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Diapositiva 1 Ingegneria delle tecnologie per la salute Fondamenti di anatomia e istologia aa. 2016-17 Risultati test in itinere 8.11.2016 •210 iscritti – 27 assenti = 183 presenti •25 non idonei (13.7%) 16 14 12 10 8 Serie1 6 4 2 0 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101105109113117121125129133137141145149153157 Riproviamo…. Test in itinere 22.12.2016, ore 15.00. Schema generale approccio all’anatomia degli organi: •Nome •Tipo di organo: (cavo/parenchimatoso; pari/dispari) •Derivazione embriologica (endo-meso-ecto-dermico) •Forma e dimensioni •Posizione nel corpo •Rapporti anatomici + istologia •Vascolarizzazione •Innervazione •funzione Sistema respiratorio RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • every human cell needs to run oxidative cellular respiration (=oxidative phosphorylation, process where energy is produced in the form of ATP) where oxygen is a reactant and carbon dioxide is a waste product • it is actually the accumulation of carbon dioxide that primarily drives the need to breathe • carbon dioxide is exhaled and oxygen is inhaled through the RS, which includes: 1.muscles to move air into and out of the lungs, 2.passageways through which air moves, and 3.microscopic gas exchange surfaces covered by capillaries. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Major RS function: to provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove the waste product carbon dioxide, and help to maintain acid-base balance. RS also used for non-vital functions: sensing odors, speech production, and for straining, such as during childbirth or coughing Functionally, RS divided in: conducting zone = organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange respiratory zone = where gas exchange occurs RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Conducting Zone major functions: to provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from the incoming air, warm and humidify the incoming air. other functions: epithelium of the nasal passages is essential to sensing odors, bronchial epithelium that lines the lungs can metabolize some airborne carcinogens. Nose (+ its Adjacent Structures) major entrance and exit for the RS through the nose, divided into 2 sections: 1. external nose = surface and skeletal structures outward appearance + numerous functions root = region located between the eyebrows bridge = part that connects the root to the dorsum dorsum nasi = length of the nose apex = tip of the nose alae (singular = ala) = cartilaginous structure on either side of the apex forming the nostrils naris (plural = nares), or nostril opening = the “holes” philtrum = concave surface that connects the apex of the nose to the upper lip nasal bone = one of a pair lying under the root and bridge, articulating superiorly with frontal bone and laterally with maxillary bones. septal cartilage = flexible hyaline cartilage connected to the nasal bone, forming the dorsum nasi. alar cartilage = apex of the nose surrounding naris. Nose (+ its Adjacent Structures) Nose (+ its Adjacent Structures) 2. Nasal cavity = separated into left and right sections by the nasal septum nasal septum = anteriorly by a portion of the septal cartilage and posteriorly by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer lateral walls = 3 bony projections, called the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae (turbinate), inferior conchae are separate bones, whereas the superior and middle conchae are portions of ethmoid. floor = palate (hard palate at the anterior region composed of bone + soft palate at the posterior portion consists of muscle tissue) Nose (+ its Adjacent Structures) Vomeronasal organ (Jacobson’s) Nose (+ its Adjacent Structures) paranasal sinuses = air-containing spaces lined with a mucosa in the bones that form the walls of the nasal cavity, serving to warm and humidify incoming air, producing mucus and lightening the weight of the skull, named for its associated bone: frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoidal sinus, and ethmoidal sinus Nose (+ its Adjacent Structures) histology Nares + ant. portion of nasal cavities lined with mucous membranes, containing sebaceous glands and hair follicles, preventing passage of large debris, such as dirt, through nasal cavity olfactory epithelium detecting odors deeper in the nasal cavity conchae, meatuses, and paranasal sinuses lined by respiratory epithelium composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium + goblet cells cilia of the respiratory epithelium help remove the mucus and debris with a constant beating motion, sweeping materials towards the throat to be swallowed serous and mucus-producing cells also secrete the lysozyme enzyme and proteins called defensins, with antibacterial properties and immune cells that patrol the connective tissue deep to the respiratory epithelium provide additional protection Nose (+ its Adjacent Structures) histology Nose (+ its Adjacent Structures) histology Nose (+ its Adjacent Structures) histology Pharynx = tube formed by skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane that is continuous with that of the nasal cavities, divided into 3 major regions: 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx Pharynx Nasopharynx = flanked by the conchae, shows at the top the pharyngeal tonsil (= adenoid, aggregate of lymphoid reticular tissue), down the uvula (= small bulbous, teardrop-shaped structure located at the apex of the soft palate) and an opening of auditory (Eustachian) tubes Pharynx Eustachian Tube Pharynx Eustachian Tube Bartolomeo Eustachi meglio conosciuto come Eustachio (San Severino Marche, 1500-1510 – Fossombrone, 27 agosto 1574) è stato un anatomista italiano. Redige e completa tutti i suoi scritti sulla base di osservazioni ed esperimenti. Inaugura quell'anatomia sottile, proemio a quella microscopica. Teorizzò lo studio della tuba auditiva destra, ricordata tutt'oggi come la Tromba di Eustachio. Individuò inoltre le valvole coronarie, precisò ulteriormente la struttura di alcune ossa craniche, inietta di acqua calda le arterie renali, cercò di determinare la struttura dei reni e dei denti. Descrisse per la prima volta le ghiandole surrenali e fu il primo scopritore della vena alba, ora dotto toracico. Indaga con acutezza e logica lungimiranza sui cadaveri per malattie varie. Pharynx Oropharynx = passageway for both air and food, bordered superiorly by the nasopharynx and anteriorly by the oral cavity (fauces) nasopharynx becomes oropharynx, epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to stratified squamous epithelium, contains 2 distinct sets of tonsils, the palatine and lingual tonsils. Pharynx tonsils Tonsils are collections of lymphoid tissue facing into the aerodigestive tract. The set of lymphatic tissue known as Waldeyer's tonsillar ring includes the adenoid tonsil, two tubal tonsils, two palatine tonsils, and the lingual tonsil. When used unqualified, the term most commonly refers specifically to the palatine tonsils, which are masses of lymphatic material situated at either side at the back of the human throat. The palatine tonsils and the nasopharyngeal tonsil are lymphoepithelial tissues located near the oropharynx and nasopharynx (p arts of the throat). Pharynx Laryngopharynx = inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx, anteriorly opens into the larynx, whereas posteriorly, it enters the esophagus, stratified squamous epithelium continues Pharynx Pharynx Larynx = cartilaginous structure inferior to the laryngopharynx connecting pharynx to the trachea, regulating the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs and producing speech, made of several pieces of cartilage, 3 large cartilage pieces: a) thyroid cartilage (anterior), largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx, consists of the laryngeal prominence, or “Adam’s apple,” which tends to be more prominent in males, b) epiglottis (superior), c) cricoid cartilage (inferior), thick cartilage forms a ring, with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region 3 smaller paired cartilages: a) arytenoids, b) corniculates c) cuneiforms—attach to the epiglottis and the vocal cords and muscle thathelp move the vocal cords Larynx Larynx Il pomo d'Adamo è l'espressione con cui si designa comunemente la sporgenza della cartilagine tiroidea che circonda la laringe, che si osserva in alcuni individui pùberi e adulti in genere di sesso maschile, sulla linea mediana del collo. Nel linguaggio medico viene definito prominenza laringea. L'espressione trae origine da un'immagine di origine popolare, secondo la quale un boccone del frutto mangiato da Adamo gli sarebbe rimasto incastrato in gola. Larynx Larynx Larynx Epiglottis = very flexible piece of elastic cartilage attached to thyroid cartilage, covering the trachea opening, resting on the glottis. Glottis = composed of: a) vestibular folds or false vocal cord = a pair of folded sections of mucous membrane, b) true vocal cords = white, membranous folds attached by muscle to Inner edges of the true vocal cords are free, the thyroid and arytenoid allowing oscillation to produce sound. cartilages of the larynx on act of swallowing causes pharynx and larynx to their outer edges, and the lift upward, allowing pharynx to expand and space between these folds epiglottis of the larynx to swing downward, closing the opening to the trachea. These movements produce a larger area for food to pass through, while preventing food and beverages from entering the trachea. Larynx Larynx Larynx Larynx histology Continuous with laryngopharynx, larynx’ superior portion is lined by stratified squamous epithelium, transitioning into
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