Ancient Science of Life, Vol No. V No. 1 July 1985, Pages 54 - 64

THE AYURVEDIC HERITAGE OF

P. R. VARIAR

Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala Branch, Statue Road, Trivandrum 695 001, .

Received: October 08, 1984 Accepted revised manuscript January 23, 1985 ABSTRACT: has a long history of being enriched by different types of contributions from different stages befitting their geographical, climatic and cultural situations, and based on their thinking and living patterns, especially the practical aspects. Kerala has its own great role in this prcess of enrichment. It is unique and invaluable. The historical aspects the literary contributions by Kerala to the Ayurvedic system, the traditional and special treatments of Kerala etc., are discussed in this paper.

There are many families in Kerala who were The Ottamulika (single herb treatment) specialistis in one or more types of remedies prevalent among the tribes of Kerala for like Uzhieil (massage), Marmachikitsa snake – bites, for family planning, for curing (treatment for diseases of certain vital parts of diseases etc. form a field where more of the body), Balachikitsa (paediatrics), investigation has to be done. The nutritious Netracikitsa (Opthalmology), Visa Cikitsa qualities and biological value of various (toxicology), Bhutapasmara Pratividhi food were known to the people. The Ahara (Psychiatric treatment) and in remedis for Pathya (restrictions and modifications in wounds, fractures and bruises. Macropolo diet) by the Ayurvedists are mainly based on the famous Venitian traveller who visited this knowledge. Different kinds of food for Kerala during the 13th century writes that children which are easily digestible were “here, in Kerala there are many good doctors also known. Green leafy vegetables were and astrologers”. All these people were in suffested for people suffering from anaemia. one way or other learned in Ayurveda. Every house wife knew a bit of folk Other evidences are there to prove that a medicine and an expert was consulted only system of medicine existed in Kerala even in very serious cases. It was customary even before the advent of the Aryans. Owing to to worship herbs in various ways on certain the great variations in climate and soil auspicious days. Some regular practices condition and good rainfall (nowhere less originally aimed at maintaining health and than 120 cms. Annually), Kerala had a rich curing diseases at home later on became and varied flora and fauna and this has rituals. Adorning ‘Dasapuspas’ (ten definitely played a major role in the flowers) on the head is an example. The development of the medical system in ‘Dasapuspas’ are: (List on the next page). Kerala. All the authors of the Ayurvedic Nighantus Ottamulika and Dasapushpa (Dictionaries containing Medica and Therapeutics) are unanimous that Lakshmana (7 above) cures sterility in

Pages 54 - 64 women. ‘KATHITA PUTRADA (Mustacyprus Rotundu) etc. which ahs AVASYAM LAKSMANA anthelmentic, Carminative and MUNIPUNGAVAT’ (meaning, it is antidysenteric actions. To prepare Mukkuti declared by the saints that Laksmana is the medicinal herbs are first boiled with Putrada – giving male baby) suitable liquids like butter-milk which is BHAVAPRAKASA. reduced by boiling to a specific quantity. The boiled herbs are then ground well into a Mukkuti paste and allowed to go dry divided in circular masses of definite weights and Similarly on the first date of Karkitaka measures and spread on wooden plants, each month (4th lunar month) each member of ‘circle’ forming one dose of the medicine Malayali family would have to drink a which can be preserved for a long period, if ‘Mukkuti’ (Pramathya in ) prepared kept intact. Each dose is taken with butter with Kutakappala (Kutaja – Holarrhena milk or other suitable vehicles. ‘Mukkuti’ is Antidysenterica, Wale) and ‘Muttanna’ a speciality of Kerala.

S.No. Sanskrit Botanical Name

1) Puvamkuruntala Sahadevi (Vernonia Cine Ria)

2) Muyalcevi Sasakarni (Emilia Sonchifolia D. C)

3) Karuka Durva (Cyno Dun dactylon pers)

4) Kannunni Bhrngaraja (Eclipta Alba)

5) Nilappana Varahi (Curculgo orehiodes)

6) Cerula Adanapaki (Aeura Lanata)

7) Tirutali Laksmana (Ipomea sepiaria Koenig)

8) Uzhinna Sakralatha (Cardio Sperum Helicacabrium)

9) Mukkutti Lajjalu (Biophytum Sensitivum D. C)

10) Tulasi Tulasi (Ocimum Basilicum)

Oil Bath

Abhyanga (Oil bath) – bath after Malayali. The oil (coconut oil or gingelly applications of oil on the head and body was oil) would be medicated with herbal juices an essential itme in the daily routine of the and other drugs as prescribed by the

Pages 54 - 64 physicians according to the seasonal the disciples of Vagbhata, settled in Kerala conditions, constitutional peculiarties of the and had many disciples and followers. And individual etc. This oil bath is supposed to Indu who wrote the famous ‘Sasilekha’ have many favourable effects on the body Commentary of Astanga Samgraham and and mind. It prevents the degenerations of Astangahrdayam, is believed to be a tissues and improves the texture and Keralite. complexion of the skin and development of the muscles. It promotes good sleep also Ashtavaidyas according to Astangahrdaya the most popular Ayurvedic text. The servies rendered during the period of ‘decadence’ of Ayurveda (1560 - 1850) and For removing Oil from the body while in the ‘revival period’ by the ‘Astavaidya’ taking bath barks of ‘inca’ – Mal. (Acacia Brahmin families, some Izhava families and Intsia), Vaka-Mal. (Albizzia Magnata) etc. such other sects of people who studied which are somewhat bitter and astringent in Astangahrdayam thoroughly and practised taste and disinfectants in effect, are made the system of Ayurveda as a traditional use of and from the head ‘Tali’ – (Mal.) vocation, should be remembered with Plants like ‘Vellia’ – Mal (Mussoenda gratitude. The ‘Astavaidyas’ are called so, frondosa) with white bracts which form a because they were practitioners of Ayurveda viscous fluid if squeezed well with water, having eight branches. and possess several medicinal properties favourable to eyes, hairs and nervous Veterinary Science system. Kerala which stands in the fore – front in Ayurvedic Literature honouring elephants in temple processions has taken care to breed by selection The literature on medicine in Kerala can be elephants showing good signs and features. generally divided into three: (1) Specialist Ayurvedic Physicians in this field Commentaries of classical texts and were not rate in Kerala. ‘Matangalila’ (The independent works based on them. (2) The Elephant’s play) is a book on treatment of Compilations of prescriptions of medicines elephants. This book with 12 Chapters and practical directions occassionally contains several pieces of information scribled by physicians and prevalent in the regarding elephants. This is a treasure of country. (3) New works incorporating knowledge in the field of Ayurvedic modern trends in scientific knowledge. treatment of elephants (Hastyayurveda).

Astanga Samgraha and Astangahrdaya by Vrikshayurveda Vagbhatacarya, which are condensed forms (with Malayalam Commentary) of earlier elaborate authentic ‘Samhitas’ were popular in Kerala even from the early Brhat samhita of Varahamihira (4th Century days. From the history of Ayurveda in A. D.) is considered the first encyclopaedia Kerala it can be understood that Sanskrit in Sanskrit. It deals with an astonishing began to flourish in Kerala between 5 – 6 variety of subjects of exceptional interest centuries A. D. It is assumed that the works and value. The 55th chapter of this Book of Vagbhata came out between the 5th and deals with Vrksayurveda. It also includes 7th centuries. It is said that Indu and Jejjata, methods of plantations of various trees,

Pages 54 - 64 shrubs, creepers, etc. after culturing soil century A. D.). Another work called Tantra with various processess and treatments for Yukti Vicara by Vaidyanatha Nilamegha (9th preventing and curing the various ailments Century A. D) was published in 1928 (and affecting them. 1976 by the above Grandhavali and the publication Division). “Tantra Yukti” may We have a book of Vrksayurveda with a be defined as the methodology and Malayalam commentary by Mahopadhyaya technique which enables one to compose K. Padmanabha Pillai Sasthri and with a and interpret scientific treatises correctly scholarly introduction by Suranattu Kunnan and intelligently. In other words it stands Pillai. The book published in 1946 by for the systematic approach to a scientific Vidvan K. Vasu Panikkar is now out of subject and this enables one to clearly print. The original work is by one elucidate the matter in hand. There is “Sarngadhara”, a contemporary of Raja another book called RASOPANISAD (on “Hamira” of 13th century. The book deals Rasatantra – Ayurvedic chemotherapy) with various aspects of the subject like 1. published by the Trivandrum Grandhavali. Bhuminirupanam (Selection of soils), 2. Vaidyamanorama contains some very Bijotpatty vidhi (Rules for sowing of seeds), effective recipes, including some ‘tricky 3. Padapavivaksa, (Methods of treatments’ for which Kerala is famous. Propagation), 4. Ropanavidhanam (process These applications are not found in any of plantation), 5. Nisecanavidhi (Rules for other book. The medical folk lore available watering of plants), 6. Posanavidhi (Rules in Kerala is the basis of this book. Dhara for the nourishment of plants), 7. (pouring liquid) is a special medical Drumaraksha (Rules for the protection of treatment of Kerala. A work called trees), 8. Tarucikitsa (treatment of plants), 9. ‘Dharakalpam’ on this method of treatment Nivasasannataru Subhasubhalaksanannal is renowned. Sinduramanjari containing the (Good and evil omens relating to residence refining processes of minerals like Copper, near trees), 10. Tarumahima (Glory of Iron, Sulphur, Mica and Mercury is an trees), 11. Upavanakriya (Construction of independent work of Taikkad Narayanan gardens) and Vrksayurveda parisista Musad. ‘Alattur Manipravalam’ believed to (Botanical marvels). have been composed during the early period of Manipravalam literature (a happy and Chemotherapy harmonious blend of Sanskrit and Malayalam) is another celebrated medical There is a book called Rasavaisesika Sutra text. ‘Cikitsakramam’ (system of containing four Chapters and 486 Sutras. treatment), ‘Sahasrayogam’, This discusses the physiological and Yogaratnaprakasika’, Vaidyamanjari’, therapeutic values of the medicinal and ‘Cikitsamanjari’, ‘Yogamrtam’, dietic articles, and the fundamental ‘Cikitsanul’, ‘Sannipata Cikitsa’, ‘Netraroga principles of health based on Ayurvedic Cikitsa’, Yogasaram, Vaidyamanjari etc. are tenets, in so far as they expound the books containing the collections of the relations existing between the six Rasas and ‘Yogas’ (Medical recipes) and methods of three ‘dosas’. The book was first published treatment prevalent in Kerala well-known in in 1928 by the Trivandrum Grandhavali and the ancient families of physicians in Kerala. again in 1976 by the Publication Division, Ayurveda College, Trivandrum). The original commentator is one Narasimha (7th

Pages 54 - 64 Kalavancanam, Laksanamrtam, (the author Kerala system of this work is supposed to be one Sundarabhattacarya, teacher of Nilamekha It is not surprising if ‘Uzhiccil’ and who composed Tantrayukthi Vicara), Marmacikitsa developed in Kerala which is Sarasamgraham etc. are books known to the fosterhome of Kalaripayattu (a famous Kerala only. Narayaniyam among them method of physical culture), and Kathakali, contains mostly ‘mantric’ practices the famous dance – drama of Kerala. (treatment with verbal suggestion). There Certain medicines like Marmagulika, are many famous books based on them – Karuttagulika and various kinds of ‘Jyotsnika’ by Karattu Nambudiri and medicated oils are the product of this ‘Prayoga Samuccayam’ by Kodungallur tradition. Marmadarpanam, a book on Koccunni Tampuran being two among them. Marmacikitsa by Cirakkal T. Sridharan Nair, All these books are more or less based on is a good contribution to this field. Kerala classical Sanskrit works. has a special tradition for the treatment of small pox. There are books in Kerala Ayurveda Nighantus (Medical containing instructions for the diagnosis of Dictionaries) the various types of the diseases and prescribing remedies for each. Most of the so called Ayurvedic Nighantus ‘Masurimala’ (small pox) is one of those are compliants of informations of texts, worthm entioning. Kerala which is Pharmacognostic and therapeutic values of full of shrubs, hills and narrowpaths in its the drugs. The Dhanwantari Nighantu is villages, was infested by poisonous creatures generally considered to be the oldest among including reptiles in early times. this group. From Dhanwantari Nighantu to Fortunately, Kerala also abounds in a variety Saaligrama Nighantu (19th Century) there of medical herbs that are easily traceable are some more than 32 Sanskrit Nighantus and readily applicable. These may be the mentioned in the books on the history of main stimulants for the development of Ayurveda. A list of about 34 other Visacikits (treatment for poison) in Kerala. Nighantus like Abhidhanamala (by Malli Treatment for poison also developed Natha) etc. which are remaining in various depending on the Ayurvedic principles of manuscript libraries, has also been prepared ‘Tridosa’ (The three irreduceable basic by research scholars. classifable metabolic psychosomatic constituents, or rather constituent Hortus Indicus Malabaricus complexes, of the living matter widely discussed in the authentic Ayurvedic The Hortus Indicus Malabaricus (Garden of treatises as late Pandit Shiv Sharma has put Malabar of India) is a book in latin on it) as all the other seven branches mentioned medicinal herbs of Kerala published in above. For cure of poison ‘Mantravidya’ (a Amsterdam (the capital of Holland) during method of treatment with verbal suggestions the 17th Century (1678 – 1703). It is one of influencing the mind of the patient) was the biggest works on the plant kingdom populr. But also use of medical herbs was which runs into 12 big volumes with 794 given more importance. illustrations. This work on medicinal plants Visacikitsaprakarana in Astanga – Hrdaya is of Kerala can be considered as a famous all over India. But, Narayaniyam, contribution of Kerala (even though this is Uddisam, Utpalam, Haramekhala, written in latin), in view of the contents and

Pages 54 - 64 the persons participated in the works. It laid languages of each herb easily available in the foundation for the modern trend in Kerala, are also to be mentioned in this preparing several books in English and context. various Indian languages on medicinal plants available in various parts of India The Panchakarma Therapy: mostly from the decade of this century. Ayurvedic treatment is broadly divided into Ayurvediya Ausadha Nighantu by Tayyil two categories (1) Samana Cikitsa Kumaran Vaidyan is one of the most useful consisting of a conservative type of works published in Kerala in the early part treatment to control the diseae through the of this century (1906). It contains Sanskrit balancing of the vitiated dosas, the and Malayalam synonyms the therapeutic derranged body elements, by medicines and values and the parts used of almost all the restrictions in diet and routine and (2) medicinal herbs commonly used in Kerala. Sodhana Cikitsa, a method of treatment The author has worked with extreme involving the extirpation of the causes of the devotion for a period of 10 years from 1891 disease, the vitiated dosas etc. and thereby to 1901 for the preparation of the book restoration of the equilibrium of the dosas. which received a hearty welcome from Here the intrinsic causes of the disease are eminent physicians and scholars in Kerala. expelled, the alimentary system and the The first part of second edition of the work body in general are purified, or rather which runs into about 1200 pages, has been detoxicated and chances of permanent cure published by the publication division, appreciably increased. Snehana (literally Government Ayurveday College, lubrication – a course of both internal and Trivandrum, 1979 with an exhaustive external administrations of medicated fatty Bhumika (introduction) on the subject by the substances like ghee, oil etc.); and Swedana editor, Prof. N. E. Muttuswami. The second (A process for producing diaphoresis or part of the work namely Gunadipika is under profuse perspiration all over the body) and preparation and expected to come out then the proper Samsodhana Kriyas, the shortly with illustrations from the same socalled Pancakarmas (five methods) Division. Ayurveda Ausadhi Nighantu by namely Vamana (emesis – the act of Tamarakulam Koccu Sankaran Vaidyan vomiting); Virecana (purgation – induction (published in 1950 by S. T. Reddiar and to free evacuation of faeces); Vasti ( Enema Sons): Osadhi Nighantu by M. K. Govinda using prescribed medicinal oils, decotions Pillai, and Ausadhi Maha Nighantu by etc); Nasyam – a process of application of Pandit K. K. Panikkar (published by the certain medicines through the nostrils for Vidyarambham Press, Alleppey) are the expelling the vitiated factors from the organs other Nighantus of Kerala available now. above the neck, and Raktamoksa (letting off blood from the veins employing certain The series of authoritative books namely ‘ prescribed techniques) – these are certain Pharmacognosy of Ayurvedic drugs – renowned classical methods of extirpation Kerala’ being published by the Department and detoxication of the body according to of pharmacognosy of the Kerala University Ayurveda. Here the classification of which gives information from authentic Pancakarmas, the last five of the above Sanskrit books (NIGHANTUS) on the processes, is Vagbhata’s view which is some medical herbs and modern botanical what different from that of Caraka and other descriptions and synonyms in various earlier texts. These methods are employed

Pages 54 - 64 individually or severally according to the compilations of Kerala that one meets with nature of the case. satisfactory description of these courses of treatments. The Sodhana Cikitsa in general and the special techniques for it known as It is to be noted that the above specialised Pancakarma are considered characteristic of branches of treatments yield excellent Ayurveda. These methods are prevalent in results in the treatment of paralysis, sciatica almost all parts of India. But, in the field of and various forms of mental disease like Snehana and Swedana there are some hysteria, insanity etc. special techniques in Kerala which have been in existence from ancient days. They Principles more or less cover the effects of other methods of Sodhana Cikitsa and also that of The principles underlying these methods of Samana Cikitsa to some extent in certain treatment is one of detoxication of the cases. subjects. Application of warmth (swedana) and oily massage (Snehana) to the body 1. Pizhiccil (massage in oil trough), promotes better circulation of blood in the uzhiccil (massage after application of system and free diaphoresis etc. The daily oil), Navarakizhi ( a kind of massage laxative usually given during the course of with ‘Navara – variety of rice made into the treatment ensures satisfactory evacuation a paste bound in cloth), Sirovasti of the bowels and better cleansing of the (retaining medicated oil of prescribed ailmentary tract. The fat contents and warmth on head for a definite length of factors in the medicinal unguents are time), Dhara (continous pouring of absorbed by the skin resulting in the toning medicated liquids), Paccakizhi (massage up of the subject. The soft oil massage itself with medicinal leaves bound in cloth), has a marked soothing effect on the nervous Snehapanam (internal administration of system as a whole; it improves the working medicated oil or ghee for a prescribed powers of the muscles and favours prompt period with specific restrictions in diet recovery from the effects of fatigue. The and routine) are some of the most well stimulating effect on the cardio vascular known and well tried techniques of the system is appreciable. Its effects on the Kerala School of Ayurveda. They are neuro muscular apparatus, and on the renowned as the specialities of Kerala in respiratory organs are conductive to a the methods for rejuvenation and cure. general improvement in the metabolic The temperate salubrious climate of activity of the entire constitution. The strict evergreen Kerala, its geographical regimen calculated to ensure perfect peculiarities and the culture of the physical and metnal rest gives the body people may be the causes for making it mechanism the best chance to recoup its the birth place of these peculiar method strength and functional efficiency. These of Ayurvedic treatment. measures give nature the fullest opportunity to play its own role and there is no forcing It is true that many of the above treatments of a tired, system to work, no whipping up for rejuvenation and cure are mentioned in of a fallen horse. None of these measures the standard classical works on Indian act in contradiction to any of the scientific medicine, but detailed and elaborate principles on modern medical science. They accounts are found wanting. It is only in the are rational to the core.

Pages 54 - 64 particularly in the disease of organs above Massage Treatment in General the neck.

That massage of all kinds play an important Pizhiccil role in every system of science of healing is evident from its popularity as an inevitable All parts of the body other than the head are adjunct in Physico therapy. What is subjected to this treatment. Four attendatns achieved by artificial means such as Electro (two on either side) pour the varmed Therapy, occupational Therapy etc., is medicated oil (kept at the bearable warmth) achieved in Kerala by the scientific system on the body and massage it simultaneously. of massaging. Modern types of massages This treatment is prescribed in known as Effleurage, petrissage, VATAROGAS (Paralysis, Hemoplegia and Tappotement, etc., cannot yield as much such other nervous disorders). It is very good results as the Kerala massages. effective in Asthma and even in tuberculosis Pressure is applied not only by the palms but in the early stages. This is mainly a snehana also by the soles of the feet as necessitated (lubricating) treatment. by circumstances. Navarakizhi or Pindasveda Dhara ‘Navarakizhi’ is mainly performed in such The treatments of Dhara, Pizhiccil and diseases where Pizhiccil also is prescribed. Navarakkizhi are usually conducted by But while the main purpose of Pizhiccil is making the patient lie down in a long ‘Snehana’, that of Navarakizhi is Swedana wooden trough – the wood being medicinal, (Diaphoresis). The patient is anointed with eg: sandal wood; Nux Vomica, Lavangam suitable medicated oil all over the body is etc. In Dhara, the patient lies in a supine managed in seven different postures such as posture in the trough and the prescribed sitting, lying (supine or prone position) etc. medicinal liquid (medicated oils, herbal Navara Rice is cooked in milk and decoction, cow’s milk. Brest – milk butter – medicinal decoction and tied up in eight milk tender coconut – water etc.) suitable to bundles of (‘Rice – bolus bags’) clean the particular case is allowed to drop down smooth cloth. The medicinal decoction and on his fore – head and head from a height of milk are kept warm throughout. Four about two inches through the bundle of bundles are got ready by dipping in the threads through a hole in the Dhara patra decoction while the other four are used for (made of clay or silver or gold) into the massaging. The bundles are interchanged hollow inside portion of a coconut shell when they loose their heart. The duration is placed in the vessel face downwards and from half to one hour and a half depending with serrated ridges to regulate the flow of on the nature of the case. This treatment is the medicine. The duration of the Dhara is useful in all kinds of rheumatism, paralysis, from half an hour to one hour and a half polio and congenital deformity of limbs and according to the condition of the patient and dislocation of bones and joints and so on. the nature of the disease. This special treatment is intended for mental diseases, Sirovasti nervous disorders, insomnia, blood pressure, general debility, urinary diseases and A cylindrical leather cap of about ten inches height and both ends open is fixed in

Pages 54 - 64 position by means of a cloth belt two to should be totally avoided, but the latter is three inches in width tied around the head less harmful if more than a year old. Instead and by black – gram paste used for plugging of impure common salt, refined salt and rock the holes and filling the gaps. Suitable – salt may be used. Half polished or brown medicated oil heated to a bearable degree is rice, plantain fruits, black pepper, bitter poured into the cap and allowed to remain gourd, snake gourd, yam, ashgourd and there for about 1 hour or until mucoid other foods containing calcium, magnasium, discharge oozes out of the mouth, eyes and sodium, iron, pottasium, silica and other nostrils of the patient. Its effects are vital mineral salts should be used. Fruits considerable in neuralgia, Hemicrania, Optic especially ripe plantain fruits, pomegranates, atrophy, Ostalgia, deafness, facial paralysis oranges, grapes and Amalaka fruits and all diseases effecting the cranial nerves. (gooseberry) may be eaten not only for the Generally it is not carried out for more than mineral salts these contain, but also for the seven days. stimulating effect these fruits have upon the liver and other organs of excertion. Time and Period Buttermilk must be boiled with turmeric etc. before use. Lean parts of the flesh of pegion All special treatments are usually conducted goat and rabbit may be used. They should when the weather condition is normal free either be boiled, broiled or baked but not from excessaive rain, snowfall or extreme fried, as frying will sometimes cause radiation. Such an ideal climate, as far as degestive disorders. Fish is generally to be Kerala is concerned, are experienced during avoided. Seasame, blackgram, spirituous the months of mid – July / mid – August liquor, curds, pumpkin, brinjal, Lady’s (Asadha), mid – October to mid – November finger, drum – stick, onion, asafoetida etc., (Tula) and mid – February to mid – March should also be avoided. Water boiled with (Kumbha). liberal quantities of Mutsa, dried ginger, coriander, cuminseeds and green gram may The treatments in general are given for 7, be used for drinking, either warm or cold. 14, 21, 28, 41 and 90 days and in very rare cases for longer periods also according to Taboos the nature and condition of the case. Bvut the usual period is 14 or 21 days. Ablutions should be with warm water, never with cold water. Sexual act is to be Pathya or Regimen completely abstained from; not only the act but even the very thought of it. Nothing is The patient is strictly advised to follow more detremental in the course of these certain rules of conduct and diet during the various treatments, thatn the sexual act or course of these treatments and for an equal even the urge. It, at times, the sexual desire number of days thereafter and for an equal is existed, the patients may make a short number of days thereafter. Regarding food walk if strength and general conditions restrictions one should have only such diet permit, or occupy the mind in some as is relishing, taking care not to consume constructive thoughts or acts. A word to the any food items contra – indicated by the wise may be sufficient in this respect. diseases. These food items should also be easily digestiable. Food must be taken at regular intervals. Chillies and tamarind

Pages 54 - 64 ‘Arogyakalpadrumam’ is a famous Sleep and Rest paediatrics text in Sanskrit written by Kaikulannara Rama Variyar. Sleep is the greatest reconstructive factor we ‘Arogyacintamani’ is a paediatric text have. Therefore un-interrupted proper sleep written in Malayalam based on at night is essential with no sleep during day ‘Arogyakalpadrumam’ by Mahakavi time. Exercise of all forms are strictly Vallattol who had also a sound knowledge forbidden. Even brisk walking should be of Ayurvedic system of medicine. His avoided. One may take a short walk in the books are honored not only by the afternoon, or before retiring, if strength and physicians of Kerala but also by all lovers of general condition permit. Such light for its high literary exercises will hasten the progress of the cure (poetic) style and qualities. Vallattol has by stirring the sluggish circulation and also composed three other books in the field nerves. Care should be taken, however, to namely ‘Garbharaksakramam’, ‘Vaidya stop the exercise, short of the point of actual Jivanam’ and ‘Netramrtam’. fatigue, to prevent disturbances and mishaps. Sleep during day time may be Modern Period – the era of Renaissance checked by indulging in light reading such as simple stories or newspapers and pleasant There are some books in Sanskrit which chat with friends. have come out in various parts of India since the first decade of this century which is Provisions should be made for securing considered to be the era of renaissance in the plenty of fresh air in the bed-rooms. But Ayurvedic system giving comprehensive exposure to mist, sun, dust, wind, smoke, explanations of both eastern and western rain etc. is highly injurious. Bed sheets, principles of medicines with comparative pillows etc. should be smooth and pleasantly studies on the subject. Pratyaksa sarira and warm. Arrangements should be made for Siddhantanidana by Mahamahopadhyaya answering calls of nature, indoors. Kaviraj Gananath Sen Saraswati are outstanding works among them. The former All these restrictions to be observed not only deals with anatomy and physiology which during the period of the treatment proper, the latter is a text book of the etiology, but also thereafter, for an equal number of pathology and symptamatology of diseases. days for convalescence during which time Among them, the works of some scholars of the patient is expected to return to the Kerala are also of equal importance. normal routine gradually. Astanga Sariram, and Brhacchariram written by Vaidyaratnam P. S. Varyar, were text Bala Cikitsa (Paediatrics) books in Sanskrit on Anatomy, and Physiology, profusely illustrated: ‘Sariram’ There are a number of books on Balacikitsa by Dr. L. A. Ravivarma Anugrahamimamsa (Paediatrics) by Kerala Physicians who have by Vadakkepattu Narayanan Nair, etc. are a long tradition in the field. The book only examples. namely ‘Mahasara’ published by the Manuscript Library, Madras, contains a lot In this ‘foreword’ to the first volume of the of information’s on Balacikitsa in work BRHACCARIRAM by Vaidyaratnam Malayalam. P S Variyar, Dr. L. A. Ravivarma one of the illustrious authors of Kerala, wrote thus:

Pages 54 - 64 Vaidyan provides a comprehensive picture “The work has certain special features worth of a number of diseases with a comparative noting. This is not a mere translation of any description of the etiology, pathology etc. in modern work on embryology; it is a well the light of allopathic system and of the planned adaptation of modern teachings: Ayurvedic treatments for them. The author has taken pains to ensure that the imported teachings mingle freely and well The series of ‘Seminar Reports’ in book with the ancient teachings so as to make a form published every year from 1965 by the harmonious whole, wherein, the new Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakal, in incorporations will appear more as commemoration of the Founder’s Day amplifications and elaborations on the older celebration of the institution, contain papers teachings than a new and alien importation”. on different subjects of Ayurveda by eminent scholars of Kerala and outside. The The ‘Arya Vaidya Caritram’ – History of essays which have won the first and second Ayurveda – (1905) (by P. V. Krsna Varya) prizes in the competition conducted by the was the first of its kind in Malayalam. It institution each year are also published. was prescribed as text-book on the subject in Almost all the above treatises are based on all the Ayurveda Colleges in Kerala. The tenets of Ayurveda and they reflect the spirit ‘Dhanvantari’ Magazine (monthly) of earnestness to absorb and assimilate every published from for 23 years (1905 modern trend at the same time keeping the – 1928) under the editorship of essence in tact. Vaidyaratnam P. S. Varyar (assisted by his brother P V Krsna Varyar) has contributed The book on ‘Ayurveda Clinical Research’ much to the Ayurvedic literature in Kerala. (English) by Pandita Rajan Trkkovil Acuta ‘Ayurveda Caritram’ by Arya Vaidyan Sri Variar (1959) has two volumes and here the N. V. Krsnankutti Varyar (published by author has citied many examples of most of Arya Vaidya Sala Kottakkal, in April, 1981) the common diseases with their history and on the same subject also deserves special the mode of treatment prescribed and the mention. The author has made reference to effects observed. a number of books for the preparation of the book. Some scholarly physicians have written books in Malayalam clarifying the VASTHI PRADIPAM (1932) by Panavally fundamental principles of Ayurveda. S. Krsnan Vaidyan and ‘Panca karma’ are Ayurvedattinte – Adhistana Tatvannal’ by two outstanding works of the modern period Pandit C. Ramakrsnan Nair (1969) and on the Pancakaram therapy. ‘Ayurveda Paricaya’ (1976) by Vaidyabhusan K. Raghavan Tirumulpad are ‘AYURVEDIC TREATMENTS OF only examples. Sri. Tirummulpad has KERALA’ (1944) by Astavaidyan M. S. authorized some more outstanding works Mooss is a very useful work on the so called namely (1) AYURVEDA DARSANAM (on special treatments of Kerala like basic principles of Ayurveda) (2) PINDASVEDA, PIZHICCIL, SIROVASTI, commentary of RASAVAISESIKA etc. (mentioned above) (3) TANTRAYUKTI VIVEKAM and (4) Commentary of ‘Adhunika Roga Bhaisajyam’ in Malayalam ASTANGA SAMGRAHA (8 Vols.). The (1977) by Ayurvedacarya K. Kunnuraman Books on clinical medicines like

Pages 54 - 64 ‘Pratiausadha – Vidhiyum Prathama the first of its kind in India. The collection Cikitsayum’ (The antidotes and first – aid) and preservation of palm – leaf and hand – in verses and prose order by C. R. Kesavan written manuscripts on Ayurveda, Vaidyar 91942 – 1966 – 1972) and ‘Vaidya deciphering the manuscripts and keeping – Tarakam’ Vaidya Kalanidhi C. N. them for the reference of scholars, printing Narayanan (1976) also deserve special and publishing of Ayurvedic books, mention at this context. reprinting of rate books on Ayurveda, publishing of a research journal, rendering The Sarva Vibhaga Ausadha Vijnana Kosam assistance to those who wish to publish (First edition) running into 2000 pages in books on Ayurvedic etc. are some of the Malayalam by Vidvan C. S. objectives of the publication Division. Muttattumatham was published in 1981. It is unique in that it comprises references to Commentaries etc: the medicines and important aspects of all the systems of medicine practiced in Kerala The ‘Sasilekha’ Commentary (Sanskrit – Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, , Indu) of Astangasamgraha is famous in all Allopathy, Veterinary, etc. parts of India. Astangahrdaya has a number of Commentaries in Sanskrit and Ayurvedic Education: Malayalam. The ‘Sarvangasundari’ by Arunadatta and ‘Sasilekha’ by Indu are In Kerala there are at present two renowned Sanskrit Commentaries. The Government Ayurveda Colleges, at ‘Paithia’ (by an unknown author) is Trivandrum and Trpunitura (Kerala authentic and was widely used by the University) and two private Ayurveda students and teachers of Ayurveda in Kerala. Degree Colleges, at Kottakkal and Another work is ‘Brhat Pathia’. ‘Kairaly’ Trichur (Calicut University). A uniform which is also known as Pulamantol pattern of syllabus (for the B. A. M. S. Vyakhyanam, is very comprehensive and is Course) has been approved by the Central considered as very useful manual. But, only Council of Indian Medicine (C. C. I. M) for part of Uttarasthana, excluding Rasayana the whole of India and this has been and Vajikarana are now available. The introduced in these colleges also from the commentator of Kairaly, is Pulamantool year 1980. There is also one Post-graduate Mooss, who is considered to be the author of Centre attached to the Government ‘Cikitsamanjary’ also. Hrdaya and ‘Lalita’ Ayurveda College, Trivandrum, C. C. I. M. (by another Pulamantol Mooss) based on the has prepared a draft syllabus of uniform above works are also renowned. pattern for post-graduation also to be ‘Vakyapradipika’ by Alattiyur implemented at an early date. Parameswaran Nambudiri containing commentary only up to the Cikitsasthana is Book Publication: very enlightening especially to the students. ‘Saratha Darpanam’ and ‘Bhavaprakasam’ The has started a are two different commentaries by publication division of its own for the Kaikulannara Rama Variar which are adored preservation, promotion and creation of by scholars in the field. ‘Bhaskaram’ by Ayurvedic literature in the Government Uppottu Kannan, ‘Arunodayam’ by Ayurvedic College, Trivandrum. The Kayikkara Govindan Vaidyan, Vasudeviyam division started functioning from 1974. It is (by Vasudeva Sharma) are some of the

Pages 54 - 64 famous commentaries widely referred to by part of the ‘Cikitsasthanam’ of the same the modern students, teachers and commentary has been published from peactitioners. ‘Ranjini’ (Sutrasthanam – 6 Lahore. The commentator seems to be the Chapters) by v. M. Kuttikrisna Menon same Jejjata who was a contemporary and published in 1976 requires special mention colleagues of the famous Indu (Keralite), in view of its unique style of description. It disciple of Vagbhata. “Madhavanidana” by also contains a “Vrttanuvrtta – Madhavacarya (7th – 8th century A. D.) has Vakyanuvakya Vivartanam” meaning metre been commented by Paravur Kesavan Asan by metre, phrase by phrase translation) of – ‘Saracandrika’. ‘Sarngadhara Samhita’ the original work of Astangahrdaya. (12th Century) and ‘Bhavaprakasam’ (16th Century) have commentaries namely Commentaries are there not only to Gudharatha Candrika and Bhavarthadipika Astangahrdaya but to Samhitas like Susruta respectively, by Cheppatu Acyuta Variar. and Caraka also produced by scholarly physicians in Kerala. ‘Hrdayollasm’ is a There are some original works in Malayalam commentary in Malayalam to Susruta based on the subject matter and basic Samhita (Cikitsitam, Uttaram and Kalpam) principles of Astangahrdaya etc. like by Vasudeva Sharma. Commentaries by M. ‘Hrdayapriya’ by Vaikkattu Paccumuttat on Narayana Vaidyan, Edakkad, have come out Dyavyaguna (therapeutic properties of with Susruta Samhita Sutra sthana and drug), Sukhasadhaka, a summary of Caraka Samhita cikitsa sthana each in two Hrdayapriya nad Astangasara by one parts – Purvarddha and Uttararddha (1979). Perinnallur Nambudiri who is the author of the Yogamrta mentioned above. There is a commentary to Caraka Samhita namely “nirantara Padavyakhya” in the There are still many works remaining Trivandrum Manuscript library. It is copied unpublished, in the manuscript libraries in from palm leaves to paper by one of the and out of Kerala. Almost all of the printed Astavaidyas, as it is understood from the books mentioned above are now out of print manuscript. It is also noted that a mutilated and need meaningful reproduction.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bhadantaa Nagarjuna – Rasavaisesika Sutra, Second Edition, Publication Division, Govt. Ayurveda College, Trivandrum, (1976).

2. Vaidyanath Neelamegha – Thantrayuktivichara, Second Edition, Ibid.

3. Tayyil Kumaran Krishnan – Ayurvedeeya Nighantu, Ibid.

4. Viswa Vijnana Kosham (Vol.1), Sahitya Pravarthaka – Co-op. Society Limited, Kottayam, Kerala, (1970).

5. Sarvavijnana Kosham (Vol.3), Department of Malayalam Encyclopaedia, Govt. of Kerala, Trivandrum.

6. Nadkarni – Indian Materia Medica, Third Edition (1953).

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