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Life Cycle Approach Applied to Biogas Projects in Uganda

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Life Cycle Approach Applied to Biogas Projects in Uganda Life Cycle Thinking Assessment Applied to Three Biogas Projects in Central Uganda By Sarah M Ocwieja A REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2010 Copyright © Sarah M. Ocwieja 2010 This report Life Cycle Thinking Assessment Applied to Three Biogas Projects in Central Uganda is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING. Civil and Environmental Engineering Masters International Program Signatures: Report Advisor James R. Mihelcic Department Chair ______________________________ William Bulleit Date ______________________________ ii Preface This research was completed during my time in Uganda serving as a Peace Corps Volunteer from August 2007 to October 2009. I was a general health (water and sanitation) volunteer placed in the central region of Uganda with a local Community Based Organization (CBO), Kyetume Community Based Health Care Program. I worked on a variety of projects including; health clubs at secondary schools, water and sanitation education at primary schools, fuel efficient stoves, income generating activities for a womens group, keyhole gardens for food security, and a water system supplying water to the resource center and health center of the community and protected springs. This report is submitted to complete the requirements for my masters degree in Environmental Engineering from the Masters International Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Michigan Technological University (MTU). This paper applies the Life Cycle Matrix Methodology developed by Jennifer McConville for her masters degree in Environmental Engineering from MTU. The three case studies used for this report are not a part of my general work mentioned above but, came to my attention through other Peace Corps volunteers and Ugandan friends I had met. iii Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi Abstract ............................................................................................................................. vii 1.0 Introduction and Objective ........................................................................................... 2 1.1 Introduction to Biogas Projects in Africa ................................................................. 3 1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................. 6 1.3 Energy in Uganda ..................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Biogas Projects in Uganda ........................................................................................ 7 2.0 Biogas Systems ........................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Anaerobic Process ................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Fixed Dome Design ................................................................................................ 13 2.3 Floating Drum Design............................................................................................. 14 2.4 Tubular Design........................................................................................................ 15 3.0 Methods....................................................................................................................... 16 3.1 Introduction of Life Cycle Matrix Methodology .................................................... 16 3.2 Application of Life Cycle Matrix ........................................................................... 20 4.0 Case Studies used for this Research............................................................................ 22 4.1 Case Study 1: Jims Education Center .................................................................... 24 4.1.1 Assessment ....................................................................................................... 30 4.1.2 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 32 4.2 Case Study 2: Katosi ............................................................................................... 32 4.2.1 Assessment ....................................................................................................... 37 4.2.2 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 38 4.3 Case Study 3: James Mugerwa ............................................................................... 39 4.3.1 Assessment ....................................................................................................... 41 4.3.2 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 42 5.0 Comparing Case Studies ............................................................................................. 43 5.1 Life Stage Comparison ........................................................................................... 43 5.2 Sustainability Comparison ...................................................................................... 45 6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Projects ............................................ 47 6.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 47 6.2 Recommendations to Improve the Assessment Tool .............................................. 48 6.3 Recommendations for Future Biogas Projects ........................................................ 48 7.0 References ................................................................................................................... 51 8.0 Appendix ..................................................................................................................... 54 8.1 Scoring for Element 1,1 .......................................................................................... 54 8.2 Prices for construction of Biogas Projects by NARO ............................................. 63 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Uganda .................................................................................................... 6 Figure 2: Uganda's energy consumption in 2000 ................................................................ 7 Figure 3: Fixed dome biogas plant (Nicarao design) ........................................................ 14 Figure 4: Floating drum biogas system with a water-jacket and external guide frame .... 15 Figure 5: Diagram of tubular system ................................................................................ 15 Figure 6: Flow chart of the five life cycle stages of water and sanitation development projects located in the developing world. ......................................................................... 19 Figure 7: Location of three case studies assessed in this research .................................... 23 Figure 8: Latrine house at Jims Education Center ........................................................... 26 Figure 9: Opening for expansion chamber at Jims Education Center ............................. 26 Figure 10: Detailed diagram for built system at Jims Education Center ......................... 27 Figure 11: Kitchen at Jims Education Center .................................................................. 28 Figure 12: Manhole Cover with Gas Outlet ...................................................................... 29 Figure 13: Inside View of Digester ................................................................................... 29 Figure 14: Latrine house at Katosi .................................................................................... 33 Figure 15: View of expansion chamber, top of digester and latrine house at Katosi ....... 33 Figure 16: Diagram of biogas latrine at Katosi ................................................................. 35 Figure 17: Trench for tubular system for James Mugerwa ............................................... 39 Figure 18: Gas storage for tubular system for James Mugerwa ....................................... 39 Figure 19: James near the manhole of the digester ........................................................... 41 Figure 20: Expansion chamber with jerry cans to transport slurry to field ...................... 41 Figure 21 Life Stage comparison for the three case studies ............................................. 44 Figure 22: Sustainability comparison for the three case studies ....................................... 46 List of Tables Table 1: Countries with biogas producing plants in Africa as of 1993 .............................. 5 Table 2: Issues arising for the three different
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