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DOCUMENT RESUME I ED 031 065 EF 003 542 By-Dober, Richard P. The New Campus in britainIdeas of Consequencefor the United States. Educational Facilities Labs., Inc,, New York, N.Y. Pub Date 65 Note-75p, EDRS Price MF-S0,50 HC-S3.85 Descriptors-*Building Design, *Campus Planning *CollegePlanrung, *Educational Environment, Educational Facilities, Institutional Environment, *Master Plans, StudentEnrollment A revolution in planningwas triggered by a report of the special committeeon education which investigated the availability ofplaces in relation to student enrollment prolection. Six new universities were constructedas a result with an emphasis on design. The design was developed to helpsolve the dilemma of "belongingat large institutions. This was done by development of theconcept of a continuous teaching environment. This concept describesa physical form that preserves communication and contact between all parts of theinstitution while allowing external accretion and internal change. Its essential featuresare geared to--(1) conformity with educational philosophy of maximum interdisciplinarycontact, (2) integration of living and working areas, (3) separation of vehicular and pedestrianways, (4) largely self-sufficient urban community, (5) optimumcontrast between development and surroundingsite, (6) a 24-hour university, and (7) opportunity of limitlessexpansion. Photographs and diagrams illustrate this conceptin the case of each of the six institutions. This document previously announcedas ED 014870. (HH)

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15 r e- 44; 4:I --t s:$11,,, Tr- ;gr.. -" 1.0'40 fr tWAt.4 "PV.1-:. - I' .4 g ClayAlvinBOARDMilton P. C. Bedford Eurich,C. Mumford,OF Vice DIRECTORS Chairman Chairman President,Chairman ofKaiserAspen the Board, InstituteAerospace Lever for & Humanistic Brothers Electronics Company Studies HaroldMorrisHenryJames C. DreyfussDuaneB. Downs, Gores Jr. Attorney,Duane,President,Industrial DesignerEducationalReal MorrisEstate ResearchFacilitiesand Heckscher CorporationLaboratories J. L.PhilipJ.Frederick E.Morrill Jonsson M. KlutznickL. Hovde Consultant,KlutznickChairmanPresident, ofEnterprisesPurdue Ford the Board, Foundation University Texas Instruments, Inc. BenjaminOFFICERSThomasWinthrop C. J. RockefellerWillis'Watson, Jr. GeneralChairmanWinrock Superintendent of Farm, the Board, Morrilton, Internationalof Schools, Arkansas Chicago, Business Illinois Machines Corporation STAFFJonathanHarold KingB. Gores SecretaryPresident and Treasurer RonaldMargaretRobertLillian Butler M.W. Farmer DillonHaase AIA ArchitecturalEditorialConsultantPublications Associate Associate Associate researchtheirFordisEducational a nonprofit physicalFoundation and Facilitiesexperimentation corporationproblems in 1958 Laboratories, by to established thehelp and encouragement American the Inc. disseminationby the schools of and colleges with RuthBernardJamesArnold Weinstock J. MorisseauP. J. Spring Kuesel AIA AssistantResearchConsultantEditorial Treasurer Associate of knowledge regarding educational facilities. U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED OFFICE OF EDUCATION THE NEW Ideas of CAMPUSConsequence iN for the United POSITIONSTATEDPERSON DO OR OR NOT ORGANIZATION POLICY NECESSARILY ORIGINATING REPRESENT ITOFFICIALBRITAIN: OFFICE OF States POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS EDUCATION FROM THE by RICHARD P DOBER

EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES LABORATORIES I ibrary of Congrcss Cataloguc #65-23604 Sccond Printing, July 1965 Additional copics arc availablc fnim thc offices of Educational Facilities LaboratoriesNew Thrk, New Nbrk 10022 477 Madison Avcnuc THEFOREWORDCONTENTS SETTING 75 AMENITYCONSTRUCTIONURBANHOUSING DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS 2520II17 THETEACHING CONTINUOUS BUILDINGS TEACHING ENVIRONMENTLEEDS 3 5 327 7 LANCASTEREASTYORKESSEX ANGLIA 48435654 SUSSEXSURREYWARWICK . 676359 FOREWORDinHigher academic education customs, in Great number Britain of inAitutions, differs from and the resources. United States Like existingtomand,dentsthe raise United is plans the growinginstitutions statusStates have offaster itbeen otherfaceswell thanput beyond a crisis: forwardthe places their the to numberpresent available.establish enrollments.of newTo meet the schools to university level, and to expand prospective stu- universities, de- theGreatand Americanspecial author, Britain planning to scene,today. examine EFLseminar Mr.In askedthe Dober,anticipation convenedcurrent Richard who plwsical wasthatby P. theDober, inthis Architectural ferment campus might yield ideas England to address developments in pertinent to planner Asso- t. mentversityciation scene ofand Sussex is the the Royal lastresult. summer,This Institute We report agreed of on British theto do implications Architectsso. ofat the British campus feel these ideas from Great Britain arc develop- Uni- of significance for the United States. EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES LABORATORIES 5 twou um) **nay Guoistic =I.. mg. ..,111. JEW.' =1.0 ...sm.. / -411=1,4,WV) , I Ei r-E- 71- N./ 4 lowl:c*,ww4lin-gpora - laboratory,OutTHE of SETTING conflict yielding and controversyideas ofOne consequence gains Great perspective Britain for the emerges Americanon Britain's contributions by understand- as a design campus. torelativecation 560,000 be importance increasedby 1980. Theoffrom Cambridge RobbinsCommittee 216,000 recommended andin outlined1963 Oxford. to steps N that (any to the reduceexisting number the uni- of places in higher edu- 390,000 by 1973 and measuresfacilities.placedending of that Worldunder were Collegesthe significantcontrolWartaken of II to Advancedmostof improve theevents development national Technologyare the less qualitygovernment, than in werehigher andfour started,availability educationand important with uni-of years old. At the was andwereversities, Warwick. askedstarted whose to at plan Byonce: enrollments 1964for East 8,000 three Anglia, toranged alreadyto,000 York, from places. had Essex,2,000 students Six toLancaster, new studying universities Kent, 5,000 students, on wasofversity age, increased, equivalentthe scale and of degree techniquesnational programs. grants for selectingfor As construction the postwar students childrenand for operationentrance came andofcampus; innovation1965. all will in design haveAgainst permanentfound Britishthis backgroundbuildings university opened thedevelopment American by the endin planner seeking ideas : sitiesadvancedUniversitieswere improved.were from started: was coPegiate Expansionencouraged. Kee leBecause (1949)to at university InstitutionsCambridge, andof natural Sussex status, such Oxford, increase (1961). asand Leicester twoand in newpopulationin the and univer- Civic Hull and an ever increasing Britainfull-timefallingthe summer aims behind higher at of 17 1964other per educationFirst cent asleading excitingoff, of the somein countries age1980. as British itgroup was The in perplexing.educatorseligible theUnited provision for States suggested enrolling of admitted places. thatfor Great Britain was Committeemetmeasurespercentage by the onappointmentfailed of Higher qualified to keep Education ofpacestudentsIn a committee,typical with (1961). desiring demand. British Chaired in higher thismanner, bycase education, Lord the RobbinsclamorSpecial these for political remedy was necessary?andhow40 per universitiesmany cent what students in 1963. kinds should should ofDuring be housing bestarted? accommodated? the policies?pre-election what kind what howoffever curriculumkind many basic of colleges issuessites, was were thus raised again: wonfortwoand nationalinformation, chargedyears visiting approval. with opinions, theforeign taskMoreThe countriesofand copies Committee'sformulating data. ofand the English asummaryreport national countieswere reportpolicy, purchased searching (1963) it spent stunned the nation and architectsviewed,Vice-Chancellors.urbon or similarly andrural? strong-willed, firm Postwar inIn their the each owntrained,center hasbeliefs. of been forward-looking, the All intellectualmatched with turmoil strong-skillful were the new university were politely con- Majesty'sby the general Stationers, public before than orany since. other document printed by Her tentious toward one another.Finally compounding all the uncertainties were the ambiguous 7 0141. fflorimelmmemons onr-www--Ta It

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I; 0 policies of the University Grants Committee, the fund-dispensing The most striking synthesis - is the continuous teaching environ- anyspeed,armmolded apparentlyof quality,the more national andfirm by quantitydiplomac, treasury.andIt comprehensive is ofa UGC'sbureaucracy thanuniversity basic decisions policy. constructionresearch. that todoes date It things regulatesbutseem without nicely. to be the A newly appointed tionbetweendonement, and are a internalall phyrical detailed parts chancre.of form later the Withininstitution thatin The the preserves report.this while growth communication allowing context external British and attempts contact many ways in which this is being to reduce anonym- accre- proceedwasVice-Chancellor,ple pleasantly letter with welcomingthe surprised planning. expectingA himtogood receive toall example the kinds as position his of of mandate red UGC's and authorizingtechniquefrom UGC is a him thesim- tapeway and it handlesregulations, funds to space.structional,Americantunityity in A the for sense dilemma. largecommunal, casual of institution belonging and Too and undirected often residentialhave is lost,the immediate attachmentrigid and buildings easydistinctions application communication reduce between the be- in- to a fixed point in to a topical oppor- maytheminimumprotectsfor same exceed.new timeconstruction.the square inept a maximum footageand UGCrewards standardcost has, theallowance in clever. theory,per For isdevised set each which facility type a user is established, and at a formula that no one outthattween the spreads campus members activity rather of the thanpointsmeeting institutionForThe concentrating theresulting Lancaster may places, problems be them blurred.long-range in may one be place.plan (see overcome by a physical design page 56), the architectsso to speakthrough- co-ordinatedshowBritainone, as thfough, thehas emergingshopped systcms especially well.designs of industrialized in DespiteTransatlantic housing indicate. all patterns,the While construction. andindecision continentalsearching urban and for travail,influences solutions the ferment is campuses, anda productive Essex,Variationsstretchedhave placed Surrey, them in all this andalongcommunal design Warwick. aThis "street" theme facilitiesattitude that towards communality are also shown later in plans forrunson the lengthground of floor the campus. and then appears even in schemes whichnowciple.trucks usefully Even keeps and in pedestrian-scaledautomobiles. atdetails work; some forAdaptation oldexample,But ideas, in such largelythe rather critical slow-moving untestedthan imitation, elsewhere, service however, cart is the guiding sectors of the campus free of service areas as instructional prin- are library,inbreakswhere his workit downassembly is not at the Brunelpossible oldhall, stereotype buffet,College book ofcategories Advanced of building-by-functionTechnology. to disperse activities. Richard Sheppard store, and administrative offices Bank, beyond"hardware"gadgets th,_ most elementary and gimmickrythings audio-visual aids. have not advanced intoprocess,are their combined the own library separate into and a central administrativebut connected facility. officesbuildings. Later, will through expand a decantinglaterally 9 3- Harrison,Nuffield College, Barnes andOxford. Hubbard. Architects. 11111Pr- 1111 1111141011111111 :t 4. 1, 2. 2. MartinArchitects:Harvey & Court, Colin Sir LeslieCambridge. St. John Wilson

. Architects:MartinPeterhouse, & Sir Colin Cambridge. Leslie St. John Wilson plani.grellriiiiM11111/ OPPOIMIMPIPIRIMPpr ,d111111/411111111Morromw HOUSING PATTERNS with social experiences and contacts not entirely divorced from ofmoreThetion, new idea comprehensible whilehousing of encouraging at thepatterns. same segment, atime sense securing isof further belonging attachment advanced to the to largerin a thesmaller institu-design and construction.orderinhis housing, intellectual to establish UGC life. surveyed reasonableAnticipating housing standards at an borne expansion for andfunding abroad in enrollments this (1962) type ofin and a parallel growth eralThehousedture housingremainderof English"on campus," shortage residecollegiate aandat figureWhile home thelife, factthat residentialonlyor inthathas 25lodgings. notmost per accommodationsvaried cent of Becausethe of much newthe students sinceuniversitiesof the are 1930. gen- consideredare a central fea- breakfastdents,new housing each and having patternsnacks his shouldand Theown a common beUGCstudy-bedroom, a friendship committee room. group anddeclared ofeach i 2 thasharingto 14 the stu- basic a social unit in the social center that takes the form of a small kitchen for andtheare being quantitythe Essex developed and pfototypes, character outsideChangesFour andofdifferent suburban housing inthe the urban patterns Oxbridge areas,are hostel. under significantcan models beway. observed: are changes more the ofin Oxbridge, form than the function. York, specialstudentsandnumbers political interest each. than organizations.Each roomsthe basic hall for in Thesesocialactivities turn unit,wouldbasic requiring such units support as would theater,the a supportdining be hobby, combined room of larger sports, and into balls of up to 500 lodge,study-bedroomolderCollege,Good and quadrangularexamples Master'sHarvey accommodations of Court, accommodationsthe way recent of and life, transition St. essentiallywith Catherine's. library,attached. in architecture being dining LikeThey a series hall,Peterhouse, continue are porter's ofNuffield linked the thelegeScandinavian pros London, and cons Richard ;n oforigin. these SheppardSheppard'sWhile arrangements, designing and work Partners thewhichintimates Princess further are thatfundamentally Gardensinvestigated the double Hostels student for Imperial bedroom Col- in thesive,Eie mainstreamfirst imaginatively college ofbuilding what designed, Theis with intended urban beautifullya lift hostel, infor Cambridge, the constructed, or new residential universities. they and are hall, outsideexpen- can be traced back to the turehumanelybelievesingthe should Unitedthe weaning that be satisfactoryStates movable, the period maysingle benot iffrom dormitory anit's fixed, anachronism, homeless tothan toallowroom collegiate 120 istheperhaps square "unlikely student life. undulyfeet. Sheppard to to Theorganize be prolong- reallyfurni- also Itnineteenth residentialhas become century college a major as something an educational attempt more to giveforce, than those aproviding place living to eat theoutside and student sleep. the his own environment."The Imperial College Halls are also significant because they are I I singlethe first study-bedrooms high-density residential inThe three College major wanted each 150 schemes in England,students about 1,5oo gathered into halls of buildings. linetors with and the wardens UGC recommendationscan Singlebe and married the residents students, aregraduates and undergraduates, tu- fitted into the several housing types. In grouped, layers,typicalsureresidence,of study-bedrooms.for with of the eachthe one park neighborhood, withset of a communal Stairsdistinct are theidentity. and to continue the terrace effects placed along thefacilities communal placed floor, underhalls three are floors planned as horizontal To retain a sense of enclo- which arc withsmallerandpatterns accompanying assembly functionappropriate hall. rooms communal toThe Thetheir and latter 4-acre age,bar. facilities, can sex,It sitewill seat includesbeinto 400 used social people for an and administrative building, marital, and educational status. dances, lectures, and contains fi icndship library, entryationhaseach its servingroomsto own the service hallsalong 24 student therooms. communal bedrooms, The stairs 8are to a above. floor, which in turn serves as an linked to social and recre-floor. Each 8-room set dencescanand formalbe willused and provide for informal hotel meetings. Diningspace. facilities During schoolare unique because the physical arrangements nonuniversity conventions and the nearby resi- the chefs, and the quality of food has vacation the hall sidewideplaceteaching of thecommon for complex buildingsthe roomsentire along atinstitution.for Changesthea studentmajor west. in andThus site levels have enabled the pedestrian path that leads to the academicthe staff hallarchitects on becomes the south to afit central university- permittedandcentralrisencreate dining accordingly. competition building. to halls eat Thewhere Foodamong materials they storage choose,are are andcooked then preparationand carted and naturally to arc served. Students arc dispersed kitchens favor the hallhandled in a land.tralatedof Manchester, urban with In these theareas Civic instances withresponds universities, limitedA secondinstructional to housingpossibilities manyrecent areas, high-density scheme, FallowfieldUniversityproblems particularlyof which are associ- located in cen-for expansion on adjacent housing, and sports spotwithandopportunity monotonousthe Essex best illustrate food.to originate diets No two andneed housing differentBecause to wait patterns theyfor monthly start on wastefresh sites,reports the to new poorly cooked meals! philosophies and design forms. uniquely their own. York universities have the asfortunatelyfacilitiesprovide a self-sufficient are quarters adjacent frequently for to 3,000 Fallowfieldtheforced University's students onto isseparate just a mile and a half from satellite campus for housing, it will and staff in three multistory playing fields. Conceivedthe academic coresites. and eventually theirtoin which residence whole each time studentor innot. the universityTheEach plan "college" forirrespective York of is 300 based students on an expanding(i 50 of and a proportion of the staff arc attached whom live in) provides of whetherseries they of "colleges"are for study123- totowers, 5-story several terrace 3-story buildings. courtyard accommodations, and andthe majorcontains focus teaching of social as activitywell as residentialfor the attached staff and students, and coimmmal accom- andArchitects:ofModel,Imperial Residential Partners. Size College Richard Photo, Halls. of and London.Sheppard, Cross-section Robson t -Psat asim, - * - tr.-4.31§. ti r 13 es Ni) 1, modationscriticism of levelled various againstkinds.The the York York scheme archetype is further is that described it may on be pages a 48-53. The major andtrations bedroom-sitting pages 42-44.) roomsThe fortowers those will in containresidence. study Both rooms groups for ofthose living off-campus university,withnostalgicple thea center twentiethandreflection for'of bringingloyalty, century. of theYork's smallerOxbridgeabout spokesmen some than ideal measurethe andreply larger thus ofthat unit integration there of the is need whole in for giving young peo- out of context members,separateandstudents, kitchens. floors. the say oneMen 7The andbek)w and top 20 women Thestory forof each,married Vice-Chancellor, will will willserve researchlive share as in flats the certainand Dr.towers,for graduate A.unmarried common E. usually Sloman, students. roomsstaff on summarized the pur- growingwouldtheir living, independenceprovide learning, the nu)st andandThe self-sufficiencysuitablesocial university activities. accommodation planners among atthe Essexin young these decided people days ofthat self-contained fiats whosefulfillmentinpose: the concern "Thefirst stageofUniversity lives."is not of ajust lifelong Foris with a thecommunity theAmericantask pursuit of self-education, where scene of learning theis it student York but a community versuswith is guided the Essex? Not necessarily. sitedat least within they five wanted minutes' to encourage Housingwalk of theat the Essex academic idea. will takecenter. the (Seeform illus- of 14-story tower buildings, philosophyThe conscious and formulationhousing goals of is connections the ilea of consequence. between educational 1 5 ""-1 1 NM

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1111 18 11 DSO: 1311 I I I NextArchitects:AfarketSouthGroundInterior page: Hostd,facade viewfloor StreetArchitect's Cambridge.andofand viewtypical approachfirst Co-Partnership.of floor room.Market along plan. Hostel. St. Edward's Passage. URBAN DEVELOPMENT landsNorwich,Yorknantlya self-sufficient outsideand rural andEssexlike the Lancasterhaveland core urban with theircities environment a newminimumof started their university respective on of generous funds. counterparts, counties. Ingenuity estates As and Sussex, ahas result, farm been has to be created on predomi- economy,taxed,timespart tobut greater the thisnot fact tomakes than disfavor. that theit Great difficultThe United dilemma Britain to States. start hasof puttingCoupled urban with institutions a staggering on rural sites is due in universitiesdeveloped afresh onat aoccu- density io sitypiedterncity form sites wheresimilar wouldwithout university to thebe extensive anUniversity urban buildingsTo dislocation infilling,some of Paris.would English that and be is, educators heavyscattered an entire investments. andabout sector their in of aarchitects, the pat- the ideal univer- centuries,countryticularly whichmoreattractive. bymust accident extensivelyOxfordOn thana deliberateand design, renewCambridge, basisbut the ofthis resultscourse, approach arehave par- holds grown great this waypromise over forthe a and redevelop its central mentwhileundercity areas. alreadywaiting the Advocatespresent havefor land beencrash of assemblage. Twotheconstructed: programs, scheme examples realize thewhich of intelligentthat cannot it is not be exploitation yetpostponed possible of the urban environ- University of Strathclyde wayincumstances Glasgow to opportunities and in thethe UnitedMarket which States. mightHostel in Cambridge. They point the easily be grasped in similar cir- I 7 around21 undergraduates, an L-shaped airwell withIn a above Cambridgebank. the The first residential the floor. Market The units Hostelsite areis "central combinesgrouped study-bedrooms, for gowThroughjustto everything."City gaining 1960 Corporation universitythe school, for status aStrathclyde-without share under of success, an theis adjoining a Robbins College had requested site recommendations.of Sciencescheduled the Glas-and for Technology in Glasgow, -valuablenearplanredevelopment thecalled land city for forcenter. conmiercial underinstitutional Likethe Thwn American developmentexpansion Planning cities at theof Acts. the thispossible Corporation valuableThe lossCity's frontageof was reluctant to part with re-use tax- andGlasgow.University Library Scotland.building. of Strathclyde, Arts, Social Sciences, 1 producing ventures. Further representation was made through the summer of 1961, carryCentralabovellestand structure Architects:facade shopsPartners. reading ofand University room. Covell,parkingallow Portallarge decks. building spans.frames latt-he%% s A -solPAj A exceedtoand participate terms one-third were on reached theof the condition totalwhereby redevelopment, that the its University accommodations that would its capital be would allowed invest- not proachedSocial Studies from aFaculty commonLibrary on entrance the floors two hall. areupper arranged levels. around Both a central reading room, with arc ap- reachtheofment the developer, wouldaccordsite rent not on andwhen exceedmatters that the it $2.1site wouldof designrent million, under was and agreed thatall construction reasonable it pay circumstances as quickly upon by the City and - fixed percentage as servicehaveadjacent been spaces. bookstacks made for placed óooThe readers,at third intermediate floor 250,000 contains levels. volumes, Accommodationsthe lecture office theaters, and staff and student tion'stheandpossible Cityprepared final distributed when program a descriptionthe developercalled amongDesperate for of 30 wasaits mixedinterested requirements forselected. expansion development parties. forroom, theThe of the shops, Corpora- University agreed to the termsprospectus car wanderadditionalarrangedcommon in in rooms,lectureand three out wingshallsand of thethe for Thewhich structural main8o largest students frame administrative lecturegrid a each. roof spaces theater Thesegarden. office.to hasemphasize seats These for thearc 220, and there are two are allowed "to andcidedforparking, a thetouniversity house University. filling all buildingthestation, requirements offices,Withover athe podium restaurant,in steep three siteblock.elements: andfalling The 8o,000 awayformer from could north to south it was de- an office tower square feet seminarinformalNmerican rooms. planning." opportunity: TheThe topthe Strathclyde universityfloor contains project in the staff, sky.gives tutorial, As strong and direction to an unusual an earlier atstoriesbe ground reached above level at onground facing the other. Thelevelthe City'spodium on one main blockstreet shopping was side designed and precinct. would for befull Two three coverage with shopping urbancanairpublicationnot rights help available.development stabilizecan from furnish Central EFL's core policies new Western cityurban building many development. sites Regional users of this can Center* kind, Throughshare when has imaginativepointed well located, areas where additional land is .a singlc location out, andoffice decksa publicspace of facesparkinggarden. a public wereTheA placedconcourse 13-storyFaculty above. and(includingoffice Library block the building with filling 125,000 station)is situated square at the feet west of rentableend of trainedhaste.lessin constructive duressNot planner that than thefor collaboration. Strathclyde theconcept scheme,To be of successfulandStrathclyde Brian designed Falk, such hasaluicipated and schemes failedthe constructed futurewill Harvard- have inUni- less to be conceived under thespacesthe two podium lowerexclusively withfloors the for of podium UniversitytheAs Universitythe librarydeck use. level willblock, providinghave with the the heaviest ioo Arts parking and circulation, it is placed on *Communityafterbeingversity opening. transformed use Collegesof the office in intoUrban block a Settings, University in his 1964, design, Stanfordfacility mid University, less the thanbuilding Palo two Alto, Calif. now is years Julesfor Weitzhandling telescopic precast craneselements imported a University from Franceof Sussex. , CONSTRUCTIONThe restrictive economy measures that Britain faced after the war theerection,stimulatedbuilding chief objectives.and process. the the application conversion LowThrough cost, of of reductionprefabrication factories CLASP (Consortiumfromof on-site technologywar tolabor, peaceof Local speedto were the Authorities of Special Pro- sortiummon,pooledgramme)economy, flexible, research (1958/9) a co-operative efficiency, prefabricated and carried building and effortout control techniquessystem.an by $8 several millionover A on7-County the county a construction majorconstruction administrations Authorityscale, scheduleeffecting of acon- com- Jr' tion,timberwhich light becamejoinery, steel frame, knownznd a varietytimberThe as the basic of roofCLASP dry elements and external system.floors, are claddings, gypsumthe 5" non-continuous partitions,all of which site slab founda- :1010114'VENN110004.wiss% large40"make horizontal scalefor rapid orders anddry to 2assembly component4"The vertical success and module, manufacturersmany of the design up system to optionsthree through rests stories within on co-ordi- absolute high. the cost prediction by t assemblying;nated and programing; precisionmethods. efficiencyand standardization of prefabrication of construction and design and detail- dry 20Perspective view, Domus System. Marktutions IVwill turning be to used CLASP. inYork all buildingsIn University this instance except is the an certain first advanced of laboratories the newsystem higher educational insti- whcrc rigid, antivibrationConsidcring construction thc is national ncccssary. building program, including university tions with window framingIn thchave Social been Sciences cast in aBuilding single piece at Birmingl-rani, and cntirc wall scc- newsavingsBritishlikclycxpansion, building construction into cost, incrcasc, unusualsystcms is likclv industry. and dcmandsarc to thcbecomcbcing Thc output will calledNizc thc percontinue criticalof for thcman, which workino- factor. torathcr bcwill Accordingly,placcd thanforccrcducc modest ison notthe the permittcdtoarcthen date rapidly boltcd by thc to improving,to sizcimport thc of concrctc crancs Frcnch as Handlingshown availablc. grid. models. Castingin of aAt samplingTlicvcrv Susscx tcchniqucs worklarge thc of thcrc prccast architcctsrcccnt and would concrctcprojccts.finishcs xx-crc not units has bccn limitcd toplanningwithamount usc maximum this of will rationalizcdsite be work. usewidesprcad. of formGenerallyfactory-produced of Most building, thcsc of the systcms which ncwcomponcnts. univcrsitics iscontinue also callcd Modular dry intcnd constructionthc tcchniques, possibilitics.Ronaldlargcrhave bccn H.crams Sims Super-sizcdpossiblc arc for now I othcrwisc.Ioward bcingThc wall cxperimcntal pancls, manufacturcdFarrow Undcr loadbcaring Ltd., ncw Domus suggcstsin liccnsing Scotland. intcrnal systcm, sonic proccdurcswalls, ofdcsigncd andthc by thc architcct thenaration,sccuredindustrializcd that setting withoutunivcrsitics building up, continuity and will proccss. Studiesprc-forming cngagc of contracts to contractors date timc indicatc bccausc involvcd. on ahowcvcr continuingof thcIt is sitc thatpossible basis,prep- cconomy in usc cannot be sitingaunitsslab standardized floorsand in varioushmdscapc, arc pourcd construction building architcctural andThe asscnthlcd hcights systcm.Donms varictv and on conccpt thcwidths, can sitc. hasbc Byand obtaincd bccn mixing with dcsigncd scnsitivc thcwithin basic for rcsidential accom- sonswaythc inof idca thcflcxibility oflast "contractor thrce in hcight,vcars. toInvestigations Thcrc form.thc univcrsity" isand gcncral loading, of variousagrcemcntis notand far to tvpcs sccurcoff. tfrat of for insula-construction rea- havc bccn undcr universitymodationswill allow buildings. but a asminimum a principlcBritish numbcr could designers of be delimits applicd are cagerly to to bc othcr combincd scarching typcs forintoof othcr tcchniqucs which a asirmterialtion a cladding against has imiteriaLsubstantial noisc, tcmperaturc,Therc advantages. are cxciting and In firc, prccast signs concrctc form that grcatitas also a structural stcps scrvcs forward in both design willvetmaximum*For evident, bc a wcllreport rangc worthbut on thcthc of watchingfirst scarchbuilding U.S. schoolhas as types. thcnmvcd building ncw Sophisticatcd fromunivcrsitics system premisc scc. SCSI):conicsolutions to promise Aninto Into arcbcing.* um andnot Re- andbuilding tcchnology proccss will arc conic uscd about in building as concrctc thc ncw and univcrsitics. thc industrializcd Numberschoolport, Educational building 2, School systems Facilities !limning scc Laboratories, Laboratory,British Prefabricated 105.Stanford For furthcrUniversity,School information Construction. Palo Alto, on Report BritishCalif. 2 I =4.,--77psw , ...... ---.. .--, -t Pi,,b- ik- .;::,----..00 L-4 , ., i.t.o,A' -, - ' - Architects:Unix ersitv of How Birmingham, Detail, Social Science Building. ell, Killick and Partridge. 2 2 \ RoyalDetail, Collegeconcrete of finishes, Art. entrance hall of 4 A, ..t,t API.? - 4 /4 4- 2. ConcreteArchitects:diningDetailCadburv-Brm% ofroom, precast framing Chamberlin, Nes% ii, concrete members,Architect-, Hall, Pm% Oxford. forming Churchillell and dome Ron. College. m er 4. 0%ConcreteArchitects: c Arup Associates, peristx Richard lar Sheppard, grids.Architects Leckhampton. Robson and Oxford. Partners. . 2 3 PowBrascnosc cll and Collcgc, Oxford. lova, Architects. ',AAA CassonDetail, and parking Condcr, lot. Architects. Unit crsitv of Birmingham.

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Imperial tubs. 1111111111 AMENITY limited to concrete and Portland stone, w hich in time will weather munities,succumbedTownscaperecent design skillful toand pressures as landscape itin-fillinga has been of costarc ingenuine theBritishand past. timing. regard traditions In the Amenity for scale,which is presentmaterials, have not in older university com- liesttooninto builda smallcoloursvery anywaythe difficultbuildings like those site, in architectsVng wheresurrounding.Handling land. they the As motor leading vehicle critics equally have strains the designers' skills. have producedshould one never of thc have hwe- been allowed said ditionalgenuityand site andsetting planninghas sensitivity. arc the beenextensionsA superb carried exampleto outBrasenose in ofsituations fitting College, contemporary that Oxford. test in- It expression into a tra- maintain that copying is the only answer, and ThcareaffectedBritishfrom influcncc established pedestrians newthc solutions oftown inthc thc experiencesbyBuchanan campusto means thc cxtcnt of report tunnelsat that (Traffic large, and coveredvehicular-free in Thwns) decks. and sectors thc plans, and motor traffic is segregated I lull and Cumbernauld have equallyanswers refutesthose who those who would prefer to ignore in thcir art that and birns screen thc parkin°.On openlots. Farthsites, suchsculpture as Birmingham, and well-designed masonry z-.., landscaping walls ing.whichandin anExisting in alreadyirregularly fact arewalls exists. used shaped, and structurally. Thegardens four-story Brasenose were External penthouse incorporatedproject cladding contains and courtyardin the study-bedrooms for 32 students materials are scheme build- example,greaterare used care to arc embellish thandesigned, at American thc notAt areas. allleft universities to the whim thc of surfacesa hurried of contractor. outdoor areas arc institutions. Paving materials, for treated with SterlingUniversityEngineering and of Building,Gowan, Leicester. Architects. , 1/1 26 0.111.11. ToTEACHING the transatlantic BUILDINGS visitor British teaching buildings seem to be in themonotony early type abounds. precast concreteSurface elements. aesthetics The wcrc "French not improved finish" took with the introduction of underthe same construction, stage as their but American thcre arc cousins: even bcttcr the bestones are still now on justthe hold: a general decrepitudeExterior in detailing appearances that goes aside, by thc the iume majority "brut." of teaching buildings . -. drawingio years: boards. cramped sitesFor ("We typical get a reasons tall thin splendid tower impossible opportunities to ex- were lost in the past liesandwork theresponding well rub because for the to thefuture. of academicpainstaking The crisis program care of numbers in of interpreting, the client.is only Butnowclarifying, thcrcin point- . yearscontexttailedfrontpand without horizontallypark"),schemes,into which a occasionally plan, just to or showit'splace something disturbing us the inadequatehow building likeit towill ahave ("We've battleshiplook"),briefs to do ("Don'ta been lackone lying ofnow"),here do acrosslong-range anyfor and 40 de-our tectsfollowed.mapsing towards have for thc voiced new journey directions conccrn toIn excellence professionalabout in educational thc presentcan journals no methods, teachinglonger and in andbe designtechnology slavishly thc meetings,older thc British archi- buildingtraditionaboveBlocking all offorportrait designingthe a promising brain architecture. drainforThe professoran to latterindividual, thc isStates hasnot becomepeculiarlyrather by commissioning than a favoriteBritish, a group beingploy client. a new of part of an international twoanduniversitiesarchitectsand designers.sides the probityof andshould thc TheVice-Chancellors, creative of afford new the ill-founded universities endeavorsrefreshing all necessaryexperiencesbricf. equalhave In gainedto thisthc to for developingtasklight both academicians of thc inventive sharing Robbins ncw the staffzationgemsuniversity member, canis inevitable. beadministrators. but found, not veryespeciallyA usefulcross-sectionAs a result, cutfor tothose thea scatteringview thatwants offollow. thcof of the more architectural Low prominent typical utili- education buildings, laterusefulqualityinstitutions. in gains this versus reportin Theboth quantity; still balanceaesthetics need Theinitial remainsto and matrixbe construction provenacademic to for bc decision-makingout. struck, organization costs however,versus illustrated continuing is and following thc along thcsc lines: moreitizedtioningshowever, or constructiontonow lessa variety plainlyfive following or of moreprocess.shows cladding, a yearsmodular the Each coercion oldmullion, architect structuralwere of andexperiments cost made design.closing consciousness. his ownmaterials in the contribu- system- Build- while flexibility.expansionmaintenanceuse and ease and cost; ininfilling communication tall andOn with compact the thc"omniflexibflity unknown;versus buildings an open fixityfor myth," economy site of architectsplanuse versusinfor land easy such as Grenfell Baines repeating grid constantlyNot pressed all the onto materials too many have similar held up facades, to weather and use. With a overspendinghave suggested on that it means building infcrior for all-out quality flexibility in vital places.is expensive, Elaborate and 2 7 University of Bath. Thefloorsand expensivecosts may of be making wasteful. provisions a shellBaines for habitable removable believes are that comparablewalls, "people ceilings, inare most easierand build- even to move than partitions." of SchematiCdevelopment diagram plan. show s basic principles -- 0 0 0 toties).ings, operate theIn makirn important on more flexible differentials than arrangements intuition, lie inand inequipment perhapsthese areas thisand the isservices designerwhy signifi- (utili- has 0 0 00 0 r 419' ob Ale*:AL, , 4 zgA. -7% topreciselyversitycant satisfy breakthroughs of Bath,detailedthe brief "the thanis areprogram to yetthat"Paradoxically,"design to for forcome. aan abuilding sciencearts building; comments buildingwhich isyet is impreciseHugh theusually best Morris, more wayand designer for the Uni- IP 46.11". 4, 0° aloosely university related centered to immediate around needs. science And may in bea similar abstractly vein construed a plan for C. 1.3 ..... 1.4 . . anlinearthe apple, .ame form, way."not the stonecentral in areaaIn plum." his is firm'slong, notwork round"like at Bath, the the institution's core in growth will take a spacespecializedexpansioncirculation (schools teaching routes of study) II union,"group"library,"activity" academic sports centres centres centre, (studentsstaff, ( theatre, etc.)other Growth takes place in two ways: by expansion at right angles to school(incl. nucleii communal spaces) + residentialstaff, conference accommodaion centre, etc.) 2 thedraftbefurtherthe core established developmentcentral would potential core, be along a andplangrowth. covered the byto theextensionspine, The deck right. majoras spine sho,,,nTranslated of centralthe with incore allthe activityinto itself, utilitiesdiagram physical thusareas and and creating form, serv-would in the generalrestaurant teaching centres space (24) studentsdiametersite boundary; (tenfor college minutes approx. of walk 5,000 ' mile thefromicing site thefrom development. core, underneath. residential Teaching groupings areas filling would in at selectedextend outwards points in Right:.withoutofconstruction movement, Det colmnitment elopment e%tabh%hes use zones, plan to majorbuildingfor long-range line% location%, a %pecific 28experimentalfor other new English British new Theuniversities, towns basic atdiagram Hook and andalsois one Cumbernauld. can which be tracedappears to in the part in earlier schemes Johnson-MarshallArchitects:architectural Robert solution. and Matthew Partners. , : % . .4 0 - * 5 ...- ., 6 I . 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I...A=1mA le ,.-- 11,0V e 1400m414. ..4 . 11 a I 41,1n .... wiTeVoseffff 't .* .: _44, ' 't, 0 Nil, i "YOMO ;00!.....2140 '. f * 05 1 IS o .. . ob 0. v::;A:AvvAvi. r 0 .. =I , . 0 f) A':::::AUT * . 4; 2? :re . 1\14,6 il 411 ri,... t.. ... ; '00 saillial&IIWrie . ile lb '(f ( 0 . 1.16. . N. . 4, 4* . / . 71 . i i Iip ;" . ;, ' . . 1 lo 0;...' 'to ' . 0 - ' * kIF 11 , Iiii 6. il! 1;i ;. ,!. :d. II . . e . . ' 1444 5 , ? /, . 9 9 Z 4 ,,, --1.4%), . . (: .4 °- 9 O. 0. # 9 . . . .9 .t. .7 iire...'am. ' c 0 4 a...7 I . oe I . l ''' . , s o 0 f,-r ..1.* 11104..k... 4. ..e. ., . 5. 1 A . : i . 0 So 0 ,41 f S. A 0 /141 il. 5 W s : I, 6 0 II *1 0 0 : .' 0 / 1 44, N. ''.. 1. * ''''# I'd'. o . " i .. ._ ...... 40'W ,.. . "...... : 4, fi r 44; .I - : . ... . 0 - York University, diagrams of science building development. science FIRSTYORK UNIVERSITY,SCIENCE BUILDING 0 building college fourth stage third stage second stage Ogle a, 2. (existingfirst stag building) . linkedaBasic complex unitto each of twouniversity other colleges by non-science groN% with associated ththe departments; cell housing,of the grow the and xting a hole science organism enclosing department, one of 1967 1969 biology5.3. 2. Thewhosethe colleges central unique alsobuildings function contain (e.g. non-sciencegives concert identity hall, teaching to sportsthe complex space. centre, as library, a whole. etc.), 1965 physics52.S.i. 3- 3- development.DiagramStagesroom for ofof expansion, growth,development One science relating without ofdepartment thescience being building isolated.buildings. is builtprogram in Accommodationeach to stagesstage, and of site allfor three physics, have stagefirst secondstage stagethird chemistry 4. chemistry,byPlanhas three its form own anddepartments of building. firstbiology science provided to eventuol building, at all sole shox% stages; use ing by each clllogeone; eventually and from circulation initial shared routes use organicz... clumsily g u/g 1 Physics 1 ch.mistr, II , undergraduateplanned to give teaching, insulation and without of the isolation department of graduate from the research rest of thefrom community. 4- court lecturesservices 1---t. 411 is de cntservices s uh, ...... Oncology I 4- l fall in 111411-11physical chemistry I 110 'IF workshop browowns and 41 silo I York Unix crsitv. diagrams of science building ilex elopment. I! structure: column grid 20 ft centres 5- services: turret grid 10 ft centres ,i,1 section (see fig. below) , 6. ' undergraduate I I-I-u, 1--11---i.. - -1-i-L-L: graduateLLik-- -4 5- servicePlan showturrets. ing internal column spacing and locations for mum able x . air extracts. ). top lights 7-6. graduateDiagrammaticPart plan, and enlarged, undergraduate cross-section. show ing space. partitioning No partitions ( at are structural. stage three ) and relation of 7- e e -a. -- ...IMIND -1. I=M. IIIIMM ..... 1 1c10 ft floor . -,-- hoses to turrets - 80 ft D INN. MD , - .7.1-441.... 4 ft void to ceiling I i ---._31,1 31 Johnson-MarsballYorkUtility University. turrct designed and Architects: Partners. for Robert Matthew, atingaforno more firmplanning on difficult commitmentintuition it lends way and itselfto to approach anThis archireciural kind the ofprocess planning form. of planning As affords thanoptimum group reflection, but in the long viewto decisi more m-making on a democratic basis, flexibility, and requires a rational basis oper- 0 _ r I Oa-- spaces,suitable the for Yorka university. UniversityTheAs an scienceconcept example building of ofa changingthe is worth and detailing. dynamic present search for flexibility in teaching university is basic to encementthe total departmentsto form scheme, a college. asdisengage shown AsFirst-stageSeveral the into theuniversityoccupy sciencediagrams buildings their expands,departments own are quarters.planned for gradual decanting: are linked to a nonscience depart- on pages 30-31. two of the sci- a 20- ) maintainedoffices,andfoot nonstructuralon-center and throughout, service column partitioning litgrid,Each from specially block theadmit can designed be divided into areas as needed. Ten-foot ceiling heights are as many differenttop. A laboratories, four-footeasy deep change. under- turrets for services, no moreableconnectionsfloor turrets.thanholds simple all theyThe water, workturretsare gas,carriedBy tops. electric,keeping Mountable and all services reagent in trays turrets, and the other laboratory benches can be turned 90 degrees. up to the appropriate fittings in mov- waste lines. Through flexible can be Fittingsofbuiltdevices sheet fixtures. are metal, canplaced be painted added whereThe morewith needed, mock-up cheaply and thanofunused thc buying turret outlets expensive, shown an epoxy-resin base and fully piped. to thc left was constructed arc blanked custom- 32 I out. This is cheaper than providing a full range of fittings. servicesvacuum may pumps, bc added: 8 gas lowoutlets,For vokage organic and electricity, chemistry the turrct could take to water outlets, I 3-amp socket outlets. Extra vacuum lines, and 4 theforbenchcompressed roomturret for temperatureandthese through air, services. though airtheThe under grillesthe fonr-foot trend slight at thc is underfloorpressure. towardstop to bc portable It extractedspace is conducted is units also through used as a plenum chamber at thc up handfulroofbuildings fans. of admirable has gone mwno ':urtherIt buildings would than be just wrongturrct completed. design. to imply ButEngland that here thc has architecture of teaching aes- a - likelybuilding,progress.thetics candidate arcone thewhich for overriding widespread is alternatelyThe engineering consideration imitation. praised building and rathcr damned at Lciccstcr,than functional for example, is an excitingas being a thearchitects,juxtaposition glass box Stirling andof aluminium wall-punched andThe Gowan,hayeLeicester building's and facade.red breaks tile,offeredcomposition towers with a valid the and was English alternative podium. arrived traditions, Theat with its unexpected on thc basis of floor- to specialSirNuffield equipment Basil ISpence. heatre, areas Bennington1:n1.cl-say are contained and Collins. onNrchitects. the southwest side. (If Southanipto... tank13o-footsiteloading, for that thc causeddaylighting,administrative hydraulics the units andSeen laboratory tower, to circulation frombc thepiled the topon upwards.main requirements,floorthc groundapproach, of which level. plus holdsthe Oncomplex thc is well marked by a corner a water a ofcrator,concretesimilarly physics. an buildingdramatic 800-scat Along will with inlecture its include, thc Atmassing. hall,NuffieldOxford anmng and The theTheatrean i other apartmentPhysicso0,000-squarc-fect, atitems, Southampton, Building for a nuclearthe professor by poured accd-theseOve Arup and Partners is storiesoratories.cast of side offices Adjacent is the and small studyis thclecture rooms.large hall, lecture Heavy with hallloadedfour over floors laboratories which of research lic and lab- seven thcteachingare mostgood environmentpromise.samples of recent and the designs, industrialized tlumgh building- it which offer is the continuous 3; "It is a truism t..-ichanging,learning and always the disYemination c..? its way, , itsof workknowledge. never completed. This me lns Departments that it is constantly 1 at a uns"versity is t7 sth'ietv founded for the advancement of Fveryoftenexpand, building in defiance contract, and of eachquadruple the mostlayout, inknowledgeable sosize, optimistically or virtually and disappearand expert thoroughly forecasts. within designed,,7 I el: years, artificially,hamperingseems to become either to the academically withinfuture. a Any decade attemptor physically not onlytherefore out, seems of todate constrictdoomed, ',ut physically itsand movement rightly doomed, to failure." UNIVERSICASSON AND (A)N DER ry OF BIRMIN(JIAM DI'VFIAWNII N r Pl. N.N RI POR I (190). 34 THE CONTINUOUS TEACHING ENVIRONMENT where there is obvious justification and certainty of the coMple- constituentchange,takingThe continuous a whilephysical parts encouraging teaching of form the institution.that environment maximum allows accreted growth and internalcommunicationresolves these dilemmas by among the Use thc natural given personalitybuildingcenter-lines.tion of thecontribute effect,of design to the NpeciA I quality of the \x hole and w ithout dependence on symmetry and the site, demand that each not inopment the United and States.has ready ThisapplicationAt presentideal differs toit isall Britain's fromlevels typical of major developmentcontribution topatterns. university It is devel- higher education not a thetheproposing other, natural separated thefall "street-deck" of theby landInbe by furtheringsomethingprinciple apart.this idea an open pedestrian street deck.at Birmingham, Casson and Conder providing two buildings, of e\pamion. They exploit one above are quadranglesscapedcentralized park casuallyset or of urban self-sufficient linked neighborhood; facilities to supporting buildings of a nor is it a series of secludedscattered through a land- commu- university;expensive a lifts; strong a covered architecturalThe all-weather advantacces of the scheme backgroundare these tohio-h an area density which without is route linking all parts of the :-., ment.ulum,tonal grips andIn nature. presenting withthe minutiae realities the ofsuch idea detailedTo as at be siteBirmingham realized, limitations, obviously in an abstraction of this kind must come assignments of sp1ce and equip- cost, staging, curric- is ingseasyatnicely the as staging. moment solved.illustrated The disorderly design andcan withoutbe threaded architectural through on the next page. Access to parking and servicing coherence,existing- and build- Do canCondernot workspread have in urmecessarily; an identified existingan entity institution: by means of a compact and coherent some of the principles that suggest how it a university should express itself as layout.1958, Casson and temacademicworth that following, would programing acconullodate for it The unusualdependsAs main o form buildings of comprehensive would consist a rangeto present ofon uses: a typeBritish study development,of financialprocedures. offices, planninglab- the scheme and will of a repetitive structural sys- be UseUseKeep the principlethe open principle the of courtyard ofand thewithin previously areas setunknown aside for expansion. specialized access to possible long-term sites. "joker"; allow undifferentiated planning; completion of activities, this for sudden space by space partmentstingtoriaLargeoratories, into connected lecture thc could drawing basic rooms be grid offices,"tenants" wouldcould seminar befor tile to the street deck. Other specialiied be attached inhandled in specially designed rooms, and small lecture rooms. a similar fashion. De- spaces not fit- audi- Discourage an architecturespace; that contrasting space to space. imposes obligations. Except usingin this a computer concept calculated arc well illustrated in the University of tinietable.The architectural possibilities space on a demand schedule Leeds plan. ;5 PLE APPUED DIAGRAM OF PRINCIPLE RflUPC6SIBLE f rpm. 11171ce _ 4001".6.16.1 0110041 J L r----331L FACUUYSERVICE MIR EXTENSOR IC IC STREET-MCI COURTYMII FACULTY lc Gion ava _ L_ MIMIMECHAMEAL I -IT- 11 STIffT ffU "1 - - - - - 4 -4 0. riEne 1111 LOS ELEVATOR WI Wad sew Mock OEM/ MEM 0 IlffECTORT ISTAFT IWISE CawStreetUm% ersity of 1111111111"11.1111. wi and Ginder,deck Architects. Lmnt,ig principle. TOWERCIAMERLAM UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS \ hakl, central area, Uni% ersitv of I xcds De% elopment Plan. CHAMBERLIN,DEVELOPNIENTnessThe Leedsof thc planningprograming POWELL PLAN effort and is 1960 thcremarkable AND forward-looking 63 BON, in two ARCI ways: way I ITCTS the in whichthorough- thc sitethe was top usedof a hill,to create thc center thcLeeds' continuous being existing a City teaching reservoirbuildings environment. and were general spread cenie- in a crescent shape around . calledtheteachingborhood,tery. University The for buildings. campusextensiveinto Medicalwhich was renewalAdjacent thcsurrounded School. University. nearby were Redevelopment by andfour an had thc oldmajor casualkconstruction and hospitals plansdeclining placed by of usedthc neigh-a sonw rim,-City by acenter rationalroad andwhich set several of would building of itshave teachingMajor types, cut design offthc facilities. thccreation efforts main of campusin as thc large ncw from a planvehicular- the are town focused on establishing ,. 46:4 campus.itfree underground campus The as natural possible,and reducing slopesThe and are ncwthc thc used creative schemenumber for a use exploits ofconnecting throughof open thc spaces.streets proposedseries ofon tcr-Citythe ring road by placing withtypes,ingraccs from greatand whose thcplazas flair Universityneeds as which special are knownpermit to Building functionthc uninterruptedtownand notbuildin(cstypes center likely are or routestocategorized hospitals.and change, strungfor people rc byalong designed degree mov- the of flexibility. The rigid "41.4,11,21.;..P4114' 'zitt edgeslecture of thehalls campus (i 8 piled courts. one Theseon top include of thc other),thc library, physical mathematics education 37 campus.building, and administrative offices. They form the fixed core of the 11-xist-Ing sae. Unn crslt% (of I ceds. storiesneeds high for internaland linked change. together.TheTheyA second opposite are conceivedbuilding extreme as to simple the rigid rectilinear, buildings slablikeare those blocks, which havefour type is those structures which have limited ':.. E, optimum flexibility for research: flexibility in form, servicing, and _ -- ' ..."---,...., larmechanical series of equipment.dry wall structural The requirements are met by using a modu- components for production of light, 11.2 '4,-,,-=' --,--4',"" -4111-... --;;.!,,,v- ..---*-7...- ,-;--::: ,'''-'' - roofsdisposable and cladding one-story would enclosures. The spaces created, and their vary according to the program. ''-`1- r,-,- ---"-a.----," / These research spaces are built on a concrete deck which is similar 'i ,t..4- c- - 41, t.= :-clz.?.;,.. /../74.'-ito; - I _ taindeckaboto the ,. to eserviceterraced theground enclosed roads pedestrianto allow to the room courts.buildings for Theutilities and decks parking to beare fed raised sufficiently space above. The underground areas also con- up through the -2.-- :t :.7 ,1%-r 1- - - space. - . - P-- -- The siting of fixed and disposable structures is done so that the -: - I .." l.- .---"k C-, `- ,.., . _ - :c A , 7 ' `= ' `. '''' ...- ...--- cr`J''. -- - - whilepermanent the flexible multistory single-story buildings units define are allowedthe new to University core, spread out be- ..--,- ,->,.., ) "v'S , . \. . .=;11 ' VA-.: `---- yond the "facade" to theThe perimeter of the site. cemetery problem tested the ingenuity of the Leeds plan- . , ners. "The problem," said Peter Chamberlin, "is that these valuable i - - . , . .,.....1 ' \..../ \C":\,.. . ," theninethis living. acres ofThe open space open space occupied by theprospect deadis depressing are also needed but not by because of it being a burial of having university buildings surround `.' ,-\-\\.) . ,. GENERA. " _ 38memorial.ground, but Some it is of overcrowded, theAccordingly disarrayed, the plan and calls badly for neglected."renovating the plots into a living graves will be moved to new spots, the head- Re. Ned del, elopmcnt plAn. 1964. Um% cr.a% of I ted. III Existing buildings EIdesignedto Futurebe and built w buildings hich are shortly hich ha c been 106 a 1 I whichknowfunctionFutureFuture n,have buildings theare buildings yet formknown to w andbe hosewhose decided disposition form function and of is Possible future extensions r 34 130 0 ..... sc0 34 \ t C4*C24 (' SITE FOP TEACHING HOSPiti ...64., "Yo 0. 250 0 250 500 750 1000 Ci4 (4p r- HOSPITAL ACCOMMODATION L.. SealeiLLL In feet 129 / 4 . - , If eaccian.1 -.....11. --""1184.1. I . 4,`,.. _ - U.& - 41I, I - .,;---.mgtmso.ei. , To ..'I9:11 1 NM& I leTassal ! ,- -. \tu g.zoil, e'r, - irtkek,r-, . IS siewrostr.----_ 7 :.br., 0111l' , 101 P:2'al;14.4711.31- riii, oilti.. _, 4 4- --r400.74 Y JALailnal r4 4,04 II .4 . - toy I. Itiii qa i AIL111211111keill AIL. !lief.- SON --' - Mir 4,31110 zipirloottiorwiioge NY MI. ...,1111.111.1.,011Nalliml - Ira., CO .1441 "Nal ki..- ai Vit IP ! :C4.Z Irk Ji

=.-. _ t at,11 I ,zgri 44- .goems.ssw. Om, .1 mell _1, .1 FA vemo.4. - 441 lt T _ '4" - ... ,- am Alk4M M um.. amom =mama... MI 2111 # imaiimumftv. Wt. , NAP II. Er ..011,111.1= L. s -;- , somimmodi I IMMO, :0' t MathematicsThreecomputerbuilding.court t iew looking s, Notelaboratt Colin,tw o tohi..1 in ard Unit ryperspective level .the ridersity Senior bridgeslecture of and Leeds. which one inRendering, linksection, building upper to .n Commons.*Lowertheatre. Below, left, cross-st Nlathematics-Geology ztrm, Mathematics- t2ll the story of the electronicleft, shm% s t icw of stored,stonesity might andand monumentstheflow walls outwards pulledThe to down therational University so that basis the for new building design, used as paved surfaces, grass and trees re- which is central to the con-buildings. garden-like qual- ';eology building. Nrch:tects: Chamberlin, Pottell and I ;on. ceptrallyliminary of litthe by planscontinuous windows for the on Mathematics-Geology Theopposite building sides is so feet wide, the maximum area teaching environment, can be seen in the pre- of the span with a building at Leeds. that can be natu- 1 2-foot ingceilingwet of andsupports height. dry utilities and beam mustFlexibility spans.So that services in service may installations be installed means later as that be made. This in turn influences the spac- needed, horizontal and provision for both betweenverticalrising ducts distributionlongitudinal are integrated conduitsandAs transverseseen with inrun the the structural columns.cross-section, entire left, a variety lengthbeams,of functional of while each verticalfloor spaces aesthetic effectscannewto allbe universities areaspectsfitted not into diminished. of areAs an idea the continuous teaching university life, as the next pagesthis modularwillbeing developedplanned building. along these The lines. Each environment can be extended show. Seven differs Thisdetail,demicfrom thrustingthe andbut others socialare stillforward in organization. importantbasically ofTheir a single matterssimilar designs idea, inof are equally divergent, both educationalthe concept policywith of continuity.many and aca- exciting varia- in broad form and in conceptAmericantions, wasfor scene higherprobably it may not well a conscious be Britain's attempt, most education. but in terms of thesignificant design 41 , UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1963 andFiveC.ARCHITECT'S K. in of CAPON,parklike the first grounds. sixPARTNER-IN-CHARGE CO-PARTNERSHIP new universities All are financed are located by UGC in cathedral grants, supple- towns EssexandInpowersmented anthis a internationally bellwether situation andby privateextensive a in Berkeley, fundEnglish minded differences drives. university California, architect All in theirstart development. have -trained educationalwith conthine.: full Vice-Chancellor degree-giving philosophy. to make Opposite:Unit etisity Long-Range of Essex, viem, De% of siteelopment looking Plan. to%% ards playfields. trative boundaries and thatThey an advance interlocking, the idea continuous that studies teachingand curriculum cross adminis- - - - tobetweenenvironment the academic teaching best area, expressesand and social facilities theactivities, future for leisure university.housing time is pursui-sbroughtTo avoid arein a close splitinte- , ,xt --- atbuildingsgrated theright university with angles. spread the academic inoutwards the valley buildings. Inand complying of upwards Wivenhoe oyer with Park.the his slopes brief The maintheof the architect teaching valley has placed the spine of 4.4A, traffic.asaccess gas,well to heating,Theas the a busfivebasements water,station, consecutive, are of Thethus thecarried central separatingbuildings. off-set underneath. buildings platforms Car vehicular parks bridge The become will spinefrom the be valley, pedestrian roadprovided, intimate gives and all main services such stepssquares from at the one pedestrian platform level,to the andnext one as onis able a raised to walk street. up the shallow 43 CREAtIVkLIBRA*RESTAURANT ARTS ADMINISTRATIOIN - PHYSICALSOCIAL?OMPARICIVEWoINiERING SCIENCES SCIE STUDI I i AUDITORIACOMPUTER C ----," ) ! 4 , . - e : " , ' ENGIN 6 g i`o fli. 4. 1. . t : ft > i. ' 4 4i--& - \ le k?' 44 - / & Long-Range De% elopment Plan slum ing first stage. StudenN xx ill be acconinh kLited In roxx ,r Hat., xx h*ich arc snuolv dix ision betxx ccii xx ork and leisure twildmo-s arc nlaccd fut titer tifli\studentsfitted crSlry berxx xx Cclitcr. ccii I he rihIiIc1:411ThIS re iclnnv earth fnun the I( nindath n 1.4)nstructiun for the spine xx ill thrcc to tix c .11k1110- dist.mce of the x cars to come. all dangeryouneedfrom knoxx onetheir i anotheroxx n libraries they ha\ md ecommon ro become n,olus more for c self-sudicient, \ample. and before they that in rdcr t xx hat has happened the\ arc isolated. \nother Scri( nis Ica c num; for reach; i ... and research Imild- library,xxhelp ill bedam concentratedphx, a third slc3I lake edtwation then dw xx estcenter. of rl.c Animist-ration built-up area. aroundbudding, xx hichand itcllcctu.iI and social hie of the unix ersity: ofings the sac. 14,11 create .1 separate residennal area, and unless x ou rc cwand. Mk* ACCI )11 m wdat-iml (Tens pushed out to the cdo-e I f the unix ersax o-oes dc.hl in the middle in lakesidethe 13nal restaurant. design. I heThe cent., )nuc dx .uiirigc alley alloxx ed f i unpact des eh ,pment played i relarix ":y cheap way for role constraints,ofcariful the afternoon."the xx I sse\'sh designIn is addition equallx nconcet ) ncd xx ith the environ- retlect-mo- educational pH( )5( why .111d CO/nmnic munalsegregatingnot have facilities to traffic ly suchLAtended nd as car readingConcentration parking.er far rooms,n) rssentialreach 4coffee 11ex serxteachingerx Ivars, tun- iccS squash411 nd And researchthe roads c(site. mrrs, do spaccS Illcallt that com- aildgnmental ,xx turmoil Mo. needs pains. as ofthe Thethe orwinal peoplepedestrianI'here nucleus xx xx 1h)ilksquares of xxis course. e.p.mded.ill xxuse ill thealxxhelp unix an) shut ersity out during the noise its s be some noise nd Illnychlcult at the useddevelopment.perand squareScrykl: sparingly. spaccsft )(it id. of 01.1 usablem countrx MA space xx xx here ill be land lox\ iscr than xx ith 3 dispersed list:. In the lorg tern . the total cost carce, saes should be sunshinethenuin buildinus center. can Bur aroundenter the nd squaresthem theThe n()ise all ilex\ are escape.- lakepurposn xx ill ely Ten the center (aitxx ards to parkland. Stu- /nIN three to four stories hio-h SO that designed lanre .md thetionalsearch, 00 it) acres residential.acres is isdedicated reserved nd studyThe parkland. for 80facilities plax acres ing forfields,()1 10,0m) Intik-up nd t Ii.. land reimming xx ill aeconinh 70 of Rine teaching, re- Amts. .n addi- surroundssquaresdents N1 to ill it. quietbe ble nd ro prixpassThe acx essentialquickly. bx the if features lakestdethey wish. of andthe fn )1n plin intlw the rc park thus:crowded that pavilionslor,sity unprecedented . I in the park. in IngLind.Fssey In differsthe xx fromfinis lorkof the m thatVice-Chancel- it IS a 0111tIlltIMIS plan, with Sloman, -It is a plan for a unix crSItv town. not for some den- --Integrati()nConformity xx of idihying the and educanona:Separationdisciplinary xx orking areas.phdosophyofcontact. vchicuiar ofnd nu pedestri.m \ imum inter- xvavs. reflects the xx holeness "The ardutect's design, xx ith buildings running into if The LIIH crSIR cycriein c xx ith no sharp 1C ifl( ther, --Optimum contrast hem cellA hrgelvde\ clonment self-sufficient .md summnding urban community. site. 45 1 A 24-hour university-. liallir1111 01U , - amtai Opportunity of limitlessThe expansion. Vice-Chancellor aims to make a base for every university Num .- . 1 1111-11 rtr, 00". providestudent. accommodationFourteen-story Thetowers, for topboth closefloor residents towill the house aodacademic nonresidents. unmarried members of the academic center, w ill wirimir mew a lim . Ili 1._._ staff, and the onc below, married research students and graduates. h i Theseparate remaining floors for men and women. 1 2 stories will be given over to undergraduates. :-1 residents,facilities. Theor study rooms rooms willEach forbe furnishedthose floor livingwill either contain off-campus. a 1 3-room flat, with service and kitchen as study-bedrooms for . \ bout one in Opposite: Floor phns shms first teaclung unit t pica! of design concept. is Um . ersitv of Fsses, % ic x. of first square. erectedticsthree intensively, studentsby dividing will thoseand sleep to NN in. Theavoid ho idea live the ison artificialto campus encourage frombarriers the those students that who to use the university facili- .1113y imist be foundationshapingreside elsewhere. of the work third for lake, theTheConstruction towerthe latterlaying building is of designed wasthe and initial begun for spine with the useroad,the ofpouring and the the physics of the building,five platforras. but in a teaching block. connectedoffice,laserthe first shock and years on meets rooms two will thelevels withaccommodate needs Builtto squash a of large of courts,precast restaurant several lecturemodular functions. seating halls concrete, withIt combines faculty the teaching block will be a university in miniature. coo students on 46 snackfortwo students. barfloors. and On club the rooms balcony and levelon the there lower ,vill level also laundry be a self-service facilities "1"1"r Me 11 1.00. . 4.16 ... L. . I Li 11. NMI lb 1111 a _ 1 OOP VIM .117111'ij i . " 1i 10111 J. J Architectural Implication., of the Ncxx Unix crNity THE LNIVERSITE ANDROBERTUNIVERSITY PARTNERS MATTI OF IFW, YORK JOHNSON-MARSI DEVELOPMENT !ALL PLAN 1962 knowledge"mentlivingThe University"aandof learning wo king andtogether society the dissemination for of the individuals advance- of beningManyANDREW a mootin would Great point, DERBYSHIRE., dateBritain thc thc prcccdcntto beginning thc York PROJECEfor ofrcport comprehensivenesscontemporary of 1963. If universitytruc, belongsand it plan- may to RCI IFITCF nificanttailing,Conder'sThomas theemero-ing Sharpplan Leeds for and Birmingham,scheme trends. his Crcditswork Itsof 1960, meritsat aside, (19;8);Oxford, Chamberlin, begin thc and York (19.4.5) with for scheme programmatica PowellVice-Chancellor nd Cassonexemplifies and Bon. andde- the new spirit and sig- aptitudes,The University"a skills and specialisations"meeting place of different usualstyiewh ; v6facademic anted education; thc bricf. best and features aYork group sctof of Oxbridgeout architects to establish and challenLed thc a new relationship by his un- between teaching, li- ic university munalthroughciationbrary, nature social,impersonal of students ofand this residential lecture type throughThe ofhalls project buildings.academic thciror collegiate architect, school It organization ak-gued residentialAndrewof study,for thc hddDerbyshire, groupings.rathernatural a dircct thanasso- has said that thc com- use"Provision is vital "for easy growth and flexibility of tobearingdisintegration, enc0-,!rage on the contact plan's and physical providebetween"The for form.people, plan a clear must bc hierarchycapable bc compact, of of grom identifiable have th withoutgood and internal communications operateandWithoutreined group as a groupsthiscan community theidentify fromuniversity thebutits ownindividualwould could unique remain never to positionthe havemerely whole sufficient ain massso the that university.of cohesion eachisolated person to P 0%.011 411. ...no inlyindividuals." which accrete self-contained, into a full-scale Asteachinu-residential university.a new institution thebuildings form chosen would forslow- York was 1 cellular one, :, maximumcontact. Innumber number affording this Themeans facial fundamental about recognition 400 cell undergraduates, afteris the a college,year's regular genusgradu- York, whose size is the DIC 1,11,11711 rmaN N.H. of Rewkare is w. Mims department.childrenates, and of academic the and married the departmentsstaff; residents.Each about college makehalf is live upassigned theinincluding faculty. an association With wives the ofand ex- related subjects called a Thc alleges v. oh .dielhle housing and lodgings 9nearbymentception a.m. carries to forof i p.m.sciencethe out sciences. and its subjects 5 own p.m. SeeThe building. to which pageuniversity7 p.m. 50.)require (SpecialThis teaching gav hiboratories, buildings- the day students xx-as areeach setfree depart- asideat time six 'lours in two periods: tageportionduring of the the of communal thedaylight university hours spa'..e population on provided weekdays, livingfor themand off encouraged inthe the site college to atake large during advan- pro- The Departmentsfragmented fazultics hallthe section and also breaks. allows eachFour college hundred to support people leisure is an time econcmic and sports unit for a British dining lc, NORA PNTIFRN. compared tutersitt social and acadennc patterns 49 Budding Units 06 06 0 -' e c --, i-Th l NPIRUIIDt ATI SI, us , u ,F14, u s ® -7404,\ oe 0 .Oe O..0 0 Z (ir 0 T esi.410 Zii .0. r Relationships 0 Diagram of the college .1).00 EZ andThe the theoreticalbuilding programme. diagram applied to the sue I NalRUR AD( Ail LIPIRAFO I AFVFRAlopits *11111111111111 IN Diagram of the science department STAFF POSIF,RADI Art I AIACR NTI,RIF, I AN(IllsTOPIIIS ,A111.t uN Pt AN ANDPROFESSORSEMINAR ADM ROOMSINISTRATON TUTORIALS (RO*1, LIBRARYLECTURE ROOMS \l/ 1 50 POSSIBLE WORKSHOPS Diagram of the non-science department Plan concept ( pagesrchaccts. ço. ci): Robert Unit ersit of latthtns , Johnson-Marshall and Partners. oil: des elopment scheme. clubs. But most importantly this size sustains at least three sub- O SOO 1000 Feet withColleges staff (numberedand student Ilinnimnp to VIII decentralization.ject departments, tlnis avoiding academic as well as residential Abiaid 10111 a, Car parkin& areas ScienceNon-scienceM-inroomsand some traffic iepartment lecture routesdepartment and tutors& eachasdevelopment) a sportscollecre center, will will serve concert be as Thesupported an hall, out-stationeight and colleges by central a for set the comprisingof library. maincentral book For facilities thc collection,the 3,200 latter, such student plan (i o-year - Cycle and footways ofpageaholding the selection planning 49 multipleshow of "light" process.the copies basic reading of DiagramsorganizationalThe texts andUniversity assigned new from spapers. differences thctoof itsYork report department, plan reproducedbctwccn is notable as thewell on ex-for as its conceptualization anunit,ofisting education.unmarricd which forms consists postgraduateof British of sixUniversitiesOther student, study-bedrooms diagrams, tutorial and oppositemom,thc including York and page, philosophyshared room dcpict com- for the primary residential collegeconvertcollege'swhichmon space. also (provost)two share (,:ntains Undergraduateundergraduate of islecture accommodated common and roomsgroups seminarrooms, intoin arc library,separate rooms. aassembled graduate college Itbut is nearby alsoroom. into hall, possible a housing. I college andlead the ofto architecturallinkagesbuildings.noted, the between Lcft:science forms various departmentsarc shownNonscience units. on The arc the translationunits housed ncxt consist pages. in of special of thc lecture diagrams laboratory rooms, into seminar rooms, etc. As Basic diagram of university growth showing , BLOCK C 'Vsbr Isbr r± Limner, BLOCK LECTURE ROOM A bee* dire ''`*" MAI room/Awl r _ still MOMdining SNACI 11/1 .14 - _._ A COURT ; Verwery CALL 4 )=, -41 fu- II I-1 r . . A cIcuster . 1 Cabwifirr sir 1.11 sbr sbr Lbr Acker rm ["2-7BLOCK B -Ld Unix crsa of York Seale( ;roundColkge Floor One Plan ' foot 5 2 Stage I building (pages 5 2, 53 ); Cnn ersit of York. is io c u so sio

-A, 5541. 55 5 545', - 55,4,041,014- IRAN WOWS FMI UM I TON MIS sbAS BedAcademic Sitting Staff Room - 1 bsrbt StudyGraduateBathroom Bedroom Student 4LAT 111/sbi I TSO Tutorial Room/Staff Office OFFICE 1 MATS Ke/1111 II NMI FENNER TS0 LSO t 0 W N LECTURE At SO I TERRACE sb bsr ir hr bir L111107-1 , \ SEMINARtollROOM NALL SPIER TOME -' 11141.111111 1 RION IMR( t VIII /Or 2/sbr 3/sh 2/sbr 2/sh _1110111 LECTIIRE IRON LIBRARY REPEALSPLAN OF FOR WNOLF SECONO MEI FLOOR ,..1tTSB TN / 2/hr I SO CollegeUlEiN Oneersity of York ScaleFirst Floor Plan ' 1 i foot I 5 cum_ r 1 t S or 53 1 dr'1:11.611PAr..11000.6.4p - 4.; WO* 19 ... , ;:, DEVELOPMENTUNIVERSITY OF PLAN EAST 1963 ANGLIA TheDENYSSite land considerations risesLASDUN 70 feet and AND from theConcentration theacademicPARTNERS, river Vire brief was facing underlie .NRCI desired theinT.Grs to design "create form. a place where activities fine landscape. whole,"floorsversitymerue saidabove andmust Lasdun. where beground, limited; the "To giving individual Thederivethis siteaalso measurefull allowspreserves canbenefits senscof road concentration the hisapproach spreadnatural identity of landscape." to thatthe with the uni-could buildings the at one or more tivelibraryinotherwise the block, model for a beassembly million ofobtained the firstbooks kill, only Buildingdraft smalland by scheme.2 theater,a,( groupingsnuirewo reading The universityintensive University fall places, into usesenate, anthree ofcenter administra- elevators. and functional hasUni- a categories, as seen resultsspacefacilities.versity requiredmakes House, This it provides thepossibleby lattera School innotOn being any onivthe of part theStudy.other to mainofuse itsside industrializedThe lengthdining is standardization a continuous thehall various andbuilding coninmns. beltkinds which meth- of of teaching and research AUniversitydeUnisBTeaching elopment ersity of plan. EastCenterand Anglia,research 6,000 area student - Eastchangesods in Anglia the in structureinternal will teachlayouts butThe alsothe todesign fullbcan made.arrangement spectrum embodies ofan w universityacademic hich allows principle courses. future of sonic importance. CResidential54 areas cognateRather than disciplines place individual will bc grouped departments into broadly in separate based Schoolsbuildings, of 71:11 +OWN ! 711:nrisedllfaii11111. 11 li lilitini umuggimmOn inn Moan 1;f1 Study.RCA ised Arts first stage and plan. science teaching lmildings have bccn intermingled - i photograph,Typical residential this page.)block. ill IN rollmentingcovered,to was encmirage considered(.3,000 all-weather contactstudents) unimportant, passaL,res. by willUnlike crossing bc housed thcthough collcuiateof pedestrian half of housing thc ways, long at York,which a are mixed residential on campus in accommoda- range en- 0-roup- fabricatedthebuildings, first 800 materials, thc students university thc onErected "academic an has Asadjacent openedan in interimthc village- site. remarkably measure contains short awaiting 88,000 period construction of nine months, of the using a "temporary- university for permanent square pre- menfastpletions or or womenroom, directly less. Fach andundergraduates, connected bathrooms. grmip willResidential to have theGroupsor combinedteaching its bh)cksof into arc flats constituted for single around or social units of own entrances, kitchen, break- rooms canareas. be set aside for 1 2 peo- ceptionteachingball.fcct of This of various thcand made arts research teaching accommodations.it possible inThc facilities, thc site sciencesfor was the plus Smallplanned university in its ancillary foundation generally elements for single-story such units common rooms and assembly to undertake both year.w ith the ex- thccroftmarried teaching on tutorsthc north areas or undergraduates.side by stairsoverlookingResidential and high-level the blocks river. willdecks. Units be Garages,willstepped bc linked up the hill to create an under- stores, to ducebrick,as boiler the thc house,chances remainder teleplu of hre in me liohtspreading, exchange, timbered and unel lavatories construction. were built"li) in r) 30 feet was allow cd betweenf re- andtualgames (5)( i rooms, )Biology Library, squ.Ish buildings (2) Universitycourts,First and stageand (6) I workshopsio louse,development residential (3) willArts, blocks. will bc (4) located include Chemistry,(See below.model about one-half of thc even- scheduleditemergencybuildings, is likely enrollments, that andvehicles thca rough village to and all trackThis buildings.willgiven surroundsfortuitousbe the fully occupied eventall will for now enable the university pressure of increasing numbers to allow C.INN access for sonic time ahead. to step up its ,,PrJr0, Gagi 840.4. # FORDEVELOPMENTUNIVERSITY 7,000 NONRESIDENTIAL OF PLANLANCASTER 1964, ACCOMMODATIONS STUDFNTS :-4 a r--!1 **. 111.111 11 AnBRIDGEWATER,DESIGNED essential feature BY ofSI the IFPI Lancaster WARD plan & EPSTEIN is a long, flexible campus social-teachingdiningformedtrianspine, walkway runningrooms, by thc unit. commons,universitynorth Thc and public south colleges.face facilities thcas a spine. Eachcontinuous such collegeInterspersed as coffee coloniuded is bars, shops, pedes- , opening here and there into squares which are a basic study- among thc -*-2

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joined by a tunnel under the main square, where the campus bus dcnts, and all services run under. Drainage falls outwards and down station will be located: at this central interchange point passengers to main drains along the periphery roads. leave the bus and emerge upstairs. Since thc University advocates a mixing of various department Most of the students will live off-campus, under present assump- buildings, expansion is handled by adding squaresas needed and tions. Parking will be provided in landscaped cul-de-sacs tucked lengthening the spine north and south. Additional expansion for behind the various college buildings. This reduces the need for colleges fixed in place can be handled cast and west away from the large lots and long walking distances from cars to buildings. initial construction. As shown in the drawing to the left, if the university expands The designers intend in this way to ensure an undisturbed envi- further, underpasses would be located every quarter of a mile in ronment by keeping new construction to the edges of the campus. order to connect the two sides of the ring road. What might in other hands be a static and dull functional solu- The university is planned on a grid system that runs about 1 3 s tion is enlivened in several ways: the repeating squares are staggered feet north and south. Most buildings are 3 s feet deep, and the spaces down the spine, design treatment in each open space will differ in between form squares about wo feet wide. Some of the interior details, rooflines vary in accordance with the functions of the build- study lounges are to be designed for possible conversion into resi- ing, and the activities along the spine animate the total scheme. dential units at a later date. The siting of the continucus buildings protects pedestrians from All structures are to be of precast concrete with three and four the prevailing west winds. The squares are oriented mostly east stories as maximum height for economy of construction and cheap- and west for maximum sunlight. By spreading out the activity est circulationau pied. The length of thc spine which connects points, the University carries on an old British tradition: getting the building groups has been set at a quarter of a mile per 3,500 stu- from place to place will be half the fun.

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University of Warwick, model of plan at15,000student level, Right: Campus center. LONG-RANGEDESIGNEDUNIVERSITY BY DEVELOPMENTOF LING WARWICK AND GOODMAN PLAN 1964 campus,Capita,'TheWanvick plan in construction contradistinctionaccommodatesstands out inBasically size with from the all Greenscheme Belt in costs arc estimated at $16z million.attempts to create 15,000a tight, students, two-thirds in residence. other new British universities. compact urban schoolsthroughouttoated. be effectively Residential or departments.the day. used halls No for physical Instead feeding, working, are interwoven into the academic recognition is given and social activities which it is situ- to individual areas so as Central Arca Diagram membersthefavored, science of the thoughareas University because the humanityFundamental of the to the design to see themselves as belonging to was theareasbuilding concept are separa types of encouraging ceinvolved. and distinct aall university-wide from atmosphere is a single 001r 1.1 . Thegiancesociety, Halls1,000 to would a studentsand group at be thesmaller locatedeach,The a than third Halls the of werewhom designed would be living same time being able to develop personal alle- to provideto serve a associal a link and between work the teaching university as a whole. off-campus. space for dents,demicareas and and disciplines, of the residents residential of and"Accommodations nonresidents.accommodations."Those belonging will to the Hall will men and women, of younger and older vary from study-bedrooms for those comprise a mixture of aca-stu- studentfresh fromin particular school will to flatlets for graduate students. The nonresident use the Hall as his effective base in the uni- 59 Development diagrams (pages 6o,); University of Warwick.

016.4111115 . =Ana =pnimidirm _elk° )11111=1.''T ammo .0.0,1_ L....,:11/,.rmoun tin! pmesi 0,61 010 ,&7-..°7d; 1.1"-ff" f/;:' It mos,...... saIMMIIIIIMMONIMIIIIMWst= ogiul P274-";g,- - I-g rrAl".1 01' r Halls of Residence Diagrammatic section showing principle of an arcade adjoining a hall of residence.

ersity. He will eat in thc Hall refectory, use thc Hall car park and in the foam of arcadcd pedestrian streets. The arm to thc west leads undry, and have a personal locker, and will gain by this means a to the science arca, the others into the humanities buildings. The eater sense of belonging to the University." plan allows for lateral, longitudinal, and vertical growth, with the As in several other university schemes the campus is separated center to be completed as early as possible, later expansion will rom the ncarby regional highways by limited access roads, and, occur outwards. the campus, vehicles and pedestrians are segregated by using The built-up areas are surrounded by playfields which helpto hangesside of topography to bridge over thc internal service loop maintain thc Green Belt in which thc university is situatedas well ads. Bus service is provided inside thc campus. Pedestrians will as to give contrast to the campus form. Water sports (boating and ove along arcadcd walkways which run through the major build- swimming) will take place in the lake running north and south along gs. Walks and roads join at thc University Center. the edge of the campus. Nearby is the major university stadium, The Center is a paved court around which are situated the As- sited within 2,000 feet of the campus center. mbly Hall, Theater, Administrative offices, Chapel, Library, To the west the architects have included in thc schemea univer- nion building and shops. Car park and bus depot are under the sity-related neighborhood of 7,000 people. A shopping center and ill square. a hotel are constructed on air rights, over the highway, in the form From the Center thc teaching arms stretch out in three directions of a plaza which links university and neighborhood. Diagrammatic section showing thc principles ofan arcade.

Dining Rooms serving both Residences Mcthod of Grow th and Teaching Buildings 1.Expansion of Existing Subjects from thcir initial position. 2.Expansion of Further Subjects. 3. New Growth Points.

61

. ' .. ... 1 . \ , . , 4 i - , A ) UNIVERSITY OF SURREY DEVELOPMENTPLAN 1964 BUILDING DESIGN PARTNERSHIP

The University of Surreywas founded in 1894 as Battersea Poly- technic Institute and is one of thc first Collegesof Advanced Tech- nology to advance to universiitystatus as recommended by the Robbins report. Existing buildingsarc to be abandoned. Plan, University of Surrey. 4. 4 Though Guildford's population is leis than6o,000 people, the . ;1'071.1 14 \Y1, town was selected for thc new location because thc community t- a . serves as a shopping and cultural center for anarca containing over , three-quarters of a million people withina 15-mile radius. Important national research establishmentsarc maintained ncari)y at Farn- borough, Leatherhead, Bracknel, and Tcddington.The University will vigorously promote research in similarfields. About two-thirds of the anticipated enrollments will be in thesciences and engineering. Faced with thc choice of two sites, the planners ofthe University of Surrey have wisely optedto use both. The circulation systcm willconnect the central campus to the

town ccntcr less than a mile away. To the west,a similar link will . be maintained to an adjacent290-acre playfield and expansion area. Seen from the distance, the initial 8o-acre development for 5,000 MAW, FAMI - students will appear as a compact hilltown surrounding the Guild- - ". --"\\T.)11.1)1 ORD \ ford Cathedral. . Three building zonesresidential, social, and academicfollow 3,000 cars is to be handled in large lots at the northern end of the the contours below the crcst of the hill incompact linear form. university precinct, and separated by playing fields. Residential facilities arc informally sited in3- to 1 2-story build- The schedule expenditures call for constructionin the order of ings in the band nearest the Cathedral. The structurcs are designed $4.2 million annually for threeyears, with accommodation for 3,000 to provide kitchen, breakfast room, laundry, and service space for students at the end of the period. To achievethe targets, industrial- groups of 1 2 students. Each group of i 2 can be combined vertically ized building components will be utilized witha high proportion of or horizontally to form "houses" of 50 students or le:s, and the prefabricated components. houscs in turn can be expressed architecturally as a social group of The social buildings and residentiz: facilitiesarc expected to re- 5oo or less students. main constant in their form andusc, with expansion handled by I The northern band contains thc teaching buildings,with depart- linear growth towards the290 acres adjacent, while academic build- imental and administrative office space and rcscarch laboratories. In ings are most likely to bc the focus of substantialgrowth and change. contrast with the continuous band of residential towers, these are "a However, in place of accommodations tailor-madeto the specific roken wall" through which there will be glimpsesof the various requirements of each department, which could leadto rapid obso- buildings on thc hill. lescence, Grenfell Baines and his architects havecome up with a In the central band the communal buildingsdininghalls, kitch- new form of universal space. ens, club rooms, library, scnatc, and othersserve as a link between Essentially it is an "L" shaped building, steppedin section. The e residences and the academic arca and arc ..:onnected to both by top floor provides rooms for staff and administrative officesand series of staircases, high level pedestrian streets, and lift shafts. small seminar spaces. The middle floorscan accommodate class- Th university is plannedas a self-contained enclave. Segregation rooms and laboratories. Workshops, heavy machinery, and large f pedestrians from vehicles isa major feature of thc scheme. laboratories arc taken care ofon the ground floor. hrough traffic is kept to thc boundaries. Service roads fromthe The basic "L" shapecan be extended to form a "U." Two "U's" t and west come together undcr the communal areas. Provision can combine to form an "0" and the closed "O's"can form inde- made there for parking 320 staffcars. Student parking for about pendent chains for expansion to thc north. MUM II 1 IIIIPI-""iso/--*L U U 111111r------...... *°....:-'-....---...... -- Iii titi . ' % i t - L 7,--- , I ° .0°°°111 030 -.---. r) ..4._ 1) =--. 2:zmaz=1 11011 0°14441 1 100,00o -:: . I , .. 4 ,; k -7---,-. . III 0 ...... ils' L ."---- J., t i _ II. \111 .- 1'1 4111 -4, ---,r _ s:... Li: _ .....7. ir = !....),11-= ...s.... , Firl' 1 ,.- _. ..,-i. _-= t trilL fit.1- .. = _

UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEXSTAGE I DEVELOPMENT PLAN1960 o - f SIR BASIL SPENCE, BONNINGTON 11 & COLLINS. ARCHITECTS v Aiwa 4 ii. 161111_AN. awaR.,_ i Sunex appropriately ends this review ofnew British University de- velopment. Unlike the other schemes,the first stage construction is / 1 JD .... finished and the beauty of sitcand architecture remindsus that the campus is also an art form. ( ) Designed by thc architects ofCoventry Cathedral, Sussexwas 1` meant from the beginning to bea statement of aesthetic unity. The 8IV,ii.7 I / ;structures are among the most handsome inpostwar England, free AN ' ) -JPdot from the potpourri of claddingthat mars somany other buildings. & , The tall beeches and rolling downsset the scale for the buildings, ot,! I - . .4i ta-- inone of which is higher than threc storics. Onthe exterior only three _ materials are in evidence, allindigenous to thecounty: a warm red / brick, board-markedconcrete, and knapped flint panels. Through ..0111111 6 the use of arcades and vaults,a continuity in design is maintained, 7 allaw... though massing and detailingof buildings change with function. 1 iThc site, leased for999 ycars from the estate of the Earl of Chi- '/7 ;T:mr-- khester, was chosen in part because the Universitycould make ar- , rangements to house two-thirds of its studentsat off-season rates in rmort hotels and boarding houses in nearbyBrighton. -AIIII.- ' Sussex is small comparedto the other new universities:t ,5oo stu- (lents in the firststage, 3,000 students in the long-range plan. Initial Model, phase one construction. onstruction was centered aroundFalmer House (diningrooms, i.Falmer House mmons, and recreation rooms) and reflects the :.Library University's desire 5. Arts complex to create a corporate life and theuniversity traditionas early as pos- 4.Chemistry *ble. Buildings for chemistry,physics, the arts, and 5.Physics and Mathematics a library com- Opposue: Falmer House.

i. 67 f 4

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plete the first stage development. The latter will accommodate2 8o,- dimension to their vigorous academicprogram. 000 volumes and 7oo readers. The initial buildings are grouped Sussex thus exemplifies the British dilemma. Thenew university around a major quadrangle. Allare well planned, comfortable, designs are meeting the challenges of time,money, and an overbur- neither experimental nor old-fashionedthey "simply work well." dened building industry. The idea ofa continuous environment for Sussex has been coolly received by the British architecturalpress learning has emerged:an environment capable of expansion and and considered by many observersto be the last of its kind. The change, having suitable variety in architectural form andcontent, purists complain that the structuralsystem is masked for aesthetic and reflecting a pattern of site development that is concernedabout effect rather than functionand it is; thecast concrete vaults are group as well as individual values in a fast growing society. thin shells hung from the concrete ribs andare not structure-giving To succeed however, artmust match technology in the detailing elements. Costs averaged around140 shillings per square foot for of the new schemes. The dreary and the dull, by-productsof expe- the first two buildings, in comparison with 8o shillings fora typical diency, must be overcome and, if theycan, then the ideas present in CLASP building. Yet the aesthetic effectscannot be denied, and, the new universities will have long-lastingconsequence not just for ccordingly, Sussex has gaineda pride of place that gives a special the American scene, but for Britain itself. a ."

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Fer left: Falmer House: Voidson upper floors form roof terraces; will be filled later as expansion space LS required, with minimum structural work and disruption ofactivities within building. Left: Library building. Above: View fromFalmer House courtyard. Library to the left, arts building straighton. CREDITS

Page 6 Brunel College of Advanced Technology Page 33 Henk Snoek Photo Courtesy: Richard Sheppard, Robsonand Partners 1964 Page 36 Courtesy: University of Birmingham/University Page 8 i.Courtesy: Richard Sheppard, Robsonand Partners of Leeds 2. Courtesy: Building Design Partnership Page 37 Courtesy: Chamberlin, Powells and Bon 3. Courtesy: Richard P. Dober Page 38 Courtesy: Chamberlin, Powell and Bon Page ro All photos courtesy: Richard P.Dober Page 39.41 Courtesy: University of Leeds Page13 1 . Courtesy: British Information Services Pages 42-44 Courtesy: University of Essex 2. Courtesy: Richard Sheppard, Robson and Partners Pages 46)47 Courtesy: University of Essex 3. Courtesy: Richard Sheppard, Robson and Partners Pages 48-5 r Courtesy: University of York Page r 4 Courtesy: Roger Park-BOP Photo Pages 52, 53 Courtesy: Robert Matthew, Johnson-Marshalland Partners Page r 5 Courtesy: Building Design Partnership Page 54 Courtesy: University of East Anglia Page r 6 i. Courtesy: Architect's Co-Partnership Page 55 Both photos courtesy: Denys Lasdun and 2. Courtesy: Architect's Co-Partnership Partners 3. de Burgh Photo, Courtesy: Architect's Co-Partnership Pages y6, 57 Courtesy: Bridgewater, Shepheard & Epstein Page r7 Courtesy: Architect's Co-Partnership Pages y8, 59 Courtesy: University of Warwick Page 60 Page r8 Both photos courtesy: Charles Wormald Photo courtesy: Richard P Dober Page 6 r i. Page so i.Donald Frezise Photo Courtesy: Richard P Dober 2. J. W. Kitchenham 2. Courtesy: University of Warwick ,. Courtesy: University of Warwick Page 22- 25 Allphotos courtesy: Richard P. Dober Page 62 Henk Snuck Photo Page 26 Breche-Ernzig Photo Page 63 Page 28-31 Courtesy: Hugh Morris Courtesy: Grenfell Baines Page 6y Courtesy: Grenfell Baines Page 32 Courtesy: Robert Matthew, Johnson-Marshall Pages 66- 69 Henk Snoek Photos and Partners, Architects

Design by: Arnold Shaw Printed by: Publishers Printing-AdmiralPress, Inc. MM..

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We acknowledge with thanks the help of tbefollowing in obtaining plans and drawings reproduced in thisreport.

William Allen Terry Devlin Leonard Manasseh G. Grenfell Baines Claire Brake Dober Peter McKenley Michael Brawne Gabriel Epstein Hugh Morris Mk:had Brooks Brian Falk Alexander Redhouse C. K. Capon L. H. Fauber Richard Sheppard Peter Chamberlin R. H. Float Ronald H. Sims Gordon Collins P D. B. Groves A. E. Sloman Neville Conder Michael Kendall Robert Smart A. Cranshaw Denys Lasdun A. V. Smith Andrew Derbyshire A. D. Linfoot W. L. Waide J. Whittam Richard P Dober is a principal in the firm ofDober, Walquist and Harris, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts. Hehas served as Visiting Critic and Lecturer in the Graduate Schoolof Design, Harvard University and is a fretrent contributorto professional journals. Recent professional assignments include programingstudies for Massachusetts Institute of Technology,a long range plan for the Uni- versity of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, anddevelopment studies for the Central American Management Institute. Mr.Dober is the au nor of "Campus Planning," published by the ReinholdPublishing Corpora- tion in i964 and has served asan EFL consultant on college planning. 41111

Other Reports from EFL Profiles of Significant Schools The following publications are available from the offices of EFL: 477 Madison Ave- A series of reports which provide informationon sonie of the latest developments nue,New York,New York 10022. in school planning and design.

BRICKS AND MORTARBOARDS A guide for thc decision makers inhighcr BELAIRE ELEMENTARY &MOM, San Angelo, Tcxas education: how thc colleges and universitiescan pros idc enough space for the burgeoning enrollments of this decade; how thatspace can be made adaptable HEATHCOTE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, SCarSdale, Ncw York to the inevitable changes in the educational process in the decades ahead. (One Two MIDDLE SCHOOLS, Saginaw Township, Michigan copy available without charge. Additional copies $i.00.) HOLLAND Film SCHOOL, Holland, Michigan SCHOOLS FOR TEAM TEACHINGMI representatisC examples COLLEGE STUDENTS LIVE HERE A reporton thc what, why, and how of HIGH &moms IO2educational change 2ndarchitectural consequence college housing; reviews the factors involved in planning, building, andfinanc- ing student residences. Case Studies of Educational Facilities THE COST OF A SCHOOLHOUSE A review of thc factorscontributing to the cost and effectiveness of schoolhousing, including planning, building, and A series of reports which provide information financing. on specific solutions to fooblems in school planning, design, and construction.

DESIGN FOR ETVPLANN1NG FOR SCHOOLS WITHTELEVISION A report on facilities, present and future, needed to accommodate instructional I. CONVENTIONAL GYMNASIUM VS. GEODESIC FIELD HOUSE A television and othcr ncw educational comparison of cost, space, and advantages basedon a MC study of West Bethesda programs. Prepared for EFL by Dave High School, Montgomcry County, Maryland. Chapman, Inc., Industrial Design. 3. LABORATORIES AND CLASSROOMS FOR HIGH SCHOOL PHYS- RELOCATABLE SCHOOL FACILITIES Asurvey of portable, demountable, ICS Chapter rcprintcd fromModern Physics Buildings: Design And Function. mobile, and divisible schoolhousing inuse in thc United States and a plan for the future. 4. A DIVISIBLE AUDITORIUM/BOULDER CITY, NEVADA Case study of an auditorium that can be converted to instructionalspaces by the use of sound- SCHOOL SCHEDULING BY COMPUTER/THESTORY OF GASP A proof, operable walls. report of the computer program developed by MITto help colleges and high schools construct their complex master schedules. 5.NEW CAMPUSES FOR OLD: A CASE STUDY OFFOUR COLLEGES THAT MOVED What the decision tomove means from an economic, aca- SMD: AN INTERIM REPORT The what, why, andhow of the School Con- demic, social, and physical point of view. struction Systems Development projecton thc usc of integrated components to build better schools for less money. 6. A COLLEGE HEALTH CENTER Case study ofa model center for small private colleges; architectural design by Caudill, Rowlett THE SCHOOL LIBRARY A reporton facilities for independent study, with & Scott. standards for the size of collections, scaring capacity, andthe nature of mate- rials to be inctzporated. 7.NEW BUILDING ON CAMPUS: SIX DESIGNSFOR A COLLEGE COMMUNICATIONS CENTER Graphic representations of the results ofan TO BUILD OR NOT TO BUILD A study of architectural competition for a ncw spaceto house the accoutrements of instruc- thc utilization of instructional tional aids and media. space in small liberal arts colleges, with a do-it-yourself workbook forthe individual usc of thc institutions that wishto survey their own utilization levels. 8. THE SCHOOLS AND URBAN RENEWAL Acase study of the Wooster Technical Repoas Square renewal project in New Haven, Connecticut.

1. ACOUSTICAL ENVIRONMENT OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS byJohn 9. AIR STRUCICURES FOR SCHOOL SPORTS A study of air-supported Lyon Reid and Daniel FitzroyAcoustics of academic space in schools. An analysis shelters as housing for playfields, swimming pools, andother physical education of the statistical data gathered frommeasurement and study. activities. 1 '*.

A REPORT FROM EDUCA110Na FACILITIESLABORATORIES

CASE STUDIE1 OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES