organisations Northern across the Top End of the Northern Territory Territory are serviced by a network of regional www.amsant.org.au councils: West Daly, Victoria Daly, Tiwi Jawoyn Association, Katherine, NT APPENDIX: RELEVANT LEGISLATION Islands, West Arnhem, East Arnhem and www.jawoyn.org.au Roper Gulf. Northern Queensland is home to many self-governing Indigenous communities Larrakia Development Corporation, Commonwealth Western Australia (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander shire Darwin, NT • Native Title Act 1993 • Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act councils), including Aurukun, Doomadgee, www.larrakia.com.au • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander 1972 Hope Vale, Lockhart River, Mornington Island, Heritage Protection Act 1984 • Aboriginal Communities Act 1979 Palm Island, Woorabinda and Yarrabah and Thamurrurr Development Corporation, • Environment Protection and Biodiversity • Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 the islands of the Torres Strait. Wadeye, NT Conservation Act 1999 • Aboriginal Heritage (Marandoo) Act 1992 www.thamarrurr.org.au • Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern • Land Administration Act 1997 Other relevant entities: Yothu Yindi Foundation, north-east Arnhem Territory) Act 1976 • Titles (Validation) and Native Title (Effect of Past Acts) Act 1995 Cooperative Research Centre for Developing Land, NT Northern Australia, Townsville, Qld www.yyf.com.au Queensland www.crcna.com.au Balkanu Cape York Development • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Northern Territory Holding Act 2013 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Corporation, Cairns, Qld • Aboriginal Land Act 1978 www.balkanu.com.au • Aboriginal Land Act 1991 and Torres Strait Townsville, Qld • Heritage Act 2011 Islander Land Act 1991 www.gbrmpa.gov.au Cape York Partnership, Cairns, Qld • Mineral Titles Act 2010 • Cape York Peninsula Heritage Act 2007 www.capeyorkparternship.org.au • Northern Territory Aboriginal Sacred Office of Northern Australia, Darwin, NT • Coastal Protection and Management Act Sites Act 1989 www.northernaustralia.gov.au Northern Gulf Indigenous Corporation, Qld 1995 • Parks and Reserves (Framework for the www.northerngulf.com.au • Land Act 1994 North Australia Research Unit, Darwin, NT Future) Act 2004 and Territory Parks and www.naru.anu.edu.au • Local Government (Aboriginal Lands) Act Wildlife Conservation Act 2005 1978 • Pastoral Land Act 1992 Northern Territory Cattlemen’s Association • Native Title (Queensland) Act 1993 • Petroleum Act and Petroleum www.ntca.org.au • Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Submerged Lands) Act • Wild Rivers Act 2005 • Validation (Native Title) Act 1994 and Validation of Titles and Actions Amendment Act 1998

22 | THE ILC GROUP REGIONAL INDIGENOUS LAND STRATEGY NORTHERN australia | 23 Contact us: Freecall 1800 818 490

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