The U.S. Department of Energy Welcomes You to the Portsmouth Site 2 SITE OVERVIEW The Site’s CurrentCurrent SiteSite OperationsOperations Changing Mission The DOE Portsmouth site (PORTS) is located in Pike County, Ohio, in south central Ohio approximately 20 miles north of the city of Portsmouth, Ohio. PORTS was one of three large gaseous diffusion plants initially constructed in the 1950s to produce to support the nation’s nuclear weapons program and later enriched uranium used by commercial nuclear reactors. Decades of uranium enrichment included the use of special industrial chemicals and materials. Plant operations generated hazardous, radioactive, mixed (both hazardous and radioactive), and nonchemical (sanitary) wastes. Past operations also resulted in soil, groundwater, and contamination at several sites located within plant boundaries. Today, several missions are under way at the site including decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) of inactive and unneeded facilities, environmental remediation, depleted uranium hexafluoride conversion (DUF6), as well as uranium enrichment activities through Centrus Energy Corp’s American Centrifuge Plant (ACP). DOE OFFICE OF EM 3 MISSIONMISSION The extensive environmental through the American Centrifuge Fluor-B&W Portsmouth LLC, are cleanup program began in 1989 Technology Demonstration and performing environmental cleanup of as a result of a Consent Decree Operations project, operated by the plant to remove contamination signed between DOE and the state Centrus Energy Corp. for UT-Battelle so the land can be used for new of Ohio and an Administrative LLC, operator of DOE’s Oak Ridge purposes by DOE or the community. Consent Order with DOE and the U.S. National Laboratory (ORNL). Nearly 1,900 workers are part of this Environmental Protection Agency. More than five decades of massive undertaking that will take Multiple missions are carried out at uranium enrichment operations at decades to complete. the site including decontamination the former Portsmouth Gaseous Three major projects encompass and decommissioning (D&D) of Diffusion Plant generated millions of the majority of the site’s cleanup inactive and unneeded facilities, cubic yards of waste and resulted in mission: decontamination environmental remediation and some soil, groundwater, and surface and decommissioning, waste depleted uranium hexafluoride water contamination within the management and environmental conversion (DUF6), as well as plant’s boundary. remediation. uranium enrichment activities DOE and its D&D contractor,

Portsmouth/PaducahPortsmouth/Paducah ProjectProject OfficeOffice The U.S. Department of Energy project. maintains a strong presence at the (DOE) established the Portsmouth/ The Lexington, Kentucky Office sites on a daily basis through the Paducah Project Office (PPPO) on opened in January 2004, and is Portsmouth and Paducah Operations October 1, 2003, to provide focused located mid-way between the Oversight Groups. The PPPO goal is leadership to the Environmental Kentucky and Ohio facilities. This to accelerate the site cleanup at the Management missions at the centralized location allows the DOE Portsmouth and Paducah Gaseous Portsmouth, Ohio and Paducah, Lexington Office Manager frequent Diffusion Plants, eliminating potential Kentucky Gaseous Diffusion Plants and routine site interactions with environmental threats, reducing the as well as the Depleted Uranium both the Portsmouth and Paducah DOE footprint at each of the sites, Hexafluoride (DUF6) conversion sites’ operations. Additionally, DOE and reducing life-cycle cost. 4 DOE OFFICE OF EM

Focus Areas EnvironmentalFocus Remediation distribution.Areas contains both DOE is performing cleanup of hazardous groundwater plumes contaminated Waste and radioactive primarily with the degreasing solvent Management components; and trichloroethene (TCE), which was DOE manages sanitary waste. used during production years to clean the safe disposition More than process equipment used to enrich of waste generated 1.3 million cubic yards uranium. More than 680 million during the plant’s uranium of waste is expected to be gallons of groundwater from four on- enrichment operations as well as generated from future D&D at the site plumes have been treated and are building debris, contaminated soil, Portsmouth Site. Some of this waste managed by pump and treat and slurry and other materials generated during may be disposed of in a proposed wall technology. A fifth plume is being the D&D and environmental cleanup. engineered, lined and monitored onsite treated by phytoremediation using Approximately 581 million pounds disposal facility. As part of the D&D planted hybrid poplar trees. of total waste have been shipped/ effort to date, about three-fourths disposed offsite to date. of process gas equipment has been Decontamination and The plant’s waste streams removed from one of the large process Decommissioning include solid and liquid radioactive buildings that together cover nearly DOE is responsible for the materials; hazardous wastes such as 100 acres. This waste is being shipped decontamination and decommissioning toxic, corrosive, reactive or ignitable offsite to approved facilities. (D&D) of 415 facilities and structures materials; mixed waste, which that supported uranium enrichment operations at the Portsmouth Gaseous Table of Contents Diffusion Plant for more than 50 Table of Contents Page 19 . . . . .Regulatory Agreement years. More than 700,000 square 2 ...... Site Overview 20 ...... D&D Operations feet of buildings, including 36 inactive 3 ...... DOE Office of EM 21 ...... D&D Operations facilities, have been demolished, 4 ...... DOE Office of EM 22 ...... D&D Operations eliminating contamination sources, 5 ...... Site Overview 23 ...... D&D Operations improving worker safety, and reducing 6 ...... Site Interfaces 24 ...... D&D Operations surveillance and maintenance costs. 7 ...... Timeline 25 ...... Asset Recovery The gaseous diffusion plant at 8 ...... Timeline 26 . . . . .DUF6 Conversion Plant Portsmouth includes three massive 9 ...... Timeline 27 . . . . . Centrus Energy Corp. process buildings that house the 10 ...... Timeline 28 ...... Public Involvement gaseous diffusion process equipment 11 ...... Informational Ad 29 . . . .Community Involvement and span an area the size of 158 12 . . . . Environmental Cleanup 30 ...... Education Outreach football fields. The plant also includes 13 . . . . Environmental Cleanup 31 ...... Education Outreach various support structures that provide 14 . . . . Environmental Cleanup 32 . . . . PORTS Virtual Museum feed and transfer operations and site 15 . . . . Environmental Cleanup services such as maintenance, steam This informational booklet has been 16 . . . . Environmental Cleanup generation, cleaning, process heat produced for the U.S. Department of 17 ...... ARRA Work Energy by the Fluor-B&W Public Affairs removal, electrical power distribution, 18 ...... ARRA Work department (2015). and water supply, storage and SITE 0VERVIEW 5

SITESITE LOCATIONLOCATION && SURROUNDINGSURROUNDING COUNTIESCOUNTIES

The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) former corporation named Centrus Energy Corp. Centrus is Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (GDP) was built near headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland. Piketon, Ohio between 1952-56 as the last of three plants constructed to enrich uranium for the nation’s nuclear The plant operated to produce low-enriched uranium defense program and later for commercial nuclear (about 3 to 5 percent enriched Uranium-235) for use in reactors. It is located on a 3,777-acre federal reservation commercial nuclear power plants until May 11, 2001 in south central Ohio, about 75 miles when Centrus ceased enrichment directly south of Columbus, and The DOE facility in Piketon operations at the Portsmouth facility. employs approximately 2,600 workers. is the largest employer in That year, the plant was placed in Pike County, which has a interim Cold Standby for potential Highly enriched uranium production restart within 24 months, if needed. At was suspended in 1991 following the population of approximately the end of FY 2005, DOE determined end of the Cold War. In July 1993, the 27,000 residents. the plant would not be restarted production facilities were leased by and facilities were placed into cold DOE to the United States Enrichment Corporation (USEC), shutdown. DOE awarded a contract in August 2010 to which was created by Congress under the Energy Policy Fluor-B&W Portsmouth LLC for the Decontamination and Act of 1992. In July 1998, USEC was privatized through an Decommissioning (D&D) of the GDP facilities. Initial Public Offering and is now operating as a private 6 SITE INTERFACES

U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C.

DOE Environmental Management DOE RSI Oak Ridge Portsmouth/Paducah Project Office Office Environmental Technical Services

Wastren-EnergX Fluor-B&W B&W Mission Support Portsmouth Conversion Services

Facility Support D&D and Remediation DUF Services 1,900 employees 6 170 employees and subcontractors 180 employees

Site Responsibilities Centrus Energy DOE Environmental Management Portsmouth/Paducah Project Office Corp. • D&D of gaseous diffusion plant • Depleted uranium hexafluoride (DUF6) Private Enterprise • Environmental remediation cylinder management Working To Demonstrate • Waste management • Surveillance and Maintenance (S&M) activities American Centrifuge • D&D waste disposition • Landfill management Technology in Leased • Surplus uranium storage in Uranium Management Center DOE Facilities at PORTS Restoration Services Inc. (RSI) - 280 employees • Provides support to DOE for the environmental remediation and D&D project

DOE Oak Ridge Operations • United States Enrichment Corporation (USEC) lease administration

Fluor-B&W Portsmouth • D&D or cleanup of buildings and • Disposition of waste facilities associated with the former • Remediation of soils and groundwater uranium enrichment process • Uranium barter program

Wastren-EnergX Mission Support or WEMS (Facility Support Services) • Security • Janitorial, maintenance services • Computer, telecommunication services • Training services • Grounds, roads, fleet maintenance • Records management

B&W Conversion Services • Operate DUF6 conversion plant • Surveillance and maintenance of DUF6 inventory Centrus Energy Corp. • Private enterprise working to demonstrate the American Centrifuge Plant in leased DOE facilities at PORTS TIMELINE 7 The Beginning... s August 1952 : U.S. government selects Pike County as site for the new Portsmouth uranium enrichment plant. s September 1952 : U.S. officials select Goodyear Tire & Rubber Corp. as plant operator. Goodyear creates Atomic Corp. to operate plant. s September 1954 : First production cells go on stream. s March 1956 : Contractors complete entire Portsmouth plant six months ahead of schedule and full production begins. s Mid-1960s : Plant shifts from military mission to commercial focus, supplying enriched uranium to electric utilities operating nuclear power plants. s January 1975 : U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Energy Research and Development Agency (ERDA) assume AEC functions. NRC takes over regulatory oversight of nuclear power plants and ERDA assumes responsibility for uranium enrichment. s October 1977 : Government transfers ERDA functions to newly-created Department of Energy (DOE). s November 1986 : Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. takes over Goodyear’s operating contract at plant. s October 1992 : Energy Policy Act creates United States Enrichment Corporation (USEC) to manage government’s uranium enrichment enterprise. s July 1993 : USEC assumes responsibility for Paducah, Ky., and Piketon, Ohio, uranium enrichment plants. DOE retains responsibility for environmental restoration and waste management activities resulting from its operations at the site. 8 TIMELINE

Decisions and Operations... s November 1996 : NRC grants certificates of compliance for USEC’s two enrichment plants. s March 1997 : Regulatory oversight of enrichment plants officially transfers from DOE to NRC. s July 1998 : USEC is privatized, becomes USEC Inc., an investor-owned corporation. s June 2000 : USEC announces plans to consolidate all enrichment activities at Paducah by June 2001. s May 2001 : USEC ceases enrichment activities at Piketon plant. The plant is placed into Cold Standby with the potential to restart, if needed. s December 2002 : USEC announces that it will site its American Centrifuge Demonstration Facility (Lead Cascade) in Piketon. s January 2004 : USEC announces the selection of Piketon as the site for its future American Centrifuge Plant. s July 28, 2004 : Groundbreaking is held to begin construction on the Depleted Uranium Hexafluoride (DUF6) Conversion Plant. s September 2005 : Cold Standby with USEC ends, work shifts to Cold Shutdown transition in preparation for future decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) of the Piketon plant. s April 13, 2007 : NRC issues construction and operating license for USEC Inc.’s American Centrifuge Plant in Piketon. s August 17, 2007 : U.S. Department of Energy approves Critical Decision-1 Alternative Selection and Cost Range for the D&D of the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant. s May 20, 2008 : Construction was completed on the DUF6 Conversion Plant at the Piketon site. s August 14, 2008 : Twenty members of the newly-formed Environmental Management Site Specific Advisory Board are formally introduced during a DOE public meeting. The board is comprised of local community members and is established to make recommendations on DOE’s environmental management program at the site. TIMELINE 9

A Changing Landscape... DUF6 Plant Construction s May 2009 : The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides more than $118 million to the Piketon plant site for the creation of jobs and environmental cleanup of five “shovel-ready” projects. s July 2010 : Hot functional testing operations begin at the DUF6 Conversion Plant. s August 16, 2010 : DOE awards the D&D contract for the Piketon plant to Fluor-B&W Portsmouth. The five-year contract with an additional five-year option is valued at approximately $2 billion. Projects receive ARRA funding s January 2011 : DOE introduces uranium barter program by which Fluor-B&W is paid for D&D work by selling inventory of naturally occurring uranium on open market. Barter accounts for about 70 percent of D&D funding with the remainder provided by Congress. s March 29, 2011 : Fluor-B&W assumes D&D operations. s December 2011 : Facility deactivation of the X-326 process building begins. Highly trained workers in anti- contamination clothing and respirators begin disassembling process gas equipment in an operation known as Cut Site public tours & Cap. Approximately 7,000 large pieces of process gas equipment must be removed from 200 cells on the second floor of this 30-acre building that once produced uranium with up to 97 percent enrichment. Cut & Cap and full deactivation is expected to be complete in late 2017. s April 7, 2012 : Members of the general public are permitted to enter the plant site and take a guided bus tour for the first time with security escorts. s May 30, 2012 : The uranium enrichment cascade shuts down after more than 57 years of operation. The X-326, X-330 and X-333 process buildings housed the cascade which covered nearly 100 acres. s September 2012 : The X-100 Administration Building is demolished and removed from the site’s footprint. Since its construction in the 1950s, the iconic structure served as the home to several departments including Human Resources, Engineering, Project Management, Nuclear Regulatory Affairs, and Security. 10 TIMELINE

X-100 Demolition

Moving Forward... s Summer/Fall 2013 : X-600 steam plant, X-102 cafeteria, and the X-106 tactical response buildings are demolished. A new gas-powered steam plant goes on-line providing the site with more reliable and efficient steam heat. s Fall 2013 : PORTS D&D Project recognized as largest shipper in the DOE complex to the Nevada Nuclear Security Site (formerly the Nevada Test Site. s February 2014 : Fluor-B&W employees achieve DOE Integrated Safety Management System (ISMS) Phase 2 Verification. ISMS Verification is critical for moving forward with field D&D work. s November 17, 2014 : DOE hosts public meeting at Waverly High School to collect public Officials from Fluor-B&W and the U.S. Department of Energy addressed comments on Proposed Plans for questions and concerns at the public meeting in November 2014. From left the Process Buildings and are Marc Jewett and Dennis Carr, Fluor B&W; and Dr. Vincent Adams and Joel Complex Facilities D&D and the Bradburne, Department of Energy. Site-Wide Waste Disposition Evaluation. The public comment period extends from November 12, 2014 to March 11, 2015.

12 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUP The EM Program at the Piketon plant began in 1989. The Major cleanup actions are being performed under same year, the U.S. Department of Energy signed a requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Consent Decree with the State of Ohio and an Act (RCRA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Administrative Consent Order with the U.S. Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to address the environmental legacy from plant operations.

provides day-to-day oversight of the cleanup at the site.

What is Trichloroethylene (TCE)? TCE was used for many years at the plant, as well as other industrial sites across the country, as an industrial cleaning solvent to degrease heavy metal equipment.

Why do we need to clean up the TCE? The use of TCE was discontinued in GROUNDWATERGROUNDWATER PLUMESPLUMES the 1980s due to EPA concerns over the carcinogenic potential of TCE. TCE groundwater monitoring wells have been More than 1,000 contamination in groundwater has installed around the 3,777-acre federal plant site to sample become an important environmental and identify five separate groundwater areas, called plumes, issue at industrial sites. primarily contaminated with TCE. About 325 monitoring wells are sampled regularly. Is TCE safe in drinking water? 745 Million gallons of groundwater have been treated through four The Maximum Contaminant Level for on-site groundwater treatment facilities since the early 1990s. TCE in drinking water has been set at 5 parts per billion (ppb) because EPA believes, given present technology of TCE have been removed from the groundwater. 36,481 Pounds and resources, this is the lowest level to which water systems can 3,000 hybrid poplar trees were planted as part of an Ohio EPA-approved reasonably be required to remove groundwater cleanup remedy (phytoremediation) on the this contaminant should it occur in southern portion of the plant. drinking water. The regulation became All five groundwater plumes have ongoing groundwater treatment to effective in 1989. Neither of the two contain and reduce contamination - either by pump and treatment through aquifers beneath the plant is being extraction wells and groundwater treatment facilities, oxidant treatment, used for drinking water at the site. bioremediation or phytoremediation. PLUMEPLUME LOCATIONSLOCATIONS ATAT THETHE PORTSPORTS SITESITE 14 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUP

Under the Environmental Management Program, the U.S. Department of Energy has closed all five landfills on-site in accordance with regulatory requirements. These landfills cover approximately 100 acres and long-term surveillance and maintenance monitoring of the landfills continues today. The landfills were used for the disposal of a variety of wastes such as construction debris, low-level contaminated scrap materials, hazardous materials, classified materials, and sanitary wastes. Under the scope of the D&D project, an additional on-site X-749 Low-Level Waste Landfill disposal area is being evaluated as part of the overall waste disposition Closed & Capped - 1992 strategy. LLAGOONSAGOONS Besides the landfills, a number of sludge lagoons, impoundments and oil biodegradation plots have been remediated in accordance with Decision Documents issued under the Consent Decree with the State of Ohio. X-749A Classified Waste Landfill Closed & Capped - 1994 X-611A Lime Sludge Lagoon

Before

X-735 Sanitary Landfill Closed & Capped - 1998

After

X-749B (Peter Kiewit) Landfill X-616 Sludge Lagoon Closed & Capped - 1998

Before

X-734 Construction Spoils Landfill Closed & Capped - 2000 After ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUP 15

A transportation staging area is located on the northwest portion of the plant site to receive waste from site cleanup efforts and prepare for shipment for final disposition. Transportation to final treatment, storage and disposal facilities occurs from this area. Shipments are made via truck and rail transportation modes.

Lube Oil/Pyranol Disposition

Under Cold Shutdown: 5.7 million pounds of lubricating oils and transformer oils (totaling 576,000 gallons) were removed from the gaseous diffusion plant.

Oils were shipped via 22 rail cars and 74 tanker trucks to an off-site commercial treatment facility. 16 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUP

WasteWaste DispositionDisposition By July 2013, more than 4.9 million cubic feet of waste had been removed by Fluor-B&W since March 29, 2011. If stacked on a regulation- size high school football field, this would be enough to generate a pile covering the entire field more than 58 feet high. Waste removed from PORTS Other RCRA 3% 2%

Sanitary / Universal 30% Low-Level 40%

Recycle 27%

It would take 783 super gondolas (similar to the ones pictured above) or 1,503 standard gondolas to transport the 4.9 million cubic feet of waste. These gondolas would measure 105,210 feet in length or approximately 19.9 miles.

The total weight of the waste removed through the end of April 2015 is equivalent to more than 22,250 automobiles with an average weight of two tons apiece. ARRA PROJECTS 17

American Recovery 1 and Reinvestment Act

Between 2006 and 2011, 25 inactive facilities were removed to eliminate surveillance and maintenance costs. Structure: X-760 Chemical Engineering Building Purpose: Built in 1954, the building was formerly used In mid-2009, the Piketon plant’s cleanup program for pilot and bench scale studies on uranium- was allocated $118.2 million in funding under the bearing materials and chemicals. The facility American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) also contained a lab to prepare environmental to help jump-start the local economy and provide samples for analysis. needed jobs in southern Ohio. Fast Fact: The facility was demolished on schedule in June 2010 resulting in an 8,000-square-foot Five “shovel-ready” projects were identified for footprint reduction at the site. accelerated cleanup and more than 400 workers Completed: June 2010 were hired to complete the projects. Cost: ~$12.1 million 2 3

Structure: X-533 Electrical Switchyard covering ~18 acres Purpose: During plant operations from 1954 until being de-energized in November 2008, the Switchyard Structure: X-633 Recirculating Cooling Water Tower received power from the Ohio Complex covering ~20 acres Valley Electric Corporation The Complex: Consisted of four separate cooling towers - system and then distributed that two built in 1954 and two in the late 1970s - power to the X-333 Process and one Pump House Building and area auxiliaries. Purpose: The complex was designed to remove heat Fast Fact: Enough power made its way generated during the uranium enrichment through the X-533 Switchyard on operations that took place between 1954 and a daily basis to fulfill 12.5% of 2001. Approximately 689 million gallons of the electrical needs for the water recirculated through the four cooling entire state of Ohio. towers on a daily basis during plant Completed: December 2010 operations. Cost: ~$24 million Fast Fact: Demolition of the complex resulted in disposition of more than 738,000 cubic feet of waste debris, with another 525 tons of materials being evaluated for potential reuse/ recycling. Completed: July 2010 Cost: ~$9.9 million 18 ARRA PROJECTS

4 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) Project Locations

2 3 Project: Repackaging and disposition of excess uranium materials Purpose: The aim was to remove 2,900 4 5 metric tons of excess uranium materials from the Piketon plant. The material designated for removal comprised about 78% of the total excess materials 1 inventory stored in the Uranium Management Center. Fast Fact: The uranium was received between 1999 and 2002 from the Department of Energy’s Fernald and Hanford sites and various universities to support site closure activities and consolidation of the surplus material. Cost: ~$23.3 million

Project: X-701B groundwater plume source 5 removal Purpose: The project’s aim was to significantly reduce the contaminant levels at the site of a former holding pond at the plant site. The plume source area had been used for neutralizing and settling waste waters from cleaning facilities. Fast Fact: Treatment of a 70,000-square-foot- area consisted of mixing sodium persulfate oxidant into the soils that were excavated to approximately 30 feet beneath the surface. The soils were contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE). For more details on TCE, see page 10. Cost: ~ $40.5 million REGULATORY AGREEMENT 19

An agreement was signed in April 2010 between the Under the agreement, the D&D project will address Department of Energy and the Ohio Environmental the buildings under the Comprehensive Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) establishing a regulatory Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and framework for Decontamination and Decommissioning will address the soils and groundwater under the Resource (D&D) at the Piketon plant. Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) law.

CERCLA Decision Process

The CERCLA Site-Wide Waste Disposition Evaluation Project includes the evaluation of an alternative to implement actions for size reduction and treatment of metals, including thermal treatment (melting), to remove or reduce contamination associated with the metal that will be generated from the Portsmouth D&D Project. 20 D&D OPERATIONS DECONTAMINATION & DECOMMISSIONING (D&D) BEGINS

September 27, 2011 (At right) Less than six months after assuming the D&D contract, Fluor- B&W achieves a major milestone by removing the first of 206 arc chute breakers from the X-333 process building. The removal marked the beginning of bulk asbestos abatement and demolition. A local subcontractor was utilized in performance of the work.

January 19, 2012 (At right, top, and below) The inaugural lift of the first converter under the deactivation project in the X-326 process building occurred when Stage 1 converter was removed from the second floor. The X-326 is one of three large buildings housing the former uranium enrichment cascade.

A converter sits on the transport wagon ready to be moved to the plating area.

A converter hovers in transport from the cell housing during the lift. The component was lifted out of the cell and set onto a transport cart, where it was wrapped in plastic to move to an area to plate (or cover) the nozzles (openings on the A converter is converter). visually inspected. D&D OPERATIONS 21

April 2012 (At left) A Trackmobile moved the locomotive and flat car on the east side of the former X-533 Electrical Switchyard to allow for refurbishing and strengthening of the tracks inside the perimeter fence in advance of D&D efforts. Outside the fence, Fluor-B&W replaced approximately three miles of deteriorated railroad track on the D&D project’s railway system in July 2012 (pictured middle left). Although the steel rail was in good condition, many of the ties required replacement before the tracks could safely be used. The original railroad ties were considered low-level waste and were transported to a nearby waste disposal facility. The 22 miles of track installed in 1952 once carried more than 100,000 freight cars to transport all of the building materials needed for Site construction. Track inside the fence is scheduled to be repaired in the future.

Steam Plant Transition (Below) A smaller, more efficient steam plant designated as X-690 appeared on site in 2012 and paved the way for D&D plans to be finalized for the X-600 steam plant (below left), a fixture at the site since the mid-1950s. The X-690 was built as a right-sized, efficient steam plant with the capacity to provide 80,000 to 90,000 pounds of steam per hour, compared to the X-600’s production of 330,000 pounds of steam per hour with three coal- fired boilers (manufactured in 1953). Due to the plant’s age, related maintenance, reliability issues and pending enactment of more stringent environmental regulations, the X-600 would not be able to continue to efficiently meet site demands. 22 D&D OPERATIONS X-101X-101 MedicalMedical FacilityFacility DemolitionDemolition August 2012 For many years, it was a place for medical attention. On August 10, 2012, it officially became a memory as demolition crews removed the final pieces of the X-101 Medical Facility as part of the early stages of D&D. Being a wooden structure and containing no radiological components, the building yielded debris that could be quickly picked up by the local waste disposal company, Pike Sanitation, and taken just a short distance to the Pike County landfill.

X-101 BEFORE X-101 AFTER

X-100X-100 AdministrationAdministration BuildingBuilding DemolitionDemolition September 2012 The X-100 building was initially constructed in the 1950’s to serve as the temporary headquarters for construction personnel to build the rest of the plant. Over the years however it became an iconic symbol for the site, serving as home to plant managers, administrative personnel, Human Resources, Engineering, Project Management, Nuclear Regulatory Affairs, and Security. Demolition took just over one week. X-100 BEFORE X-100 AFTER D&D OPERATIONS 23

X-600X-600 SteamSteam Plant:Plant: AA SiteSite IconIcon GoesGoes AwayAway August 2013 Since 1953, the coal-fired steam plant stood as a testament to on-going operations at the plantsite, providing enough heat to operate three massive process buildings and numerous maintenance and support buildings. When demolition activity ended in September however, the iconic structure as well as the Steam Plant Shop Building and the Ash Wash Treatment Building were no more. Much of the debris was sorted and surveyed for potential contamination while sanitary waste was placed into roll-off containers and transported off-site for disposal on a daily basis.

In addition to demolition, asbestos abatement was conducted inside the X-600 for a span of three weeks. When the asbestos work was completed, the last of electrostatic precipitators was removed so demolition could finally begin. Before being shut down in October 2012, the X-600 facility burned three truckloads of coal every day. In its prime years, the X-600 handled up to 18 loads of coal, providing 92,000 pounds of steam an hour from each of the three boilers. Its replacement, the X-690 Steam Plant, reduces greenhouse emissions and provides ongoing steam for the site. 24 D&D OPERATIONS X-624-1 Decontamination Pad Demolition Demolition August 2013 Most of the construction A 3,500 square foot staging debris consisted of steel and facility along Fog Road fell in concrete and, once verified to the fall of 2013. The X-624- be free of contamination, was 1 was built in 1991 to stage taken to a recycling facility. Any soils generated during the other waste was shipped to an installation of the trench for appropriately permitted and/ interim remediation measures or licensed off-site facility for at the X-701B holding pond for disposal. Little Beaver Creek. It was also The nearby X-624-1 Little used temporarily as a 90-day Beaver Groundwater Treatment accumulation area for soils. Facility was left intact.

X-106X-106 TacticalTactical ResponseResponse BuildingBuilding DemolitionDemolition September 2013 In less than two hours, workers pulled steel beams and block walls of this former tactical response building to the ground. Demolition was completed three days ahead of schedule with no first-aid or recordable injuries. The 6,200 square foot single-story structure was built in 1955 to serve as a fire station for the Portsmouth site. Later, it was used by Protective Force personnel for office space and storage. The facility also contained a drying tower for hoses, locker rooms, a weapons X-744SX-744S WarehouseWarehouse vault, and a main equipment room with five garage bays. Thirty-seven loads of debris were taken off-site to an approved DemolitionDemolition landfill for disposal. September 2013 Following sampling and characterization activities, the X-744S warehouse was brought to the ground eight days before its milestone deadline in 2013. The structure once known as the lithium warehouse because it once stored lithium hydroxide was built in 1957 to support plant operations. It was moved in the mid-1970s to make room for the former Gas Centrifuge Enrichment Plant but finally met its demise and removed from the site footprint. The 50,000 square foot warehouse was one of the non-Cold War Mission facilities to be identified for demolition. Any waste generated from the demolition that could not be recycled was shipped to an appropriately permitted and/or licensed off-site facility for disposal. ASSET RECOVERY 25 Recovery and Reuse of Valuable Materials s Approximately 2.2 million cubic yards of waste is to be generated by D&D of the DOE facility in Piketon s A large portion of material assets may be recovered. s Through Asset Recovery, excess material including metals can potentially be recovered and reused instead of being lost to traditional disposal methods. This approach: - Preserves the material value; - Develops opportunities for beneficial reuse; - Potentially provides many technical, socioeconomic, and environmental benefits.

Partnership For Southern Ohio: Asset Transition Agreement s Agreement signed in February 2009, amended in June 2010, between DOE and the Southern Ohio Diversification Initiative, a DOE-recognized Community Reuse Organization. s Under agreement, non-radioactive scrap metals from the cleanup are being transitioned to SODI for recycling with a portion of the proceeds returned to the local communities to support economic development initiatives in Pike, Scioto, Jackson and Ross counties. s Program has generated more than $4.4 million and 300+ anticipated regional jobs  $600,000 in grants to four surrounding counties (as of April 2013), including: - $150,000 to a Scioto County industrial park upgrade project; - $150,000 to Pike County for a $2.7M sewer expansion project; - $150,000 to Jackson County for an airport upgrade project; - $150,000 to Ross County for an industrial park upgrade project.  Other recycling/reindustrialization accomplishments - Well site to Village of Piketon; - Transferred 1.8M pounds of excess personal property, 100 vehicles; - Pike County tie-in to site sewage project.

Protecting The Environment s Saves energy; s Preserves land and other natural resources; s Avoids mining impacts associated with producing new metal from ore; s Supports Presidential Order to reduce wastes and greenhouse gas emissions, and save energy. 26 DUF6 CONVERSION PLANT

Depleted Uranium Hexafluoride (DUF6) has been DUF6 to: generated in the United States since the 1940s as part  Uranium oxide, which has reuse potential or can of the uranium enrichment process for both civilian and be disposed, and military applications.  Hydrofluoric acid, which is sold, with sales proceeds applied to offset production costs. The DOE operated three gaseous diffusion plants in three separate locations: Oak Ridge, Tennessee; The life cycle to convert and disposition the entire Paducah, Kentucky; and Piketon, Ohio. inventory of cylinders is approximately 20 years. This project is an important component of DOE’s use of  Production generated 700,000 metric tons of cutting-edge technology to reduce the risk of waste DUF6, which is stored under DOE control at the generated from the uranium enrichment process. Paducah and Piketon sites.  Piketon has 250,000 metric tons of DUF6 stored B&W Conversion Services is the operating contractor for in 24,000 cylinders; the remainder is at Paducah. both DUF6 conversion plants located in Piketon, Ohio and Paducah, Kentucky. Depleted uranium has potential commercial applications such as use in batteries, radiation shielding, armor penetrating ammunition, counter weights, semiconductors, catalytic converters, and in a class of nuclear reactors known as fast reactors. However, none of these applications are commercially viable, nor would they use enough material to significantly reduce the stored inventory.

To allow for disposition of the stored conversion products, Public Law 105-204 (July 1998) and Public Law 107-206 (July 2002) established the requirement for DOE to construct facilities to convert the DUF6 to a safer form.

Subsequently, DOE awarded a contract in 2002 to design, build, and operate two plants (one each in Piketon, Ohio, and Paducah, Kentucky) to convert the Operations are monitored in a facility control room.

28 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT The Public’s Role in the Project The Portsmouth site will undergo environmental cleanup over the next decade to permanently close the former uranium enrichment facility located in Pike County, Ohio. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) will provide opportunities for the community to become informed and involved in key decisions that will affect the final cleanup of the site. DOE’s goal is to reflect the community’s vision and priorities for the Portsmouth site in final cleanup plans. Members decision-making process. The Ohio DOE and Ohio EPA issue final cleanup of the public will have a variety of Environmental Protection Agency plans. These final decisions will also options to learn more about the (OEPA) oversees DOE’s work at the afffect how the Portsmouth site can site and provide input during the site and must approve final cleanup be used in the future. decision-making process. plans. Documents that reflect key Timely public input will help DOE The environmental laws that decisions must go through public balance stakeholders’ vision and govern cleanup of the Portsmouth review, and public comments must priorities with its commitment to site require public input in DOE’s be satisfactorily addressed before clean up the site.

StayStay InformedInformed andand GetGet InvolvedInvolved

● Attend DOE public meetings to stay informed on progress and upcoming decisions. ● Sign up for our mailing list to receive our topical fact sheets and newsletters. ● Participate in the Portsmouth Site Specific Advisory Board meetings. Visit their website at www.ports-ssab.energy.gov. ● Read cleanup documents at the U.S. DOE Environmental Information Center located at 1862 Shyville Road, Room 207, Piketon, Ohio 45661. ● Share questions or concerns with your Envoy. Employee Envoys engage public groups and organizations throughout the four-county region. ● Comment on cleanup documents during official public comment periods. Notifications of such comment periods are issued periodically. To be notified, ensure that you are on our mailing list. ● Email us at [email protected] or call us at 888.603.7722 anytime with questions or concerns. COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT 29

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Students get ‘hands-on’ with science Each year since 2010, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Portsmouth/Paducah Project Office has sponsored a major educational outreach event welcoming 11th grade students from throughout southern Ohio to this former uranium enrichment facility which has played such an important role in America’s history. In each of its first four years, “Science Alliance” has welcomed an average of 1,000 high school juniors, teachers and chaperones to experience a unique view of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) while also providing a first- hand look at the site D&D mission. Through a series of interactive learning stations, information is presented to students by professional engineers, scientists and others who volunteer their time to make the experience an unforgettable one for every student.

The DOE is committed to supporting local schools in the four counties surrounding the site (Pike, Ross, Scioto and Jackson) and encouraging students to pursue STEM careers. This event reinforces DOE’s focus on supporting educational initiatives and teaming with local schools. From the educators... “After listening to our students and their feedback I can assure you they felt the day was very interesting, fun and even beneficial to what they are or will be studying in their science, math and tech classes.” EDUCATION OUTREACH 31 DOE providing area students a chance to shine on national stage Competition was tense throughout the day as 32 teams battled for one regional title and the all- expense paid ticket to the national competition.

The third annual South Central Ohio Regional Science Bowl was held March 13, 2015, on the campus of Shawnee State University in Portsmouth, Ohio. Team 2 from Chillicothe High School won the event and earned the all-expense paid trip from DOE to compete in the National Science Bowl in April. The team is pictured with DOE’s Greg Simonton (far left) and their coach Joshua Queen immediately after the win. For the second year in a row, event, a substantial increase in both around the United States. there were more schools and more areas from the inaugural event. This year’s winner was Team 2 teams in the scholastic battle to see The event challenges teams from Chillicothe High School, coached who would come away with the 2015 comprised of four students and by Joshua Queen and represented by title of Science Bowl’s South Central one alternate with questions from Keegan Francis, Noah Wright-Piekarski, Ohio Regional champion when the the fields of science, technology, Matthew Wagner, Dylan Crisp, and Department of Energy’s third annual engineering and mathematics. An Claire Schmitt. competition was held at Shawnee State all-expense paid trip to the National DOE created the National Science University on March 13, 2015. The Science Bowl in Washington D.C. is Bowl in 1991 to encourage students to educational outreach effort by DOE in awarded to the regional champion, excel in mathematics and science and the local four-county area brought in bringing with it the opportunity to to pursue careers in these fields. 18 schools and 32 teams for the all-day compete against other champions from