Wrestling Refereeing Illustrated

Central Washington University ScholarWorks@CWU

All Master's Theses Master's Theses

1967

Wrestling Refereeing Illustrated: An Instructional Sound Filmstrip Designed for Use in the Physical Education Class, the Intramural Program, the Interschool Wrestling Team, and the Referees’ Association

Alfred Bourque Central Washington University

Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd

Part of the Health and Physical Education Commons, and the Instructional Media Design Commons

Recommended Citation Bourque, Alfred, "Wrestling Refereeing Illustrated: An Instructional Sound Filmstrip Designed for Use in the Physical Education Class, the Intramural Program, the Interschool Wrestling Team, and the Referees’ Association" (1967). All Master's Theses. 640. https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/640

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses at ScholarWorks@CWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@CWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WRESTLING RE~~~EING ILLUSTRATED: ,_s:ii ~- > ~-- AN INSTRUCTIONAL SOUND FIIMSTRIP DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASS, THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM, THE INTERSCHOOL WRESTLING TEAM, AND THE REFEREES' ASSOCIATION

A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Faculty Central Washington State College

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Education

by Alfred Bourque August, 1967 : .... ,..

~011-TJTIO::J lVl:J3dS

APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE FACULTY

______Everett A. Irish, COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN

______Eric R. Beardsley

______Dean Stinson

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Gratitude and appreciation are extended to the follow ing individuals for their assistance in making this sound filmstrip possible: Dr. Everett Irish, who acted as committee chairman and thesis consultant; Dr. Dean Stinson, who served on my committee; Mr. Eric Beardsley, who served on my committee and acted as technical consultant; Mr. VerNon Merkley, State of Washington Evergreen Conference Wrestling Champion 1967; Mr. Lamoin Merkley, State of Washington Champion 1967 and National NAIA Wrestling Cham pion 1966 and 1967 (voted outstanding wrestler National NAIA Tournament 1967); Mr. J. w. Thompson, photographer; Mr. Ed Aliverti, for recording the sound script; Mr. Ralph Sherwood, for posing as a coach and member of the officials table; and Central Washington State College, for use of their wrestling area where the filmstrip slides were taken. The writer is also indebted to his wife, Janet, for her assistance, understanding, and tolerance during the preparation of the study. TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE I. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM AND DEFINITION OF TERMS 1 Purpose . . . • . • . . . . 1 Justification ...... 2 Instructional films in existence • 2 Definitions of Terms ...... 3 II. PROCEDURE ...... 9 Filming Equipment • • . 10 Financial Cost • ...... 11 Filming Problems • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • 11 III. THE SCENARIO: WRESTLING REFEREEING ILLUSTRATED 12 IV. SUMMARY ...... 46 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 47 RELATED REFERENCES • . 49 APPENDIX. A Code of Ethics for the Wrestling Official 60 CHAPTER I

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITION OF TERMS

I. PURPOSE

The purpose of this study is to produce a sound film strip, in color, that will bring new knowledge and reinforce present knowledge of the operation of a wrestling match from the Referee's duties prior to the match until the final match is wrestled. The sound filmstrip is designed to be used in the physical education class, the intramural program, the inter school wrestling program, and the Referees' Association. It is readily adaptable to the beginning coach, physical education teacher, intramural instructor, wrestler, or apprentice referee as a means to learn about the procedures involved in conducting a wrestling match. In this capacity the sound filmstrip can be used as a motivating force and for initial instruction for this particular phase of a wrestling program. It may be used by the experienced coach, physical education teacher, intramural instructor, wrestler, or referee for the purpose of added reinforcement, clarity, and review. This sound filmstrip has been prepared to assist in the standardization of mechanics and techniques needed to improve the effectiveness of the wrestling official. 2 II. JUSTIFICATION

The tremendous growth and popularity of wrestling throughout the United States has placed great stress on the uniformity of performance and rules interpretation by all officials. In wrestling, the referee's job is most respon- sible. The value of the sport is largely dependent upon his interpretations. Complete mastery of the rules book is fundamental and the primary requisite of officiating. Since a referee's judgment must be based on proper rules knowledge, it follows logically that every referee must understand the rules not only as they are written, but also as they apply during match conditions. Equally important is the degree of consistency in the administration of the rules for a given match and from match to match (10:5). This sound filmstrip, Wrestling Refereeing Illustrated, was prepared for the purpose of establishing the standardization of the mechanics and techniques needed for successful refereeing.

Instructional Film in Existence Presently there is only one film available that can be used as an instructional aid in teaching the skills involved in refereeing a wrestling match. The film Wrest- ling Officiating Illustrated is in color with sound. It covers some of the important situations by rules information and illustrations. The film is sponsored by the National 3 Federation of State High School Athletic Associations. In the State of Washington the film may be loaned through the Interscholastic Activities Association, Seattle, Washington, or through the Audiovisual Library, Central Washington State College, Ellensburg, Washington. The sound filmstrip, Wrestling Refereeing Illustrated, will add tremendously to the sport and especially to the intricacies involved in the technical aspects of the match procedures. First, the sound filmstrip sets up sixty situa tions. In each situation from the camera angle the viewer can see the position of the referee in relation to the out of-bounds and the action of the wrestlers. Second, the audio follows in sequence with each frame and explains the rule taken from the Official Collegiate--Scholastic Wrestling Guide along with an explanation of the situation being viewed.

III. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Abusive conduct. Conduct of a coach, contestant, or spectator that becomes abusive or interferes with the orderly progress of a match (12:28).

Advantage position. A position in which a contest ant is in control of his opponent. Control is the determin ing factor (12:16). 4 Control. Control is a situation in which a contest ant exercises and maintains restraining power over his opponent (12:16).

Decision. If no fall has resulted after expiration of the three regular periods of any match, the referee shall award the match to the contestant who has scored the greater number of points as provided by the point system. If there is a tie in the number of points scored, the referee shall declare the match a draw in dual meets (12:19).

Default. A default is awarded in a match when one of the wrestlers is unable to continue wrestling due to an injury (12:19).

Defensive wrestler. The wrestler who is in the under or bottom position during wrestling or in the referee's position on the mat.

Disqualification. Disqualification is a situation in which a contestant is banned from further participation in accordance with the penalty chart (12:19).

Escape. An escape occurs when the defensive wrestler gains a neutral position while the supporting points of either wrestler are within the wrestling area (12:17). 5 Fall. Any part of both shoulders or area of both scapulas held in contact with the mat for one second (two seconds in high school) constitutes a fall.

Forfeit. A forfeit is received by a wrestler when his opponent for any reason fails to appear for the match ( 12: 19).

Illegal holds. An illegal hold is one that is dis allowed because its twisting, pressure, or force can place the body or its appendages beyond their normal limits of range of motion.

Near-fall. A near-fall is a position in which the offensive wrestler has control of his opponent in a pinning wituation with both shoulders or the scapula area held in contact with the mat less than one full second (less than two full seconds in high school) or when one shoulder of the defensive wrestler is touching the mat and the other shoulder is held within one inch or less of the mat for two full seconds or more.

Neutral position. A position in which neither wres tler has control (12:17).

Offensive wrestler. The wrestler who is in the upper or top position during wrestling or in the referee's posi tion on the mat. 6 Out-of-bounds. The area surrounding outside the wrestling area which is indicated by a boundary line.

Potentially dangerous hold. A potentially dangerous hold is one that is legal, but may be forced to such an extent as to endanger, punish, or cause an injury to a con testant.

Predicament. A predicament is a position in which the offensive wrestler has control of his opponent in a pin ning situation and a fall or near-fall is imminent. When both shoulders of the defensive wrestler are held momentar ily (stopped) within approximately four inches of the mat or less. When one shoulder of the defensive wrestler is touching the mat, and the other shoulder is held at an angle of 45 degrees or less with the mat, but not sufficiently close to be awarded a near-fall, for one second or more ( 12: 19).

Reversal. A reversal occurs when the defensive wres tler comes from underneath and gains control of his opponent either on the mat or in a rear standing position while the supporting points of either wrestler are within the wrestling area ( 12: 18) • 7 Stalemate. When the contestants are interlocked in a position other than a pinning situation in which neither wrestler can improve his position nor tries to improve his position (12:17).

Stalling. Tactics used by a wrestler for the pur pose of avoiding contact, avoiding a take-down maneuver, hanging on with a "controlled" ride, reluctant to take advantage of openings, holding legs, or initiates no aggres sive action geared to an escape or reverse.

Supporting points. The supporting points of either wrestler are the parts of the body touching the mat that bear the weight of the wrestler's body other than the parts with which he is holding his opponent. When down on the mat the usual points of support are the knees, the side of the thigh, and the buttocks. In a standing position the feet are the main points of support (12:17).

Takedown. A takedown is awarded whenever a contest ant brings his opponent to the mat and gains control while the supporting points of either wrestler are within the wrestling area (12:17).

Technical violations. The technical violations and clarifications are as follows: interlocking (and/or over lapping in high school), holding legs (two on one or two on 8 two), leaving the mat without permission, delaying the match, intentionally forcing your opponent off the mat, intention ally going off the mat, defensive wrestler intentionally going off the mat, stalling, and grasping clothing.

Time advantage. The offensive wrestler who has con trol in an advantage position over his opponent is gaining time advantage (12:14).

Unnecessary roughness. Either before, during, or following a match intentional striking, gouging, kicking, hair pulling, butting, elbowing, or an intentional act that endangers life or limb shall be grounds for disqualification on the first penalty if the referee considers such act as flagrant misconduct (12:28). CHAPTER II

PROCEDURE

The following outline is a chronological sequence of procedure followed in producing the sound filmstrip:

1. Prepare an outline of the fundamental and the pri mary requisites of officiating a wrestling match. 2. Consult Mr. Eric Beardsley, Central Washington State College Wrestling Coach, for evaluation of outline. 3. Consult Mr. William Schmidt, Central Washington State College, on technical aspects of producing a sound filmstrip. 4. Arrange for the services of Mr. J. w. Thompson, photographer, to take and develop the slides and filmstrip. 5. Contact Mr. Eric Beardsley, wrestling technical advisor, concerning filming date and use of facilities at Central Washington State College. 6. Arrange for wrestlers who will pose in the film. 7. Film the slide sequences at Central Washington State College in the wrestling room. 8. Film slides are processed by Mr. J. w. Thompson. 9. Contact Mr. Eric Beardsley for slide sequence evaluation. 10 10. Film the retakes and slides that will be added to the sequences at Central Washington State College. 11. Final evaluation of slide sequences by Mr. Eric Beardsley. 12. Shooting of the filmstrip from the slides by Mr. J. W. Thompson. 13· Record the sound with Mr. Ed Aliverti. 14. Add music to sound tape. 15· Deliver final copy of filmstrip and sound tape to graduate committee for viewing and evaluation. 16. Summarize and conclude final report.

Filming Equipment 1. Camera to film slides • . . Leicaflex 2. Wide angle lens . . • . . . • • • . . Elmarit 2.8 3. Film to take slides • • • • • • • Ektachrome X 4. Flash attachment .•• • . • . Agfatronic 5. Camera to film filmstrip • . Heiland Repronar 6. Film to take filmstrip • • Kodachrome II 11 Financial Cost Slide film . . . . $ 11. 25 Developing slide film • • • . • ...... 11.25 Recording tape . . . . • • • • . • . . • . 7.50 Filmstrip film . . . . 45.00 Developing filmstrip film 6.75 Photographer fees . . . . . 68.25 Total . • • . • . $150.00

Filming Problems There were only two problems that occurred in produc ing Wrestling Refereeing Illustrated. They are presented as a guide for future projects of this type: 1. Flashback--This occurs when there is a feedback of light off the background material. It gives the appearance of a "glow" found in the background. To correct this situation the photographer stands at an angle or to one side in relation to the sub ject being photographed. When in this position, any light rebounded off the background will not be recorded on the film. 2. Shadows--This is a situation that occurs when too much flash is being given off by the flash attach ment. To correct this situation, the photographer should cut down or make his lens opening smaller. CHAPTER III

THE SCENARIO: WRESTLING REFEREEING ILLUSTRATED

Frame Title Description

1. Focus 2. Thesis Title Wrestling Refereeing Illustrated A Thesis Presented to the Faculty Central Washington State College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Master of Education Copyrighted by Alfred J. Bourque 1967 3. Acknowledgments Committee Chairman ••• Dr. Everett Irish Thesis Consultant • . • • Dr. Everett Irish Committeeman Dr. Dean Stinson Committeeman Mr. Eric Beardsley Technical Consultant • • • . • Mr. Eric Beardsley Wrestler in black shirt • • . . Mr. Lamoin Merkley Wrestler in red shirt . • . • . Mr. VerNon Merkley Photographer • • ...... • Mr. J. w. Thompson Sound • Mr. Ed Aliverti Coach Mr. Ralph Sherwood Facilities ...... Central Washington State College 13 Frame Title Description 4. Uniform and grooming You, as an official, are under the observation of spectators, coaches, and contestants from the time you arrive at the match until your departure. One way to gain respect is to look like a competent official. A uniform that is neat and clean, as well as good grooming, will foster proper attitudes for all con cerned. The proper uniform consists of a vertically striped black and white shirt, dark full-length trousers, a pair of white socks, a black belt, and black gym shoes. 5. Accessories Besides the proper uniform, there are other items that are needed for the orderly conduct of the match. A current Official Collegiate--Scholastic Wrestling Guide is needed in the event a coach or contestant desires a rule clarification. 14 Frame Title Description A coin or colored disk is used prior to the match to determine which team has the choice of position at the start of the second period. A whistle is required to initiate or termin ate action during the match. A set of different colored leg bands can be of help to distin guish between teams if their uniforms are similar in color. Nail clippers are used if a wrestler's nails are too long. 6. Weigh-in and nail The maximum and minimum weigh inspection in times for both interscholas tic and intercollegiate dual and tournament meets are clearly defined in the Wrestling Guide. State associations may alter the weigh-in times for inter scholastic meets. In a dual meet more than one wrestler may be weighed in at a certain weight. In a tournament, the 15 Frame Title Description contestant that is to represent his school must be designated at the weigh-ins. "A wrestler may not wrestle more than one weight class above his actual weight class. No overweight is permitted nor should be requested. Contest ants shall weigh-in without clothing" (12:9). 7. Contestant's uniform The Referee will inspect each check contestant to see that the pro per uniform is being worn. The tights should be full length with close fitting over-tights. The sleeveless shirt is worn without any fasteners at the shoulders but must be fastened down at the crotch. The uniform should not yield excessive expo sure. The wrestler's shoes must be high cut and heelless. "The one-piece uniform is illegal for interscholastic and intercol legiate competition" (12:7). 16 Frame Title Description 8. Special equipment Any mechanical device which check limits normal movement of a joint thus disallowing a normal hold to be applied is illegal. Any protective device which is hard and abrasive is not allowed. Loose pads which interfere with the normal progress of the match are prohibited. All rings, neck chains, or bracelets are poten tially dangerous and should be removed. Fingernails must be smooth and cut short. The mask worn by the wrestler in this frame is illegal. 9. Clarifying the rules Pre-match instruction should be with coaches and given to the wrestlers. They contestants should be advised to report to the center of the mat opposite each other and ready to wrestle. It is the responsibility of both contestants to maintain action throughout the match by making an honest attempt to stay 17 Frame Title Description within the ten foot circle and wrestle aggressively whether in the top, bottom, or neutral position. Ask the coaches if there are any questions as to the match procedure or rules interpretation. 10. Seating arrangement Proper instruction to the offi at the officials' cials' table personnel can add table to the smoothness of the match. This instruction is very defi nite according to the rule book. Remind all members of the offi cials' table to constantly check their areas of responsi bility. 11. Instructing the The timekeeper will keep the match timekeeper over-all time of the match. He keeps and records accumulated time-outs for an injury. If any disagreement on time or official score occurs, the official should be notified by the match timer when no imminent situation is 18 Frame Title Description in progress. The timekeeper may assist the Referee in deter mining whether a situation occurred before or after the termination of a period. He calls out the last forty-five, thirty, and fifteen seconds intervals of the last minute of the match. 12. Instructing the Prior to the match the assist match assistant ant timekeepers are assigned a timekeepers team and will record the time advantage for the wrestler in the advantage position as indi cated by the Referee. They should check each other's time advantage for possible errors. They may advise the match time keeper as to his time recording. When the match is terminated, the assistant timekeepers will show the Referee the accumu lated time of each wrestler. The assistant timekeepers 19 Frame Title Description should be reminded that the time-advantage stops if one of the wrestlers is being sig nalled by the Referee for illegal interlocking of hands. 13. Instructing the The scorekeeper will record the match scorekeeper wrestler in the advantage posi tion at the start of the second and third periods. He should circle all technical violations and stalling points. He should record the points awarded to each wrestler as signalled by the Referee. It helps the Referee if the scorekeeper will point to the team who has their choice at the start of the sec ond period, and to the team in the down position at the start of the third period. He may advise the timer on any dis agreement or confusion over awarded points. The score keeper should show the match 20 Frame Title Description results to the Referee at the termination of each match. 14. Mat inspection The Referee shall inspect the mat area to see that the na tional and state specifications are followed. The wrestling area is not less than a square twenty-four by twenty-four feet or a circular area of twenty eight feet in diameter. There shall be a mat area at least five feet in width which extends entirely around the actual wrestling area. The wrestling area should be marked by a boundary line with a color dif ferent than that of the mat. A circle ten feet in diameter should be placed in the middle of the mat. If separate side mats are used, they should be secured so as to prohibit any movement of these mats. 21 Frame Title Descri;etion 15. Towel placement Towels should be placed at each corner of the mat area. 16. Medical kit A medical kit should be made inspection available to both teams. 17. Toss of the coin Prior to the start of the match the official will call the opposing captains to the center of the mat for the toss of the coin. The team winning the toss of the coin will receive their choice of position in the odd or even numbered matches at the be ginning of the second period in a dual meet. In tournament matches, the toss of the coin is made at the end of the first period in each match if no fall occurs before this time. 18. Placing the wrestlers The Referee points to the spots in the proper position on the circle where the wrestlers prior to the start of are to position themselves just the match prior to the start of the match. "He next points one hand toward the timers and scorers to verify their readiness" (12:40). 22 Frame Title Description 19· The wrestlers shaking The Referee now directs the hands and passing by wrestlers to shake hands with the right hand, pass each other, turn at the edge of the circle, and begin wrestling when the Referee blows his whistle. "The Referee motions for the wrestlers to shake hands and pass by crossing his arms in front of his body" (12:40). 20. Signalling the wres When the wrestlers are facing tlers to begin wres each other and ready to wrestle, tling or resuming the after a momentary pause the match in a neutral Referee blows his whistle and position simultaneously moves his hand as a signal for the wrestlers to assume wrestling. The movement of the hand also indicates that the timer begins the clock mov ing in the event the whistle is not heard. 21. Starting the match "The Referee should face the when the wrestlers officials' table and kneel on are in the Referee's one knee at a distance of 8 to Position on the mat 10 feet in front of the 23 Frame Title Description wrestlers and a little to the side on which the top wrestler stations himself. When the wrestlers are in proper posi tions (Rule 8, Sec. 1) and after a momentary pause, the Referee blows his whistle and moves his hand to start the action" (12:41). It is impor tant that there be a visual as well as an auditory signal to start the wrestling to assist the timer in beginning the clock moving. Watch for fast starts. 22. New starting position The offensive wrestler standing for the Referee's 'shall place both hands on the position on the mat bottom of the defensive wres tler• s back with the thumbs touching. The underneath wres tler is on his hands and knees with the heels of his hands on the mat not less than 8 inches in front of his knees" (12:15). 24 Frame Title Description 23. The Referee stops When the occasion arises for the match the match to be stopped, "the Referee blows his whistle and extends his hand to stop the match" (12:41). 24. The Referee stops The official should always be the match for an in the proper position where he out-of-bounds can see the supporting points of each wrestler as well as the boundary line. "When the contestants are out-of-bounds (Rule 8, Sec. 5), the Referee stops the match and extends both arms horizontally to the same side toward the out-of- bounds" (12:42). The frame shows that the supporting points of the wrestler wearing a black shirt becomes that of the wres tler wearing a red shirt. In an attempt for a take-down, the wrestler wearing a red shirt has stepped out-of-bounds thus constituting an out-of-bounds for both wrestlers. 25 Frame Title Description 25. The Referee declares When the wrestlers are in a neu a neutral position tral standing position, the standing after an place of the official in rela out-of-bounds tion to them is such that he can see between them while main taining a position between the contestants and the out-of bounds. When signalling a neu tral standing position, the official's "upper arms are front horizontal, both forearms are vertical, and the hands are extended upward" ( 12: 42). 26. The Referee declares When the wrestlers are in a a neutral position neutral position while working during a scrimmage for for a take-down, the Referee is a take-down in a position to see between the wrestlers while maintaining a position between them and the out-of-bounds. The signal for this situation is "both arms are extended sideward slightly below the horizontal with the palms of the hands down. The 26 Frame Title Description Referee moves his hands back and forth bringing them together and moving them away while ver bally announcing "no advantage" ( 12: 42). 27. The Referee indicates In college matches where time the retention of the advantage is accumulated, some advantage position times the wrestlers are in a position where the timers can not see who is in the advantage position. "Whenever there is any doubt as to the contestant in the advantage position the Referee should indicate the con testant in the advantage posi tion by pointing to him with the index finger of one hand" (12:43). The Referee should keep the non-pointing hand at his side so that no confusion occurs as to this signal and the awarding of points. In this frame the wrestler wearing a red shirt is still in the advantage 27 Frame Title Description position as long as he maintains control of his opponent's leg. 28. The Referee is "One arm and index finger are awarding points pointed at the wrestler receiv ing the points. At the same time the Referee verbally announces the award and the name of the team receiving it as he raises his opposite arm to a near vertical position, indicating with extended fingers the number of points awarded" (12:43). In this frame the wrestler wearing a black shirt has gained control over his adversary and is being awarded a takedown. 29. The Referee is There is only one situation when warning a contest the match is not stopped when a ant for a violation violation has occurred. This is the case of the defensive wrestler stalling. The Referee points to the defensive wrestler with the index finger of one 28 Frame Title Description hand and raises the other hand with his fist doubled and ver bally announces "warning defensive stalling." In this frame the wrestler wearing a black shirt is using stalling tactics by holding his arms and elbows in at his side with no attempt to escape or reverse. If the offensive wrestler is stalling, the Referee stops the match and points to the offen sive wrestler and gives the stalling sign while announcing "warning." 30. The Referee scores a The Referee must be alert and pinning situation anticipate the move when one wrestler places the other in a pinning situation. Remember that the counting does not be gin until the Referee is in a position to see the shoulders or scapula area. If there is some doubt as to whether a 29 Frame Title Description pinning situation is occurring, the official should watch the action of the defensive wres tler to see if he is working to keep his shoulders out of a point situation. Points for a near-fall or predicament are not given to the scorer until the situation has changed, an out-of-bounds occurs, or the period has ended. "After the situation is finished, the Referee extends one arm upward indicating with the fingers the number of points awarded as he directs the index finger of his other hand toward the contestant receiving the points" (12:44). A verbal indication should be given so the wrestlers know how many points were awarded. Only the wrestler in the advantage position who has his opponent in a pinning situation may gain points. 30 Frame Title Description 31. The Referee is calling When a fall is imminent, the a fall Referee will place himself in a position on the mat so as to be able to see both shoulders or scapula area. Once in this position he will raise one hand about ten inches above the mat. After a silent count of two seconds (one second in college), one-thousand-and-one, one thousand-and-two, "he quickly strikes the mat with the palm and verbally announces •Fall'" (12:44). The wrestler is pinned when the hand starts downward even if the clock horn sounds before his hand strikes the mat. "The Referee is not to put his hands under the back of the defensive wrestler unless his view of the shoulders is blocked by one or both contestants and it is absolutely necessary for him to feel the back on the mat in order to call the fall" (12:44). 31 Frame Title Description 32. The Referee is sig Sometimes when the defensive nalling interlocking wrestler is making an offensive hands, or grasping move with supports other than clothing, during an his feet on the mat, the top escape maneuver wrestler in the advantage posi tion in his counter move causes an infraction by interlocking his hands around the body or both legs, or grasps clothing. 33. Same as above Interlocking occurs when the top man interlocks or overlaps his hands around the body or both legs. (Around one leg is permissible.) 34. Grasping clothing Grasping clothing infraction may occur when the defensive wrestler is attempting to move out of a fall situation. Grasp ing clothing infraction may occur when the advantage wres tler is countering an escape or reversal attempt by the defen sive wrestler. Sometimes cloth ing is grasped in an attempt for a takedown. 32 Frame Title Description "The Referee indicates the vio lation by grasping the wrist of one hand with his other hand and holding it over his head" (12:44). This signal indicates that inter locking hands or grasping cloth ing has occurred and stops the time advantage for the advantage wrestler. If the infraction occurs and the defensive wrestler is successful in his maneuver, then the wrestling continues without any points being awarded against the wrestler in the pre vious advantage. If the move of the defensive wrestler is not successful because of the infrac tion involved, then the match is stopped and an infraction point (technical violation) is awarded to the defensive wrestler. 33 Frame Title Description 35. The Referee is in a When a wrestler applies an position to block an illegal or potentially danger illegal or potentially ous hold, the Referee will place dangerous hold himself in a position to block or stop the move before the con testant to whom the hold is be ing applied is injured. The situation illustrated in this frame would be stopped in a high school match and would be treated as potentially danger ous in a college match. 36. The Referee is in a "He may also verbally caution blocking position the contestant against forcing a potentially dangerous hold an illegal hold" (12:45). 37. The Referee is If a time-out is necessary for calling a time-out an injury, to correct or ques tion the officials' table, or to fix the mat, the Referee will announce it and to whom it is charged. "The Referee will indicate •time-out• by extend ing one hand in a vertical 34 Frame Title Description position at right angles to his chest with the ends of the fin gers touching the palm of the other hand which is extended in a horizontal position in front of the chest" (12:45). 38. The Referee is call A stalemate has occurred when ing a stalemate both wrestlers are interlocked in situation a position (other than a pinning situation) where neither can, nor attempts, to improve their position. "Then the Referee indicates the reason for stop ping the match as a stalemate by placing the arms on the chest in a bent position with the fists closed" (12:45). The wrestlers are placed in the referee's position on the mat and will resume wrestling at the Referee's signal. 39. The Referee is At the termination of the match, declaring the winner after the score is validated by the Referee, the contestants come to the center of the mat, 35 Frame Title Description shake hands, and the winner is declared by the Referee raising the arm of the winner. In college the riding time is scored before the winner is declared. 4o. The Referee is If the score is tied at the ter- declaring a draw mination of the match in a dual match meet, after shaking hands, the "Referee raises both of his arms over his head" (12:47). In tournament matches an extra overtime round is wrestled. If the score is still tied, a referee and judges' decision declares the winner. 41. Out-of-bounds: "Contestants are out-of-bounds when any supporting part of definition either wrestler touches or goes beyond the boundary line unless: a) One contestant has the advantage. A take-down is in progress. A fall is in progress (10:13). The judgment of the out-of-bounds decisions must be made while keeping in mind the supports when the wrestlers are working Frame Title Description in a neutral position when one of the wrestlers has the advan tage, and the boundary line. 42. The Referee is sig "Contestants are 'out-of-bounds' nalling an out-of when any supporting part of bounds when wrestlers either wrestler touches or goes are in a neutral beyond the boundary linett ( 12: position 17). The supporting points in this position are usually the feet. Any action that occurs after the whistle is null and void. The Referee who allows the contestants to "play" the edge of the mat is encouraging stalling and may have some "hair-line" decisions occurring because of it. Talk to them if no activity is occurring and do not hesitate to place them in the center of the mat if a difficult situation is antici pated. In this frame the wres tler wearing a black shirt has his supporting points out-of bounds. 37 Frame Title Description 43. The Referee is signal- "When a take-down is imminent, ling an out-of-bounds wrestling shall continue as in an attempt for a long as the supporting points take-down of either wrestler remain within the boundary lines of the wres tling area" (12:17). In this frame the wrestler wearing a black shirt is out-of-bounds, and the wrestler wearing a red shirt has a supporting point (his right hip) out-of-bounds while attempting a take-down. 44. The Referee is sig In this frame the wrestler wear nalling a take-down ing a black shirt is out-of bounds, and the wrestler wearing a red shirt is being awarded a take-down by the Referee because his supporting points remain inside the wrestling area. 45. The Referee is sig "When one wrestler has the ad nalling an out-of vantage position the match shall bounds in an attempt continue as long as the main for an escape supporting parts of either wres tler remain within the wrestling 38 Frame Title Description area" (12:17). In this frame the supporting parts of both wrestlers are out-of-bounds. 46. The Referee is sig In this frame the supporting nalling an out-of parts of both wrestlers are bounds in an attempt out-of-bounds and the Referee for a reversal is stopping the match. 47. The Referee is sig In this frame both wrestlers nalling an out-of have worked themselves out-of bounds situation bounds. 48. The Referee is sig When a fall is in progress, nalling an out-of wrestling shall continue as bounds in a fall long as the head and both situation shoulders of the defensive wres tler are on the mat proper with in the boundary line. "There fore, in any fall situations, the moment either the head or either shoulder of the defensive wrestler touches the out-of bounds line or goes beyond it, •out-of-bounds' must be called regardless of the supports of either contestant. In this 39 instance, the head or shoulder must touch the mat on or out side the boundary line to be considered out-of-bounds" (10: 13). If the defensive wrestler in his attempt to keep from be ing pinned causes the outer mats to move or come loose and this hinders his action, the match is stopped, and if pre dicaments or near-fall points were earned then the official gives the points to the wres tler in the advantage. In this frame the head of the wrestler attempting to keep from being pinned is touching out-of bounds as signalled by the Referee. 49. The Referee is In this frame the out-of-bounds signalling an line is considered to be an out-of-bounds imaginary line perpendicular to situation the actual out-of-bounds line. When the shoulder of the defen sive wrestler touches this 40 plane, an out-of-bounds is signalled by the Referee. 50. The Referee is When the wrestlers are in a considering a neutral position, they must stalling situation attempt to stay in the center of the mat, to make contact, and set up takedown maneuvers. In this frame the wrestler wearing a black shirt has positioned himself outside the circle and is avoiding contact. 51. The Referee is In this frame the Referee is signalling a stalling indicating that the wrestler situation wearing a red shirt is using stalling tactics while wrestling in the neutral standing position. 52. The Referee is In this frame the Referee is signalling a stalling indicating that both wrestlers situation are using stalling tactics while in the neutral standing position. 53. Stalling tactics in Factors which can contribute to the neutral position stalling tactics by a wrestler in the neutral position are: Makes little or no effort to stay within the circle or on the mat. 41 Continually backs out of the circle. Positions himself on the circle or just inside and waits for opponent to come to him. Stays within the circle but avoids contact. Stays in the circle, makes con tact, but waits to counter. Makes contact with little or no effort towards a takedown. "Bulls" or pushes opponent out of the circle to the edge of the mat with no attempt for a takedown (10:14). 54. The Referee is "A period of fifteen seconds signalling offensive shall be sufficient time for the stalling Referee to decide whether or not a contestant retaining a stalling hold has made an attempt to improve his position'' (12:34). 55· The Referee is At times a "controlled ride" is signalling offensive necessary, but the offensive stalling wrestler must show evidence that he is making an honest effort to obtain a fall. 56. Stalling tactics in Factors that can contribute to the offensive stalling tactics by a wrestler position in the offensive position are: 42 Makes no honest attempt to improve his position after breaking opponent down and lets him get to his knees. Makes no attempt to break opponent down. Hanging on with a "controlled" or lfhold-down" ride. Breaks opponent down and works from a parallel position. Fails to take advantage of openings (10:15). 57. The Referee is "It is a stalling violation for signalling offensive the wrestler in the advantage stalling position on the mat only to grasp the defensive wrestler's leg or legs with both hands or arms unless such action is designed to break his opponent down and go into a pinning com- bination, or to prevent an escape or reversal" ( 10: 15). "Repeatedly grasping and holding the legs or leg with both hands or arms merely to break the defensive wrestler down or keep him under control for the purpose of stalling is a viola tion under this rule" (12:34). 58. The Referee is The defensive wrestler must signalling defensive make every effort to come to his stalling hands and knees and attempt escapes or reversals. This does not mean that he must leave himself open to danger while attempting these offensive moves. Sometimes the defensive wrestler is penalized for stalling when the offensive wrestler has him in such a position that he can- not work to his hands and knees. In this frame the defensive wrestler is employing stalling tactics by controlling the offensive wrestler's arm with no attempt towards an escape or reversal. 59. Stalling tactics in Factors that can contribute to the defensive stalling tactics by the wrestler position in the defensive position are: Remains on his stomach, with elbows and arms tucked in at his side. Comes to "all fours" and sets himself. 44 Moves only to counter. Initiates no aggressive action that may end in an escape or reversal. (12:34) 60. Stalling does not In conclusion, it is the respon- help the sport of sibility of coaches and offi- wrestling cials to teach, coach, and administer wrestling in the letter and spirit in which the rules are written (6:3). The Referee in enforcing the letter and spirit of the rules should consistently penalize all infractions. Wrestlers can and should be taught that the primary goal of a wrestling match is the fall, and every effort towards this end must be encouraged. When there is no action in the mat position, the responsibility for initiating the action rests with both wrestlers (12:34). 61. Official's An official should evaluate evaluation himself in the following areas: 45 Understand the object of the sport and its ultimate goal, which is the fall. Have a good working knowledge of the rules. Be able to react quickly as the situations develop or are anticipated. Be in reasonably good physical condition. Display calmness and good judgment under conditions where the decision can be "hairline." Be able to accept criticism if it be good or bad. 62. Official's When working on the mat, dis play confidence and enthusiasm evaluation while being inconspicuous. Be in the right place at the right time. During the match know the score, period, and what move is being attempted. Remember, the fact that you are wearing a whistle does not make you infallible. Give the coach the opportunity to question a call if it can be done in a controlled manner. 63. The end CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY

There is a need for more visual aids in all areas of physical education, especially in wrestling. Wrestling refereeing is one of these areas. Audio-visual materials can simplify the understanding needed in this area of wrestling. Wrestling Refereeing Illustrated was produced as a means of showing a visual image of the correct method of executing the skills needed to conduct a wrestling match. It does not cover every possible situation, but it does include the essential and pertinent situations. If the wrestler, coach, physical education teacher, intramural instructor, and referee study thoroughly the information offered by the filmstrip, there can be a maximum of under standing of match procedure. Knowledge of match procedure must be supplemented by a thorough knowledge of the rule book. The recognition of the problem led to the production of the sound filmstrip Wrestling Refereeing Illustrated. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anderson, Bob. "Some Things to Consider Before You Go Onto the Mat," Scholastic Wrestling News, 1:2, January 24, 1966. 2. • "Pre-Match Duties," Scholastic Wres ~~t~l-i_n_g_N...,....e_w_s-,--1:3, February 7, 1966. 3. "Staying in the Right Position and Awarding Points for Change of Positions," Scholastic Wrestling News, 1:2, February 21, 1966. 4. "Calling Falls, Near Falls, and Pre dicaments, 11 Scholastic Wrestling News, 1:2, March 14, 1966. 5. . "Out of Bounds," Scholastic Wrestling ~N,,.,,.._e_w_s_,_,,,,.2-:=2-,~N~o-vember 15, 1966. 6. • "Technical Violations," Scholastic __W___ r_e_s_t_l_i_n_g_N_,_e-ws, 2:2-3, January 15, 1967. 7. "Illegal Action," Scholastic Wres- tling News, 2:2-3, February 1, 1967. ---- 8. Brown, Robert L. and D. Kenneth Ober. Complete Book of High School Wrestling. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1962. 207 pp. 9. Eriksen, Finn B. "A 15-Year Analysis of Wrestling Rules: 1950-1965, 11 Scholastic Wrestling News, 1:6-8, February 7, 1966. ---- 10. Fagan, Clifford B. Wrestling Officials Manual. Chicago, Illinois: National Federation of State High School Athletic Associations, 1966-1967. 41 pp.

11. Keen, Clifford P., Charles M. Speidel and Raymond H. Swartz. Championshi~ Wrestling. Maryland: u. s. Naval Institute, 196 • 225 pp. 12. Official Collegiate--Scholastic Wrestling Guide. New York: National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, 1967. 47 PP• 13. Stone, Henry A. Wrestling. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1939· 55 PP• 48 14. Thomas, Dr. Dale. "Explanation of 1967-68 Starting Position," Amateur Wrestling News, 12:6, February 15, 1967. -- 15· Umbach, Arnold w. and Warren R. Johnson. Successful Wrestling. St. Louis: c. v. Mosby Co., 1953· 16. Waldon, Gloria. The Information Film. New York: Columbia University Press, 1949-.--- RELATED REFERENCES RELATED REFERENCES

BOOKS

1. Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. A. A. u. Wrestling Official Rules. New York: American Sports Publishing Co., 1966-67. 93 PP· 2. Dratz, John P., Manly Johnson, and Terry Mccann. Winning Wrestling. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1966. 195 PP· 3. Gallagher, E. c. Wrestling. New York: A. s. Barnes and Company, 1939· 91 PP· 4. Kapral, Franks. Coach's Illustrated Guide to Cham pionship Wrestlin~. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 19 4. 276 pp. 5. Kenney, Harold E. and Glen c. Law. Wrestling. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952. 171 pp. 6. Lantz, Everett D. Wrestling Guide. Laramie, Wyoming: Bureau of Educational Research, College of Education, University of Wyoming, 1957· 7. Maccias, Rometo. Learning How, Wrestling •. Mankato, Minn.: Creative Educational Society, 1965. 127 pp. 8. Martin, George. The Mechanics of Wrestling. Madison, Wisconsin: College Printing and Typing Co., 1962. Unpaged, illustrated. 9. Otopalik, Hugo. Modern Wrestling for the High School and College. New York: c. Scribner-rs-and Son, 1930. 128" PP· 10. Peery, Rex, and Arnold Umback. How to Improve Your Wrestling. New York: Athletic Institute, A. s. Barnes and Co., 1961. 91 pp. 11. Rasch, Philip J. and Walter Kroll. What Research Tells the Coach About Wrestling. Washington, D. C. : American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 1964. 56 pp. 50 12. Sasahara, Shoyo. Scientific Approach to Wrestling. Japan: Chuo University Corporation Press, 1965. 139 PP· 13. Sparks, Raymond E. Wrestling Illustrated. New York: Ronald Press Co., 1960. 118 pp. 14. Stone, Henry Attie. Wrestling Intercollegiate and Olympic. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1950. 332'"°PP· 15. Syllabus Office of Physical Education. West Point, New York: u. s. Military Academy. 16. Wilson, Charles Morrow. The Magnificent Scufflers. Brattleboro, Vt.: Stephen Greene Press, 1959· 105 PP·

PERIODICALS

Antonacci, R. J. "Safety and Hygiene in Wrestling," Athletic Journal, 37:28, November, 1956. 2. Blyth, c. s. and B. w. I.Dvingood. "Harmful Effects of Crash Dieting," Athletic Journal, 43:30, May, 1963. 3. Burke, w. "Interest-Stimulators for High School Wrestling," Scholastic Coach, 29:20, June, 1960. 4. . "Wrestling Practice Area," -...-S-c-ho_l_a_s_t_i_c_c""'"o-ach, 32: 64, January, 1963. 5. Collins Jr., H. c. "Wrestling and Weight Training Program for Junior High Schools," Athletic Journal, 38:11-14, October, 1957· 6. Crockett, D. s. "Complete Drill Program for High School Wrestlers, 11 Scholastic Coach, 30:82-4, January, 1961. 7. . "Escape and Reversal Series for High - ....S-ch,....0_0_1-w-r_e_s_t ...... lers," Scholastic Coach, 32 :28, October, 1962. 8. Crowl, D. A. "High School Wrestling, An Ideal Indivi dual Sport," Scholastic Activities, 32:270-2, May, 1961. 51 9. Davis, John A. "Sequence Wrestling," Coach and Athlete, 28:--, May, 1956. 10. DeFarrari, John H. "Let's Wrestle, 11 Coach and Athlete, 17:--, March, 1955· 11. . "Our Hopes in Olympic Greco-Roman Wres ~~t~l~i-n-g-,-11-The Amateur Athlete, 27:22, September, 1956. 12. . "Mat Competition at Melbourne," Mentor, --7-:~2-6-,--S-eptember, 1956. 13. Drummond, John L. "Let's Wrestle," Coach and Athlete, 17:--, March, 1955· 14. Dubick, Harry. "Promote Intramural Wrestling," Scholastic Coach, 23:26, October, 1953· 15· Ekfelt, Vernon. "Eliminating the Criticisms of High School Wrestling," Athletic Journal, 37:10, December, 1956. 16. Evans, G. H. "Tournament Experience for Younger Wrestlers," Scholastic Coach, 33:22+, January, 1964 17· Fornicola, L. "Leg Wrestling," Scholastic Coach, 36:62-3, October; 14-15, November; 34, December, 1966. 18. Freese, G. "New Approach to Weight Control for Wrestlers," Athletic Journal, 45:10-11+, February, 1965. 19. Gargiula, w. c. "Evolution in Wrestling," Athletic Journal, 45:14-15+, November, 1964. 20. . "Wrestling Parallel-Perpendicular Axiom," __A_t_h_l_e_t_i_c Journal, 45:8-11, January, 1965.

21. Gray, L. "Wrestling in the Elementary Schools, 11 Journal of Health, Ph~sical Education, and Recreation, 37:59-60-:;--october, 19 6. --- 22. Green, M. H. "Creating Spectator Interest in Wrestling," Scholastic Coach, 27:26, October, 1957· 23. Gross, Elmer A., Donald c. Griesel, and Alan Stull. "Relationship Between Two Motor Educability Tests, A Strength Test, and Wrestling Ability after Eight Weeks Instruction," Research Quarterly, 27:395, December, 1956. 52 24. Gutin, D. "Scientific Approach to Wrestling Practice," Athletic Journal, 47:88-9, September, 1966. 25. Haenssler, El. "Wrestling in the Athletic Program," Scholastic and Com., 48:18, January, 1962. 26. Hammer, B. "Organization for Varsity Wrestling," Scholastic Coach, 34:26+, November, 1964. 27. Hancock, J. 11 Single Leg Series," Ath let ic Journa 1, 47:9-16, December, 1966. 28. Hanke, A. "Continuous Movements and Situation Drills in Wrestling," Athletic Journal, 44:26-7+, December, 1965. 29. Haas, Eugene M. "Conditioning of Wrestling," Coach and Athlete, 18:16, April, 1956. 30. Harrick, Steve. "Take-Down," Athletic Journal, 36:24, January, 1956. 31. Hurley, A. "Wrestling Escapes and Reversals, 11 Athletic Journal, 38:20, January, 1958. 32. James, B. D. "Conservative Fall," Athletic Journal, 47:58-51, October, 1966. 33. Johnson, N. R. "Simplicity and Drill," Scholastic Coach, 36:32-3, December, 1966. 34. Kane, M. "Two Guys Named Joe Jolt Ithaca," Sports Illustrated, 20:28-9+, April 6, 1964. 35. Kapral, F. s. "Wrestling Motivators," Scholastic Coach, 30:46, September, 1960 • 36. . "Pyramid to Success with the Chicken Wing," ---A~t-h~l-e_t_i_c Journal, 41:8-12, December, 1960.

11 37. • Japanese Whizzer," Athletic Journal, --~4~3-:~3~8-,-...... September, 1962. 38. . "Stand-Up Wrestling," Athletic Journal, --~4~3-:~1~4-_~1-6, October, 1962.

39. • "Stand-Up Wrestling Defensive Escapes," --~A-t~h~l-e-t~i-c Journal, 43:29-32, November, 1962. 53 40. • Kapral, F. "Counters Used in Stand-Up -w,,.,._r_e_s.,..t.,,...l..,..i-ng," Athletic Journal, 43: 14-16, January, 1963. 41. • "Offensive Counter, Stand-Up," Athletic -~Jo__ u_r_n_a.,,...1-, 43:20, February, 1963. 42. • "Hip Lock Series," Athletic Journal, 43: -3~6-,_...,..,M~a-y-, 19 6 3. • "Counters for the Stand-Up," Athletic --~Jo--ur_n_a_l~,- 43:13-14, December, 1963. 44. • "Take downs," Athletic Journal, 45: 18-22, ___D_e_c-em __ b_e-r, 1964.

Knorr, J. G. "Wrestling Take-downs," Athletic Journal 42:34-5, November, 1961. 46. Kraft, K. "Takedown Counters and Counterattacks," Athletic Journal, 47:46, November, 1966. 47. Kram, M. "Day the Cowboys Got Lassoed for a Loss," Sports Illustrated, 22:82-4, April 5, 1965. 48. Krasnowski, F. R. "Interscholastic Wrestling for High Schools," Chicago Schools Journal, 45:132-5, Decem ber, 1965. Kroll, w. "An Anthropometrical Study of Some Big Ten Wrestlers," Research Quarterly, 25:307, October, 1954. 50. • "Selected Factors Associated with Wres --t.....l_i_n_g--S-uccess," American Association of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Research Quarterly, 29:396-406, December:-T958.

• '~ixteen Personality Factor Profiles of _..,.,.Co__,....1.,,...1-e-g"""i-ate Wrestlers, 11 American Association of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Research Quarterly, 38:49-57, March, 1967. 52. Kuhl, s. A. "Wrestling Jamboree," Scholastic Coach, 34:24+, December, 1964. 53. Leeman, Gerald G. "Answering Dr. M. A. Northrup," Mentor, 5:16, November, 1954. Macias, R. G. 11 Whizzer Wrestling," Scholastic Coach, 23:20, November, 1953· 54 55. McCuskey(i Dave. "Need for Emphasis on Olympic Wres tling, 1 Mentor, 5:20, February, 1955· McDevitt, P. J. "Wrestling Proves Itself, 11 Journal of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 32:38-9, November, 1961. --- 57. Miller, B. R. "Pulling the Switch, 11 Scholastic Coach, 35:12-14+, October, 1965. 58. Morris, H. "Use of Statistics and Publicity as a Means of Promoting and Improving a Wrestling Program, 11 Athletic Journal, 45:30•, November, 1964. 59. Osterman, J. P. "Wrestling--Its Place in Your Program," Journal of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 53:11, September, 1955· --- 60. Palatsky, E. "Meet Ricki Stan; Wrestler With a Gimmick," Dance Magazine, 37:27, May, 1963. 61. Paschka, G. 11 Pinning Combinations," Athletic Journal, 41:13-16, November, 1960. 62. Peninger, Grady. "The Story of High School Wrestling in Oklahoma, 11 Mentor, 6:24, January, 1956. 63. Perchik, D. 11 Incentive System for Wrestling Effort, 11 Scholastic Coach, 27:32, December, 1957· 64. Pierson, H. w. and R. J. Antonacci. 11 Myth of Danger to Young Boys in Organized Wrestling," Athletic Journal, 46:88-9•, September, 1965. Rasch, P. J. "Measurements of Pulmonary Function in United States Olympic Free Style Wrestlers," Research Quarterly, 28:279-87, October, 1957·

11 66. • Electrocardiographic Study of United ____S_t_a_t_e_s-Olympic Free Style Wrestlers,'' Research Quarterly, 29:46-53, March, 1958. and w. Kroll. "Safe Wrestling," Journal of -~H-e-a~l-t-h-,-,.Physical Education and Recreation, 36:32-3•, March, 1965. --- 68. Ream, c. "Conditioning Without Calisthenics in Wres tling," Athletic Journal, 39:35, November, 1958. 55 Ream, G. R. "Scouting for Wrestling Wins," Athletic Journal, 41:42, November, 1960. 70. Ronberg, G. "Mighty Mouse Leads the Way," Sports Illustrated, 26:59-60, February 20, 1967. 71. Sapora, Allen. "A Suggested Sequence for a Beginning Wrestling Group," American Wrestling Coaches and Officials Association Bulletin, June, 1954. ~ 72. Schall, J. "Arm Elevator Series," Scholastic Coach, 33:14-16, November, 1963. 73. uSide Wrestling Series," Scholastic Coach, 33:14-16+, December, 1963. 74. Schleppi, J. R. "Study of the Scoring System in High School Wrestling," Scholastic Coach, 35:40+, October, 1965. 75. Segrave, C. "Cross-Face Series," Athletic Journal, 47:31-4, December, 1966. 76. Shatel, A. "Scientific Principles of Wrestling Skills," Scholastic Coach, 32:72-5, September, 1962. 77. Smith, R. and A. Greive. "Teaching Wrestling in Physical Education," Athletic Journal, 42:34, October, 1947, and November, 1961. 78. Snedeker, J. F. "Prevention of Injuries in Wrestling," Athletic Journal, 42:45, January, 1962. 79. Sparks, Raymond E. "The Mat Drill," Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 27:42, December, 1956. so. . "American Wrestling Coaches and Officials Association," Mentor, 4:16, November, 1953· 81. "Coming to Grips," (Part 1) Scholastic Coach, 25: 10-13, October, 1955· 82. "Coming to Grips," (Part 2) Scholastic Coach, 25:10-13, November, 1955· 83. . "coming to Grips," (Part 3) Scholastic Coach, 25:34-36, December, 1955· 84. "Conditioning for Effective Wrestling," Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 26:42, December, 1955· ~- 85. Tillman, K. "Small College Wrestling Season," Scholastic Coach, 35:86-7+, September, 1965. 86. Tomaras, w. A. "Promoting Wrestling on the School and Community Levels," Scholastic Coach, 28:24, October, 1958. 87. Waite, R. G. "Stimulating School Interest in Wrestling," Journal of American Association for Health, Physical Educatioti';" and Recreation, 29:52-;-N"ovember, 1958. 88. Weiss, s. A. "Weight Reduction and Wrestling," Scholas tic Coach, 36:24-5, February, 1967. 89. Wittenberg, Henry. "Final Olympic Tryouts in Free style and Greco-Roman Wrestling," The Amateur Athlete, 27:9, June, 1956. ---

THESIS

Anderson, M. s. "History of WrestlinW at A & M and Brief Biography of E. c. Gallagher. Unpublished Masters thesis, Oklahoma A & M College, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1938. 2. Beardsley, E. R. "A Film: The Fundamental Maneuvers Involved in the Teaching of Wrestling at Springfield College." Unpublished Master's thesis, Springfield College, Springfield, Mass., 1955· 3. Bourque, A. J. "Wrestling Refereeing Illustrated." Unpublished Master's thesis, Central Washington State College, Ellensburg, Washington, 1967. 4. Bowen, Keith Edward. "A History of Intercollegiate Wrestling in the u. s. of America." Unpublished Master's thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 1952· 5. Carter, N. P. "Status of Practices in Conditioning High School and College Wrestlers." Unpublished Master's thesis, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 1941. 57 6. Clodfelter, M. c. "A Comparative Study of Three Dif ferent Methods of Instruction in the Technique of Coaching Wrestling." Unpublished Master's thesis, Oklahoma A & M, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1937· 7. Divine, J. w. "The History and Development of Wrestling in Our Educational System." Unpublished Master's thesis, Oklahoma A & M, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1937· 8. Reeck, Claude s. "A National Study of Incidence of Accidents of High School Wrestling." Unpublished Master's thesis, Purdue University, 1934. 9. Segraves, Charles. "Wrestling Takedowns and Counters." Unpublished Master's thesis, Central Washington State College, Ellensburg, Washington, 1966. 10. Sepora, Allen v. H. "The History and Development of the Rules and Techniques of Wrestling." Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Illinois, 1940. 11. Sargent, D. P. Jr. "Effect of Wrestling on Systolic Blood Pressure." Unpublished Master's thesis, Springfield College, Springfield, Mass., 1934. 12. Siever, Harey Leo. "The Measurement of Potential Wrestling Ability." Unpublished Master's thesis, The State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 1934. 13. Stone, Theodore Mason. "The History of Wrestling in the Yakima Valley High Schools." Unpublished Master's thesis, Central Washington State College, Ellensburg, Washington, 1966.

FIIMS AND FIIMSTRIPS

1. "Advanced Techniques of Wrestling," 35 min., black and white, Arizona State University, 1964, available w. s. u. audio visual department. 2. "Beginning Wrestling," Rex Perry, Pittsburg, and Arnold Umbach, Auburn Athletic Institute, 209 South State Street, Chicago 4, Illinois.

3. "Champions on Film," Don Canham, 303~ South Mai.n St., Ann Arbor, Michigan. 4. "College Grapplers, '' 10 min., United World Film, RCA Building, Rockefeller Center, New York 20, New York. Sale-$27, Rent-$1.50. 5. "Fundamentals Essential for Effective Wrestling," 25 min., 16 mm., silent, color; available CWSC Audio Visual Department, Ellensburg, Washington. 6. "How to Improve Your Wrestling," Athletic Institute, 209 South State Street, Chicago 4, Illinois. 7. 11 Keep Fit Through Wrestling," Hoffberg Productions, Inc., 362 West 44th Street, New York 18, New York, 1946. 8. "Maneuvers Essential for Effective Wrestling," Eric Beardsley, Central Washington State College, Ellensburg, Washington. 9. "Men on the Mat," 18 min., black and white; New Reel Lab, 1953; available Washington State University Audio-Visual Department. 10. "N. C. A. A. Finals," 1937-1957, N. C. A. A. Film Service, 209 Fairfax Building, Kansas City 5, Missouri. 11. 11 0lympic Games--1952, 11 Department of the Army, Washington, D. c., 1953· 12. 11 Ready--Wrestle," 20 min., sound, black and white; wrestling is explained as a contest of strategy, speed, strength, and skill; available University of Washington Audio-Visual Department. 13· "Take down and Counters," 10 min.; available University of Wyoming Audio-Visual Department. 14. "Washington State Wrestling Matches of 1966," 20 min., silent, black and white; available Central Washington State College Audio-Visual Department. 15· "Wrestling, 11 Adam Hiddad, 1957, 476 South Street, Quincey 69, Mass. 16. "Wrestling--Basic Skills, Part I: Starting Position and Takedown," 12 min., black and white, 1963; available Washington State University Audio-Visual Department. 59 17· "Wrestling--Basic Skills, Part II: Escapes and Reversals," 11 min., black and white, 1963; available Washington State University Audio-Visual Department. 18. "Wrestling--Basic Skills, Part III: Breakdown Into Pinning Combinations," 12 min., black and white, 1963, available Washington State University Audio-Visual Department. 19. "Wrestling Championships," 80 min., two parts, avail able Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

20. "Wrestling: High School & College, 11 Part Al; instruc tions for wrestling, black and white; available Central Washington State College Audio-Visual Department. 21. "Wrestling: High School & College," Part Bl; Instruc tions for advanced wrestling, black and white; available Central Washington State College Audio Visual Department. 22. "Wrestling Officiating Illustrated," 15 min., sound, color; gives uniform wrestling rules information and illustrations; produced by National Federation of State High School Athletics Association; available Central Washington State College Audio-Visual Department. 23. "Wrestling Refereeing Illustrated," 30 min., color, Central Washington State College, 1967. 24. "Wrestling Takedowns and Counters," 15 min., color, silent, Central Washington State College, 1966.

CHARTS

1. 11 Takedown, Reversal, Escapes, Breakdowns, and Pin," National Sports Company, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, 1957· APPENDIX A CODE OF ETHICS FOR THE WRESTLING OFFICIAL

1. To honor cormnitments regardless of possible inconven ience or financial loss. 2. To study the rules, observe the work of other officials, and at all times, attempt to improve yourself. 3. To remember that while you are working as an official, you will conduct yourself in such a way that atten tion is not centered around you, but to the wrestlers. 4. To dress and maintain your appearance in a manner befitting the dignity and importance of the sport. 5. To conduct yourself in such a manner to be an example to the wrestlers who are under your jurisdiction. 6. To be fair and unbiased in your decisions regardless of the score or teams involved. 7. To give your complete cooperation to the schools which you serve and to the state association to which you belong. 8. To cooperate and be professional in your association with fellow officials, and do nothing to cause them public embarrassment. 9. To be firm, but not overbearing; courteous, but never rude; dignified, but never arrogant; friendly, but not companionable; calm, and always alert. 10. To keep in mind that the match is more important than the wishes of any individual participant or coach or the ambitions of any individual official. 11. To be prepared both physically and mentally. 12. To avoid smoking on or in the vicinity of the match site, nor drink any alcoholic beverages on the day of the match. 13· To avoid giving information which might be used by a team's future opponent.