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The Polyscopic Landscape of Poverty Research

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The Polyscopic Landscape of Poverty Research CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives international social science council/conseil international des sciences sociales Comparative Research Programme on Poverty THE POLYSCOPIC LANDSCAPE OF POVERTY RESEARCH “State of the art” in International Poverty Research. An overview and 6 in-depth studies Report prepared for the Research Council of Norway by Else Øyen in collaboration with Bård Anders Andreassen, Asbjørn Eide, Anete Brito Leal Ivo, Nanna Kildal, Kassim Kulindwa, Enrique Valencia Lomelí, Jarichje Moeshart, Carlos Barba Solano, Kirsti Thesen Sælen, Lucy Williams, Francis Wilson, Alicia Ziccardi Bergen, Norway, April 2005 CROP Secretariat Nygårdsgt. 5 Tel: +47 55 58 97 39 N-5020 Bergen Fax +47 55 58 97 45 NORWAY E-mail: [email protected] http://www.crop.org THE POLYSCOPIC LANDSCAPE OF POVERTY RESEARCH CONTENTS Chapter Page Preface 1 I Introduction 2 Else Øyen II The Polyscopic Landscape of Poverty Research 5 1. Disciplinary Approaches 2. Approaches by Other Actors 3. Examples of Dominant Approaches in Poverty Research 4. Institutions Involved in Different Forms of Poverty Research Else Øyen III Methodological Issues of Importance to Further the Scientific 24 Development of Poverty Research 1. Conceptual Changes 2. Poverty Reduction as a Goal for Poverty Research 3. Ethical Issues in Poverty Research 4. Poverty Research as a Long-term Project Else Øyen IV Research Horizons: Poverty in Latin America 29 1. Introduction 2. Studies during the Eighties: From Crisis to Adjustment 3. Structuring a Residual Welfare Paradigm 4. Studies under the Residual Paradigm 5. Opening of the Multiparadigmatic Phase 6. Towards a New Generation of Studies Carlos Barba Solano, Anete Brito Leal Ivo, Enrique Valencia Lomelí, and Alicia Ziccardi V Poverty in South Africa: 2000-2005 61 1. Historical Context 2. The Past Five Years 3. The Wider Region 4. Conclusion Francis Wilson VI Poverty and Water: How Water Distribution and Allocation Is 71 Institutionalised within a Framework of Access and Denial 1. Introduction: Link between water and poverty 2. Role of water to society 3. Poverty – Water Research in the Past Decade 4. Water-Poverty Measurement Considerations 5. The Quest for Improved Availability of Water for the Poor 6. Stakeholder Participation 7. Economic Approaches 8. Water for Irrigation 9. The Current Focus on the Environment, Water – Poverty Nexus 10. The Need for Strengthening the Poverty-Water Linkage 11. Challenges for Future Research Kassim Kulindwa VII Law and Poverty 91 1. Introduction 2. Law as Partially Constructing and Perpetuating Poverty 3. Social Welfare Laws Construct Identities and Exclusions 4. Legally Enforceable Individual Entitlements to Socio-Economic Rights 5. The Relevance of Multiple Legal Regimes to Poverty Reduction 6. Viewing Poverty Reduction through a Cross-Border Lens 7. Conclusion Lucy A. Williams VIII Human Rights as an International Poverty Reducing Strategy 110 1. The New Emphasis on Human Rights in International Poverty Reduction Work 2. Conceptual and Operational Linkage between Human Rights and Development in International Human Rights Law 3. The Relationship between Human Rights and Poverty Established by Human Rights Institutions and in the Literature 4. Key Research Challenges Bård Anders Andreassen and Asbjørn Eide IX Poverty and the Rights of Citizenship 121 1. Introduction 2. Three Principles of Welfare: Universalism, Targeting and Contribution 3. Scandinavian Universalism and Poverty Reduction 4. Old-age Pensions and Poverty in ‘Developing Countries’ 5. A Universal Basic Income Grant (BIG) 6. Factors Conducive to Scandinavian Universalism 7. Open Questions Nanna Kildal X Agenda for Future Research on Poverty in the South 135 1. General Recommendations 2. Specific Recommendations 3. Poverty Production Else Øyen XI The Extent of Norwegian Expertise and the Role of Norwegian Scholars 141 in Research on Poverty in the South 1. Data on Norwegian Research on Poverty in the South 2. The Framework of Norwegian Poverty Research Directed towards the South 3. The Role of Norwegian Scholars in International Poverty Research Kirsti Thesen Sælen Appendix A Overview of Institutions Involved in Poverty Research Jarichje Moeshart B Resource Persons C About the Authors D About CROP E Acronyms Preface In August 2004 the Research Council of Norway announced tenders for a “State-of-the-art” report within international poverty research, with special focus on institutions and rights. The Research Council wanted the report to give an overview over what is the present state of knowledge in the field, indicate where the frontiers of research are, identify what the most pressing needs for new knowledge are, and suggest how Norwegian expertise can contribute to poverty research in the South. The size of the report is limited to 100 pages. The Comparative Research Programme on Poverty (CROP) was successful with its tender. The contract (Project No. 168080/S30) with the Research Council was signed by both parties during the second half of October 2004, and the contract period was set to 4 months. The final report was to be delivered 1.05.2005 at the latest. The project description provided by CROP for the tender competition takes as its starting point that, within the framework of such a report, it is at present not possible to give more than a limited overview of the frontiers of international poverty research. Poverty research comprises a vast area of different scientific disciplines and interdisciplinary approaches, within clearly opposing paradigms. No common platform has been established for the scientific evaluation of the field in general, and the validity of presented research results is often difficult to judge as some of the research is mixed with political interests and/or particular moral values. In this situation CROPs proposal was to use its own knowledge base to 1) give an overview of where a selection of major approaches to poverty research are presently located in the field of international science and present some of the current paradigmatic approaches, and 2) single out five topics for in-depth case studies to present frontiers of research within different areas of international poverty research and define new questions to be explored, and 3) use this material to say something about what are the most pressing needs for new knowledge in international poverty research and how this may be reflected in future studies in the South. The project is designed to meet the requirements of the Research Council which is to focus on institutions and rights and contribute to knowledge development of special importance for poverty reduction and national welfare strategies in the South. CROP hereby presents the Report from the project. It has been developed in close co- operation with scholars in the South and other members of the CROP international network of poverty researchers, see Appendix B. Very special thanks go to the main collaborators who have taken charge of the case studies. The results of their work appear in chapters IV-IX. CROP, however, bears the sole responsibility for the contents of the Report. Else Øyen, Scientific Director of CROP1 Bergen, 30.04.2005 1 The CROP Secretariat is located at the University of Bergen, Norway. For more information about CROP see www.crop.org 1 I Introduction Else Øyen The challenge of this Report is to point to some of the major trends in poverty research and to identify promising research results that might form a useful base for further research on causes, processes and formations of poverty in the South. Such an overview is one of several tools needed to improve poverty research. The Report has not been easy to write. It would be easier to write a report on the-state- of-the-art in non-poverty research. The non-poor are fewer in number, more visible, better and more adequately researched, and as a group likely to be more homogenous than the poor. Still, nobody would ever expect such a report to be complete and satisfactory. One of the problems with a report on the-state-of-the-art in poverty research lies with the concept of poverty. Poverty is an umbrella concept embracing the future, past and present lives of millions and millions of people. It is a concept developed by the non-poor. Its generality serves to create distance and avoid individualising. As a specific research tool it is of little use. However, it is being used in research and political action, and somehow or other we therefore have to relate to it. Some of the major factors that have an impact on a report on the-state-of-the-art on poverty research can be listed as follows: • Poverty is an extremely complex phenomenon that can not be described or understood through a limited set of variables or a fixed context. • Causes and manifestations of poverty are found on the micro, meso and macro level in a huge diversity of cultural settings. • The present overall picture of poverty research is a conglomerate of basic and applied research of varying quality, political statements and moral beliefs that at times are used interchangeably. • Research has tried to find its way through this mass of complexity by sorting out certain variables for inspection, follow a limited set of causal factors and concentrate on certain strategies for poverty reduction. As a result research reports, however scientific and thorough their approaches, can only present a limited and skewed picture of reality. These factors influence a presentation of the state of the art. • During the last decade or so research on poverty and research induced poverty papers and reports on poverty issues that present partial research results have increased at such a rate that it is not possible to give a full overview.1 The picture is such that the frontiers of all this activity stretch out in many different and incoherent directions.
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