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Evaluation of Host Tolerance, Biological, Chemical, and Cultural Control of S C L E Ro Tinia S C Le Ro Ti O Ru M Tn Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.)

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Evaluation of Host Tolerance, Biological, Chemical, and Cultural Control of S C L E Ro Tinia S C Le Ro Ti O Ru M Tn Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) EVALUATION OF HOST TOLERANCE, BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, AND CULTURAL CONTROL OF S C L E RO TINIA S C LE RO TI O RU M TN SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) BY ROBERTw'DUNCAN A Thesrs Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Plant Science University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba @ Robert W. Duncan, 2003 THE UNIVERSITY OF I\{ANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES *tr*** COPYRIGHT PER-I,IISSION PAGE EVALUATION OF HOST TOLERANCE, BIOLOGICAL, CHEI\{ICAL, AND CULTURAL CONTROL OF SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUTIIN SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNAUS L,) BY ROBERT W. DUNCAN A Thesis/Practicurn submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The Universitv of l\fanitoba in partial fulfillment of the rcquirements of the degree of N{ASTER OF SCIENCE Robert W, Duncan O 2003 Permission has been grânted to the Library ofThe Universit¡'of Manitoba to lend or sell copies ofthis thesis/practicum, to the National Library of Canada io microfiÌm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and to University N'Iicrofilm Inc. to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum, This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authorit¡' of the cop¡,right orvner solel¡' for the purpose of private study and research, and may only be reproduced ând copied as permitted by copyright larrs or n'ith express Ìyritten authorization from the cop),right oryner. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First off I have to thank my family, for without their support this degree would not have been possible. Not a day went by without talking to my parents, receiving support and encouragement. Even though our physical separation maybe greater in the years to come, there is no doubt we will become closer than ever. The opportunity that was presented to me by my co-advisors, Drs. Dilantha Fernando, and Khalid Rashid will never be forgotten. They plovided me with an opportunity to grow as a student and plant pathologist. It is because of this oppoúunity that I have the chance to further my academic career. To my committee members, Drs. Dilantha Femando, Khalid Rashid, Brent McCallum, and Fouad Daayf, thank you so very much for the countless hours ofadvice and direction, especially during conference preparation and tlu'oughout the writing process. I have to send a special thanks to Paula Parks, for all the time and assistance she provided me with. I know when I first appeared in the lab I was inexperienced and had an unlimited amouff ofquestions, and without her help, the project would not have succeeded. The assistance by Laurence Wiebe and his associates was also imperative to the success of this project. I have heard it said, that the friendships you make during grad school are often the ones that stay with you for the rest of your life, and I truly believe that now. I have met many close fiìends over these last two years, fiom all parts of the world, and no matter where we end up in the future, I look forward to sharing my experiences with them. TABLE OF'CONTENTS Page ACKNOV/LEDGEMENTS. , . ii LIST OF TABLBS...,..........,. vi LIST OF FIGURES.................. viii ABSTRACT..,. lx FOREWARD... ..: 1.0 INTRODUCTION............. I 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW........ 7 2.1 Helianthus annuus. .... .. .. 7 2.1.1 Sunflower History. .. .. ... .. .. 7 2.1.2 Agronomics................. 10 2.1.3 Production. ... .. 13 2.1.4 Sunflower Usage.................. 14 2.1.4.1 Oilseeds I4 2.I.4.2 Confections.,.............. 17 2.1,.5 Growth Stages.. 18 2.2 Sclerotinia sclerotiorunt....,. 18 2.2.1 Introduction..... 18 2.2.2 Taxonomy and Nomenclature. .. ... ... ...... 20 2.2.3 Host Range.. .. .. 20 2.2.4 Distribution, Prevalence, and lncidence... 2t 2.2.5 Economic Importance. ... .... .. .. 22 2.2.6 Disease Cycle, Infection, and S¡anptomology.. .. ... ... .. ..... )7 2.2.7 Envirownental Requirements and Epidemiology.. ... .. .... .... 27 2.2.8 Sclerotinia Head Rot Assessment 29 2.3 Management of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.. ... .. 29 2.3.1 Introduction..... 29 2.3.2 Cultural Management.. ... .. ....... .. 30 2.3.3 Host Resistance 32 2.3.4 Chemical Control........... 34 2.3.5 Biological Control.. .. .... .. 34 2.3.5.1 Introduction. ......... .. .. 34 2.3.5.2 Biological Control Mechanisms........ .. .. 36 2.3.5.3 Biological Control of Sclerorìnia s clerotiorutn........ 38 2.3.5.4 Commercialization and Future Outlook. .... ..... ...... 40 Page 3.0 Susceptibility of Confection and Oilseed Sunflowers to Sclerotinia Head Rot (S c I e r ot in i a s c I e ro t i o r unt) 42 3.1 Abstract..... 42 3.2 Introduction 43 3.3 Materials and Methods.. .. 46 3.3.1 Agronomics. ,. 46 3.3.1.1 Hybrid Comparison Experiment 46 3.3.1.2 Growth Stage Susceptibility Experiment 47 33.2 Afüficial lnoculum Preparation.. .. ..... 48 3.3.3 Inoculation.. .. .. 49 3.3.3. 1 Hybrid Comparison Experiment 49 3.3.3.2 Growth Stage Susceptibility Experiment 50 3.3.4 Disease Assessment. ... .. s0 3.4 Results. 51 3.4.1 Hybrid Comparison. ... ., ....... .. 51 3.4.2 Susceptibility of Sunflower Types................... 54 3.4.3 Inoculation Effectiveness. 56 3.4.4 Growth Stage Susceptibility. .. ...... .. .. 56 3.5 Discussion.. 59 3.6 Conclusions 64 4.0 Management of Sclerotinia Head Rot (,9cierolitùa sclerotiorum) in Sunflower.. .. 66 4.1 Abstract..... 66 4,2 I¡troduction 67 4.3 Materials and Methods. ... 69 4.3.1 Agronomics.. .. Áo 4.3.2 Biocontrol Agent Production. 70 4.3.3 Pathogen I¡oculum Production.. .. ... 71 4.3.4 Biocontrol Agent and Fungicide Application. .. ... .... .. ... 71 4.3.5 Pathogen Inoculation. ... 72 4.3.6 Disease Assessment.. .. .. t5 4.4 Results. ..... 73 4.4.1 Natural Sclerotinia Head Rot Infection. .. .. 73 4.4.2 Afüftcial Sclerotinia Head Rot Infection.. 79 4.4.3 Bacterial and Fungicide Coated,S.s. Inoculum................. 80 4.4.4 Foliar Control of Artificially Induced Head Rot.. .. ... ... .... 80 4.4.5 Application Timing. .... .. ....... .. 81 4.4.6 Effects of a Misting System........... 82 4.5 Discussion.. 82 4.6 Conclusions 86 5.0 The Elfect of Time and Burial Depth on Viability and Bacterial Colonization of Sclerotia ofJclerotinia sclerotiorutn. ,.,, ., ,,,,,. 88 5.1 Abstract..... 88 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Fatty acid composition ofselected oilseeds. 16 2.2 Sunflower growth stages.. .. .. .. 19 3.1 Mean disease incidence, disease severity index (DSl), and area under the disease progress curye (AUDPC) for a hybrid comparison experiment at Morden, Manitoba, in 2001 .. .. .. .. 52 3.2 Mean disease incidence, disease severity index (DSI), and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for 10 hybrids utalyzed separately for the three inoculum sources at Morden, Manitoba, in 2002.............. 53 3.3 Mean disease incidence, disease severity index (DSI), and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for sunflower type with three inoculum sources, Morden, Manitoba, in2002........... 55 3.4 Mean disease incidence, disease severity index (DSI), and area under the disease progress curve (A[JDPC) for inoculum sources at Morden, Manitoba, in2002........... Sj 3.5 Mean disease incidence, disease severity index (DSI), and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for growth stage susceptibility experiments, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2002 58 4.1 Mean disease incidence, disease severity index (DSI), and area under the disease progress culve (ALIDPC) for the early-flowering (R5.1-R5.5) inoculation experiment at Morden, Manitoba, in2001 and2002.............. 74 4.2 Mean disease incidence, disease severity index (DSI), and area unde¡ the disease progress curve (ALJDPC) for the late-flowering (R6.0) inoculation experiment at Morden, Manitoba, in 2001 and 2002.......... 75 4.3 Mean disease incidence, disease severity index (DSI), and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for the early-flowering (R5.1-R5.5) inoculation experiment at Carman, Manitoba, in200l and2002 76 5.1 Correlation coefficients ofPearson's Rank Cor¡elation for sclerotial germination and bacterial colonization levels from a sclerotial burial study at Wimipeg, Manitoba, Canada, from 2001 to 2002......... 100 vl Page \) Sclerotînia sclerotiorunt inhibitory bacteria isolated fiom sunflower, 0,5, and 10 cm depths at0,3,6,9,and12 months at Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, from 2001 to 2002.. .. 104 LIST OF'FIGURES Figure Page 2.1. Sclerotinia sclet'otiorum life cycle in the sunflower production system. 24 4,1 Disease progress cutves for the spread of Sclet otinia sclerotiorunt head rot at Morden 1, Manitoba, Canada. .... .. .... j7 4.2 Disease progress curves for the spread of Sclerotinia sclerotioruttt head rot at Morden 2, Manitoba, Canada.. .. .... .. '18 5.1 Viability ofsclerotia buried at 0, 5, and 10 cm depths, sampled at 3,6,9, and 12 months, at Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, from 2007 to2002.... 98 5.2 Bacterial populations colonizing sclerotia buried at 0, 5, and 10 cm, sampled at3,6,9, and 12 months, from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, from 2001 to2002........... ... 101 5.3 Sclerotinía sclet'ot¡orum mycelial inhibition of 77.3%by Bacillus anyloliquefaciens strain 2033 on TS/?D............ 105 5.4 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum rnycelial inhibition of 88.5% by Bacíllus lichenifornús strain 233 on PDA. .... .. ... 106 5.5 Sclerotinia sclet'otiot'utn mycelial inhibition (43.2%) caused by volatile production of Bacillus mycoides strain 4079.. ... 108 5.6 lnhibitory bacterial population diversity analysis for 0, 5, and 10 cm depths, sampled at0,3,6,9,and12 months, ffom Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, from 2001 to2002....... 109 vnl ABSTRACT Duncan, Robert Wayne. M.Sc., The University of Manitoba, July, 2003. Evaluation of Host Tolerance, Biological, Chemical, and Cultural Control of Jc/ero tinia sclerotiorun in Sunflower (I1eliantJtus awtuus L.). Co-advisors; W.G.D. Femando and K.Y. Rashid. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is an economically devastating pathogen in sunflower (Helianthus annwts L.) producing areas around the world.
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