A D IE
P U A TR . O N . O . F SC IE NC E, DEV ELOP MENT A WORD OF TRIBUTE & INNOVATION Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) pays tribute to one of the greatest benevolent leaders of modern times, the former Amir, His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah who pioneered modern renaissance and advancements in the State of Kuwait. The legendary imprint he left behind will be forever engraved not only on the soils of the land but also in the minds of his people and cherished for many years to come! May the Almighty and Merciful God grant him peaceful rest and heavenly blessings. To God we belong and to Him we return
Words of Light
Scientific Directions in Advancement: “The fruits of scientific research are very precious; it cannot be attained with ease but only by those who are constantly persevering, immensely dedicated and whole-heartedly selfless to serve mankind.”
The Late Amir, His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al Sabah Board of Directors The Late Amir, His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Chairman
Members
Anwar A. Al-Noori Khaled A. Al-Sagar Hamed S. A. Al-Sabah Saad A. Al-Nahedh The Late Hamad Y. Al-Essa Fahad M. Al-Rashed
Ali A. Al-Shamlan Director General
Suleiman A. Al-Awadi Board Secretary
Research Directorate
Naji M. Al-Mutairi Director
Staff
Mohammad A. Taqi Shafiqa A. Al-Awadi Fatima M. Al-Awadi Mohamed S. Al-Mansour AlKhansaa A. Al-Hussaini Nazar M. Chaudry Johaina A. Al-Hamdan Sheba M. Mathew Anwar O. Bin Amer Aisha S. Al-Olaimi Manal S. Al-Ebrahem Ejlal A. Sa'ad Sawsan M. Sayed Melita A. Alvares Nadia H. Masri Hadia M. Saker Mirvette M. Samara Sunita V. D'Souza His Highness The Amir of the State of Kuwait Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
Chairman, Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences His Highness The Crown Prince of the State of Kuwait Sheikh Nawwaf Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Preface
" The nation is a ship that will remain and continue to exist and we are only transitory passengers aboard" The Late Amir, His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al Sabah The publication of this Annual Report that archives the events of the year 2005, corresponds to the passing era of one of the greatest legendary figures in the Arab World, The Late Amir, His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al Sabah, who was unparalleled for his immaculate, simplicity of life, profound dedication, immense devotion and powerful vision, which championed the people of the nation towards a new century of progress and advancement. It was due to the benevolent leadership of the Late Amir that the State of Kuwait reached new heights of development at the national, regional and global levels. His great vision for national, scientific and technical growth was realized in the establishment of Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences. The constant support and concern of His Highness as the Chairman of KFAS Board prompted novel directions and impetus to scientific enhancement, namely through augmented support for national scientific projects, research, infrastructure and technical cadre. Deep regret is also expressed over the loss of one of KFAS Board Members, Mr. Hamad Yousef Al-Eisa whose vital role, keen insight and tireless efforts made valuable contributions to the mission of KFAS. To God we belong and to Him we return The Annual Report 2005 by the Research Directorate, KFAS, archives the events and activities of the fiscal year as well as the accomplishments made in diverse scientific fields. It records the concerted efforts by the government and private sectors to work in co-ordination with national and international academic and research institutions in order to attain the best possible outcome for the nation and the region. In its quest to address the noble scientific objectives and in the sincere attempt to promote scientific excellence, KFAS endeavored to implement relevant strategic programs and activities and establish scientific centers in the nation. I am extremely grateful to the Board members and His Highness, the Amir of the State of Kuwait, Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah for their guidance and valuable direction. The immense contributions by the researchers, reviewers, experts, institutions, public and private authorities and Kuwait Share-holding Companies have facilitated us to address our mission. I commend the dedicated efforts and perseverance of the Research Directorate staff under the able leadership of Dr. Naji M. Al-Mutairi, steering positively towards accomplishing excellence in science and technology in the State of Kuwait. May God grant us success in all our scientific endeavors.
Professor Ali A. Al-Shamlan Director General Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) K u w a i t F o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e A d v a n c e m e n t o f S c i e n c e s Private non-profit organization established in 1976 Financial contributions mainly from Kuwaiti Shareholding Companies
C o p y r i g h t © 2 0 0 6 P. O. Box: 25263 13113 Safat, Kuwait
Phone: (965) 2425912 Fax: (965) 2403912
[email protected] www.kfas.org.kw KFAS LOGO SYMBOL OF SCIENCE, TRADITION AND CULTURE
KFAS’ logo epitomizes the nation’s traditional and scientific culture. It celebrates the glorious past and envisages the future that encompasses immense opportunities and aspirations along life's journey on its endless coast.
Each icon embedded within the logo signifies an individual and unique idea, represented by a scientific symbol. KFAS’ support for traditional and cultural values is denoted by the two hands that uphold the symbolic emblem.
The scientific symbols (sun, mathematical equation, microscope, atomic orbit and the sail), represent individual disciplines in science. The background of the sail demonstrate the Kuwaiti perspective behind all scientific endeavors. Scientific Directorates and Offices
Research Directorate Supports and promotes basic and applied research in the country. Enhances scientific activities by encouraging Kuwaiti establishments, scientists, and researchers. Establishes research programs and collaborates with international scientific community for national progress.
Scientific Cultural Directorate Supports scientific, cultural programs, publication of scientific books and production of documentary films. Aims at developing national scientific and technical potentials and establishes KFAS’ scientific role at the international level.
Prizes Office Awards annual prizes in various disciplines for meritorious contributions by scientists and researchers in the State of Kuwait and other Arab and Islamic countries.
International Programmes Office Monitors and executes agreements established with organizations and academic institutions around the world. Supportive Directorates
Directorate of Administration Supervises the implementation of administrative rules and regulations. Conducts administrative tasks and public relations.
Directorate of Finance Supervises and monitors KFAS’ funds to scientific projects and activities. Collects and maintains record of contributions from Shareholding Companies.
Directorate of Engineering Provides technical and maintenance support and supervises construction projects. Research Directorate
The Research Directorate (RD) derives its inspiration and symbol from the heart of KFAS' logo. The Directorate logo is a blend of the sun and the sail, representing the infinite energy that sets the boundless directions in Science and Technology. The English letters 'R' and 'D' and the Arabic letters, ‘ ’ and ‘ ’ embedded within the logo, represent the title of the Directorate. Biological Sciences (BS)
Biological Sciences are represented by the sun that reflects life and the study related to it. By attributing green to the particular area of science, it signifies research pertaining to living organisms on land, sea and air as well as studies on natural resources.
Engineering Sciences and Technology (ES)
Engineering Sciences and Technology are associated with the mathematical equation of relativity by Albert Einstein and classified by a shade of blue, relating to the technical thrust on the application of science and mathematics and the processes of matter, products, systems and structures.
Medical Sciences (MS)
The microscope is the icon used to indicate research in Medical Sciences and is categorized by pink. It identifies the diagnostic probe undertaken in research to rectify healthcare problems and maintain the optimum welfare of the people.
Natural Sciences (NS)
Natural Sciences, reflected by the natural shade of beige, bear the atomic orbit icon to imply research in basic sciences that is implemented to preserve and conserve the natural spheres of sciences for promoting complete environmental progress.
Social Sciences and Humanities (SS)
The traditional sail, classified by mauve, provides the oriental setting to studies in Social Sciences. It highlights the rich national heritage, culture and values that sustain human development and valuable effort undertaken to trigger social progress in the country. Table of Contents
PREFACE 8
INTRODUCTION 18
RESEARCH DIRECTORATE (RD) 20 RD Mission 20 RD Objectives 20 RD ACTIVITIES 20 Development and Administration of Scientific Programs 21 Research Funding Program 21 Water Resources Program 21 Kuwait Mathematics Program at University of Cambridge 22 Kuwait Shareholding Companies Program 23 Diabetes Research Program 23 Environment and Pollution Program 24 Funding Scientific Research 25 Research Project Submission 25 Research Project Evaluation 26 Research Project Execution 27 Information and Scientific Documentation 30 Information System Development 30 Printing and Publication 30 Distribution 30
STATISTICAL OVERVIEW 31 Financial Indicators for Year 2005 31 Comparative Indicators for Year 2003-2005 35 Cumulative Indicators since 1978 - 2005 37 Beneficiaries 38
FUNDED RESEARCH AREAS 40 Biological Sciences 42 Engineering Sciences and Technology 72 Medical Sciences 106 Natural Sciences 118 Social Sciences and Humanities 133
INDEX: LIST OF PROJECTS 162
PARTNERS IN DEVELOPMENT 180 Introduction
The Research Directorate (RD) at KFAS, in the publication of the Annual Report for the year 2005 records with deep grief the immense loss of one of the greatest national leaders of our times and our founder, the Late Amir, His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah (Peace Be Upon Him).
The remarkable influence of the eminent role played by the pioneer of scientific advancement in this part of the world will undoubtedly leave an indelible mark in the annals of our history as we recall with gratitude his tremendous contributions towards modern science and technology. The establishment of the national scientific infrastructure, including the Dasman Center for Diabetes is exemplary of the high ideals cherished and the noble objectives for which KFAS symbolizes and the nation-wide development it represents.
The Annual Report 2005 profiles the major objectives, mission and vision of RD and documents the main activities, programs and projects undertaken during the fiscal year 2005. It focuses on the Research Grant Program, its policies and processes and KFAS’ role in supporting national research in the areas of Biological Sciences, Engineering Sciences and Technology, Medical Sciences, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences and Humanities. Categorical and descriptive accounts of undertakings by sponsored projects form the basis of the report and their contributions to the integral part of the social and scientific development of the country are highlighted. The purpose of the Annual Report is to record and disseminate KFAS’ support for scientific endeavors, research and technical developments within the State of Kuwait. RD has taken immense efforts to promote channels of communication and collaboration with international scientific communities so as to meet global standards in research.
The Research Directorate welcomes suggestions and constructive criticisms from readers pertaining to this Annual Report. All comments may be sent to:
[email protected] [email protected] REASEARCH DIRECTORATE (RD) The vital role of the Research Directorate (RD) is to promote intellectual development, scientific culture, technical skills, and links with scientific institutions for exchange of scientific know-how. In view of the above, a five-year strategic plan was launched in 2002 focusing on the efficient functioning of the administrative and operational processes of the Directorate. Accordingly, several scientific programs were initiated and are currently ongoing, while additional programs are in the pipeline for implementation in the future. The salient features of the strategic plan are as follows:
RD Mission The mission of RD is to support and nurture national ventures in science and technology so as to develop the inherent scientific capabilities in the nation and thus contribute to the scientific and technical advancement of the country. The Directorate also endeavors to unite the efforts of all scientists and experts in the academic and research faculties as well as the public authorities and organizations in the private sector to address issues of national concern. Focus is also towards the development of human resources, preserving the national heritage, achieving international collaboration for the purpose of accomplishing KFAS’ scientific objectives.
RD Objectives The broad objective of KFAS is to support and sustain scientific development in the nation within all spheres of human life - intellectual, cultural and human skills and to encourage scientific initiatives by national researchers and scientific institutions and thus enhance the national scientific infrastructure. Specific RD getstar are: • To monitor scientific research and programs that are funded by KFAS so as to address national issues in collaboration with international experts and promote development in academic and research fields by encouraging and involving the public as well as the private sectors. • To support and encourage local scientific talents and initiatives that are directed towards solving problems and to encourage participation for the benefit of technical advancement and preservation of national heritage. • To encourage international collaboration with the scientific establishments for the purpose of technology transfer at the national level. • To provide a scientific database on research subjects and scientists in different areas of research and to establish mechanisms to exchange information and scientific knowledge.
RD ACTIVITIES The Research Directorate endeavors to accomplish KFAS objectives by implementing strategies, administrative and financial procedures and executing various relevant activities in accordance with stipulated regulations. Major activities involve the following:
A. Development and Administration of Scientific Programs B. Funding Scientific Research C. Information and Scientific Documentation.
20 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
A. Development and Administration of Scientific Programs The Directorate directed its efforts to execute various scientific programs that effectively address its mission and objectives.
1. Research Funding Program The Research Funding Program constitutes an integral part of the Directorate’s activities aimed at encouraging local researchers and supporting the infrastructure of the scientific institutions dedicated to research by providing grants under the following sub-programs: • Basic and Applied Research Funding KFAS funds are allocated to research in basic and applied sciences that have the potential to lead to breakthrough discoveries in target areas of vital significance to the State of Kuwait. Applications for research grants are solicited from local academic, public and private institutions for promoting co-operative research and enhancing scientific progress through mutual partnerships among academic and technical groups. • Assigned Research Project Funding The sub-program started in 1985 when KFAS Board of Directors assigned certain projects of national priority that target social, economic and scientific concerns. The program procedures were similar to the Basic and Applied Research Funding and the projects were monitored by the Board of Directors. Under this program 17 projects were implemented and completed and the project on Dictionary of the Holy Quran is ongoing. • Exploratory Research Funding KFAS encourages national innovative ideas and skills by supporting short-term exploratory projects. They are special projects that address national issues and are generally recommended by the Board of Directors. The sub-program provides opportunities for young researchers/inventors to explore and utilize their scientific talents. KFAS has funded a number of projects under this sub-program. • Special Grants Projects under the Special Grants sub-program are approved by KFAS Board of Directors or the Director General and relate to specific studies that address particular national issues.
2. Water Resources Program Water is one of the most significant areas of concern not only in the State of Kuwait but also in the regional and international context. In view of this, KFAS Board continued its support by contributing to several studies that aim at identifying the major problems in the area, while also attempting to find solutions to address them and develop means to meet the increasing demand for water. KFAS Board established the Water Resources Program under the jurisdiction of the Research Directorate and thus reiterated its continuous support to water-related scientific studies and the development of scientific and technical capabilities of the nationals in the various fields of study. The scope of the activities within the water resources program also involved setting out a strategic framework to establish a distinct scientific center for research and development of water resources within the State through scientific research and integrated efforts by concerned authorities and organizations that are involved in addressing the growing challenges and difficulties encountered by them. During the fiscal year 2005, efforts were undertaken to establish a Bibliographic Information Database on experts in water sciences and technologies at the national, regional and international levels so as to utilize their expertise for research activities as well as for evaluating research projects and scientific reports.
21 A Scientific Advisory Committee was formed and several meetings were held to assess water-related prioritized research projects that are included in the Strategic Plan prepared by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) and the Ministry of Energy (MOE). A Regional Consulting Committee was also formed to draft a strategic plan for setting up the Water Resources Research and Studies Center. A symposium was held on “Water Quality in Kuwait and the Threats of Commercial Malpractices on Household Drinking Water Systems” during January 2005. Four scientific lectures were presented at the symposium on drinking water quality in Kuwait and the associated health impacts in which KFAS, KISR and MOE participated. Relevant recommendations were made to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry on the dangers of installing household reverse osmosis devices. The ministry, in turn, formed a committee comprising of members of the concerned agencies and institutions in the country and a decree was issued banning installation of such devices. KFAS, under Water Resources Program, conducted five intensive training courses in the area of water desalination during March-June 2005 to train the technical staff at the various institutions in the State. The Second Meeting of the World Health Organization Experts was organized at KFAS from 12th to 15th November 2005, with the purpose of documenting the Desalination Water Criteria Guide and ensuring as well as promoting safe drinking water supplies within the nation. It was attended by 28 international experts in the area of water resources from 18 countries, in addition to local experts.
3. Kuwait Mathematics Program at University of Cambridge The program, primarily aimed at promoting study and research in Number Theory or Algebra, was officially launched in 1999. It was also intended to provide a unique link between contemporary University of Cambridge mathematicians and their Arab predecessors, highlighting and spreading their work through many number theorists, thus expanding research in the specific area. KFAS agreed to contribute £150,000 annually for ten years to the Cambridge Foundation for the purpose of sponsoring and advancing studies and research in Number Theory or Algebra in the Faculty of Mathematics at University of Cambridge. The four major activities related to the program are as follows: • The Kuwait Professorship of Number Theory and Algebra, the first ever in Cambridge solely in number theory, stands in honor of renowned Arab Mathematicians, ensuring the advancement of Arabic mathematics world-wide. The endowment of this professorship undoubtedly ensures the expansion of work in number theory, in particular, and in mathematics, in general.
• Kuwait Fund for Research in Mathematics extends additional support for research work in Mathematics.
• Kuwait Junior Research Fellowship in Mathematics for a period of six months is awarded to suitable candidates from Kuwaiti/Arab institutions after careful scrutiny of the applications under stipulated regulations and guidelines.
• Every year a series of nine lectures, entitled Kuwait Fund Lectures in Mathematics are conducted on the subject of Number Theory or Algebra by world-renowned mathematicians at University of Cambridge, some of which were attended by local mathematicians from Kuwait University.
Additionally, KFAS has also made special arrangements with Cambridge University to hold two annual lectures in Kuwait; one lecture would cover a general topic in mathematics for the benefit of the public while the second lecture would address the specific interests of the scientific community specialized in mathematical sciences. During the academic year, special lectures were organized and presented at Kuwait University and the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training.
22 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Since the inception of the program forty six Kuwait Fund Lectures were held, attended by fourteen researchers from Kuwait. Until 2005, six Junior Research Fellows were awarded scholarships (four from Kuwait and two from Bahrain).
4. Kuwaiti Shareholding Companies Program The Kuwaiti Shareholding Companies (KSC) Program was established in 2003 with a view to providing support to national organizations and facilitating them to upgrade information, technical know-how and scientific expertise in various fields such as banking, investment, insurance, real estate, contracting, industry, services, navigation, food, etc. The major thrust was on establishing a vital link between basic and applied research and coordinating efforts in developing technical performance, providing the essential resources and optimizing benefits for the purpose of addressing prevailing concerns, risks and challenges encountered by the nation. A comprehensive document was compiled detailing the program policies and procedures, including the functions of the Higher Advisory Committee (consisting of highly qualified local specialists and experts) and Technical Committee. RD also drafted and finalized the future agenda of the Higher Advisory Committee during the fiscal year. The Program document was amended as per the two-phased directives proposed by the committee members: • The first phase will include a short-term plan to address three relevant areas, namely, (i) economic and financial legislations that influence the private sector; (ii) administration and development ofhuman resources; and (iii) establishment of information databases and economic indicators for the country.
• The second phase will consist of a long-term plan regarding specific topics that will be implemented based on the needs and requirements of the economic sectors.
The Research Directorate is currently reviewing all research projects received from Kuwait University and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, which will be submitted to the Higher Advisory Committee for selection of projects that have priority and need to be implemented immediately. All research projects would be scrutinized carefully in accordance with specific policies and procedures that govern KFAS Grant Research Program, prior to any decision undertaken by the higher management authorities.
5. Diabetes Research Program The Diabetes Research Program is related to the establishment of the Dasman Center for Research and Treatment of Diabetes (DCRTD). The program was launched in pursuit of excellence in scientific development, social welfare and public healthcare in the State of Kuwait. The program also aims at optimum utilization of the available resources and identification of research priorities in a clear-cut manner through related scientific efforts that will address the prevalence of diabetes in the country. The concept of establishing a specialized center for diagnostic, treatment and research purposes gained momentum as a result of the scientific research studies that highlighted the widespread prevalence of diabetes and its impact on the State of Kuwait. It is hoped that this center would provide the scientific base for treatment of diabetes through clinical and biomedical research and public awareness. The Research Directorate has undertaken to follow-up the administrative and financial matters and set up a comprehensive strategic plan for the operation of the center in association with national organizations such as the Ministry of Health, Kuwait University (Faculty of Medicine) as well as a group of experts and qualified professionals. The Directorate coordinated with international diabetes organizations in order to set the best operational world-class standards for the center. A Board of Trustees was formed comprising of representatives from the center and the Ministry of Health to oversee the policies and strategies of the center and to evaluate the center’s progress within the operational phase.
23 The Technical Advisory Committee, responsible for proposing the best-suited measures for running the center, held a series of meetings to follow-up and to discuss the administrative, technical and legal aspects governing the establishment of distinguished medical services at the center and also to prepare the research plan to train the medical, technical and administrative staff. Interhealth International was nominated to administer and operate the center and a special committee was formed to oversee the various formalities and legalities pertaining to the contractual agreement. An official agreement of collaboration was signed between the Ministry of Health (MOH) and Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) pertaining to the operation of the center, delineating the duties and responsibilities of each party, including measures to be undertaken to facilitate the smooth running of the center, which is expected to commence functioning by 2006.
6. Environment and Pollution Program The progress and development of nations are not only gauged by what they provide to their societies but also by their contribution to the nations of the world, to peace and protection of human heritage and prosperity of civilizations. Kuwait had spearheaded with her noble efforts by participating in the First Summit on Human Environment (The Stockholm Conference of 1972). Kuwait was also the only Arab country that was represented at the presidential level in the Earth Summit at Rio De Janeiro in 1992 when the Late Amir, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah declared his views during his speech at the summit. Hence, Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS) took on a leading role in supporting environmental and pollution-related research. KFAS recently drafted out its vision and mission for the Environment and Pollution Program, in association with the Environment Public Authority (EPA) prior to presenting it to other concerned agencies and institutions that support the national efforts towards protecting the environment and achieving sustainable development in the region. The draft includes the following objectives: • Support scientific research which utilizes latest environment-friendly technologies that are both economically and socially feasible.
• Encourage efforts by the industrial sector in finding and developing means of production that will have a favorable rather than adverse effect on the natural resources (water, air, soil and marine environment) and will limit waste generation and aqueous and gaseous products, as agreed upon by Kuwait, in accordance with international agreements relating to desertification, biological diversification, protection of the ozone layer, climatic changes, organic materials and marine pollution.
• Support efforts to preserve the national environmental heritage with particular emphasis on natural plants and genetic resources of various species.
• Provide information on environmental issues to agencies and institutions responsible for preparing policies, developmental programs and legislations, especially the Council of Ministers, the Kuwaiti Parliament, the Municipal Council, the Higher Council for Planning, the Oil Council and the general public, which constitutes the main motivating force as well as the beneficiary of such strategies and programs.
• Promote enhanced training in environment-related areas, particularly in the use of most modern equipment utilized by local agencies and institutions for protection and assessment of the environment.
• Support the valuable efforts by non-profit organizations such as the Ministry of Information, the Ministry of Education, universities, colleges and religious institutions that promote public awareness on environmental issues through strategic plans and programs.
24 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
B. Funding Scientific Research Contributions from Kuwaiti Shareholding Companies (a percentage of their net profit) constitute KFAS’ research fund, which is utilized to sustain and promote national research. There are specific rules and regulations that govern the research grant award process. Research project proposals are solicited from local academic, public and private institutions and the following summarizes the administration of the funding program: The major disciplines under which research projects are classified are: • Biological Sciences (BS) • Engineering Sciences and Technology (ES) • Medical Sciences (MS) • Natural Sciences and (NS) • Social Sciences and Humanities (SS) The specific areas of study are further classified into the following: • Environment • Public Health • Economy • Oil, Petroleum and Petrochemicals • Water Resources • Industry • Agriculture and Fisheries • Infrastructure (Energy, Construction, Transportation, Communication, etc.) • Education and Teaching • Information Technology • Manpower Development • Society and Culture • General
Research Project Submission (Proposal) The Research Directorate receives applications for grant awards from local institutions in the form of research proposals. All research proposals should provide clear and descriptive account of the research that is proposed, including the research objectives, budget, methodology, output, citations, etc. along with CVs of the main researchers involved in the project. Researchers may refer to the guide published by RD, ‘The Research Grant Manual’ for any clarifications on the procedures, evaluation standards or project execution. Applicants’ adherence to the guidelines will facilitate and expedite the evaluation and grant award process.
25 Research Project Evaluation The review process adopted by RD is in accordance with international standards and regulations (Fig. 1). On receiving a research proposal from the applicant, a preliminary review is conducted by RD to ensure its conformity with KFAS policies and procedures. Subsequently, the proposal is assessed by scientific professionals (local and international) who are experts in the related field of study. The project is evaluated in detail based on certain criteria established by RD in order to ensure its national significance, relevance and scientific excellence. The peer review process forms the basis of RD’s decision-making mechanism and the grant award process.
Director C.V General Forms 1-7 Proposal Research Director Cover Letter Project Assessment
No Partially Project Compliance Amend Declination with KFAS Proposal policy Yes
Scientific Evaluation Assessment Process
Not recommended Relevant Modification for Funding KFAS Decision
Grant Approval
Fig. 1. Research Project Evaluation Process.
26 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Research Project Execution Following the review process and the approval for research funding, a contract is signed by KFAS and the beneficiary institute(s) in accordance with the stipulated conditions (Fig. 2). Henceforth RD monitors the progress of the project until its completion, reviewing all the interim reports submitted by the project leader. Periodical payment schedule is activated only on compliance with the proposed objectives. During the reporting year, RD received 59 project progress reports and reviewed them in line with proposed targets.
Implementation process
Final report Grant ...... Start of First Project Payment Approval 3rd Report 2nd Report 1st Progress Report
Report Evaluation
Compliance with No Report Proposed Plans Modification
Yes
Release 2nd Payment Release 3rd Payment ...... Final Payment
Fig. 2. Research Project Execution Process.
27 RD is immensely grateful to the following reviewing institutions for participating and assisting in the vital research project evaluation process:
Australia Malaysia The University of Western Australia University of Putra Malaysia
University of New South Wales Poland Cancer Center & Institute of Oncology Bahrain Arabian Gulf University Saudi Arabia Bahrain University King Abdul Aziz University Bahrain Institution of Banking and Finance King Abdul Aziz Medical City King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Canada King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research National Research Council Centre University of Waterloo King Khalid National Guard Hospital State of Kuwait Egypt Arab Open University Alexandria University Arab Planning Institute Assiut University Gulf Cooperation Council Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO), Regional Office for the Near East Industrial Bank of Kuwait Higher Institute for Social Services Islamic Center for Medical Sciences Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Jordan Sciences Jordan University Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Jordanian Society of Medical Plants Kuwait University National Center for Human Resources Ministry of Education Development Ministry of Health University of Yarmouk Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
28 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Sudan United States of America University of Khartoum Auburn University
Sultanate of Oman Colorado State University Sultan Qaboos University Florida State University Harvard School of Dental Medicine Sweden McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Lund University North Carolina State University United Arab Emirates Northwestern University Al-Ain University Ohio State University UAE University Pennsylvania State University United Kingdom Texas A & M University Imperial College London The University of Texas Medical Branch Royal Free and University College Medical School Tufts University Royal Holloway University of London University of California University College London University of East Anglia University of Florida University of Liverpool University of Mississippi Medical Center University of Stirling University of Pittsburg University of Strathclyde Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University University of Wales, Bangor Washington State University
29 C. Information and Scientific Documentation A strong information exchange source that facilitates vital exchange of scientific information for all interested scientific groups forms the basis of any ideal scientific institution. Therefore, the Research Directorate paid considerable attention to setting up a vital information database structure that would serve the scientific community to achieve excellent results in their endeavors. The Directorate also took efforts to publish the final results of research studies funded by KFAS and distributed them to various beneficiary institutes and organizations.
1. Information System Development The Research Directorate launched an integrated and automated program with the aim of establishing an electronic database that provides vital scientific information on various scientific fields for the benefit of the scientific groups that anticipate to undertake future research studies in the country. The program was also aimed at enhancing the procedural functioning of the scientific programs as well as facilitating its efficient implementation, utilizing an electronic environment to manage the administration of the research activities and projects. In 2004, the Directorate completed work on setting up the information system database and advanced to the archival phase wherein all vital research project data continue to be successfully recorded in the system. During 2005, the Directorate archived data on completed projects for ten years (1995-2005).
2. Printing and Publications The Research Directorate publishes periodical reports and documents that focus on the various programs and activities that were undertaken. They include the following: • Final Reports At the conclusion of a research project, the project leaders submit a comprehensive report to RD, documenting in detail the project objectives, methodologies, final results, scientific applications and the concluding recommendations. The valuable information was reviewed, published (eight reports) and archived by RD for future references. RD also distributed (eight final reports) copies of the reports to all the beneficiaries (institutes). • Annual Report Annual Report, published every year in English and Arabic, chronicles the scientific accomplishments, research trends and directions, statistics and information on all KFAS-funded research projects that are ongoing as well as completed during the reporting year. Projects are classified by scientific disciplines for easy and quick reference. The Annual Report, published by RD, is circulated to local and international scientific communities, government authorities, as well as diplomats world-wide.
3. Distribution RD presented the following documents to top local organizations, Kuwait Shareholding Companies, academic, institutions, regional and international organizations, embassies in Kuwait as well as Kuwaiti cultural attaches abroad. • Impact of Drugs on National Economy and Security (58 copies) • Millennium Challenges and Merging in the Kuwaiti Banking Sector (111 copies) • Clinical and Molecular Genetic Analysis of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (64 copies) • English-Arabic Parallel Text Corpus (241 copies) • Assessment of Sediment Quality in Kuwait’s Territorial Waters - Phase II: Coastal Area South of Ras Al- Ardh and the Northern Territorial Waters (58 copies) • Introduction of Mangroves for Protection and Enrichment of Kuwait Coastlines - Phase II (43 copies) • Selection of Crops for Salt Tolerance (43 copies) • The Role of Commercial Banks in Financing Private Housing in the State of Kuwait (713 copies)
30 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
STATISTICAL OVERVIEW
The Research Directorate presents KFAS' financial contributions towards scientific research projects by yearly, tri-annual and past 27-year projections as follows: 1. Financial Indicators for 2005 2. Comparative Indicators for 2003 - 2005 3. Cumulative Indicators since 1978 - 2005
1. Financial Indicators (2005) The total number of research projects administered and monitored by the Research Directorate during 2005 reached 113 of which 111 projects fall under the Research Grants Program. The total contribution by KFAS for these projects was K.D. 3,263,037, representing 45% of the total project budget. They included 41 new projects, 56 ongoing projects and 14 completed projects (Fig. 3). Two projects under the Assigned Research Project Funding Program related to The Kuwait Scientific Encyclopedia for Children and The Holy Quran Dictionary, of which the former was completed and the latter is still ongoing.
5000
4,133،908 4500
4000
3500
3000
2500 2,195,035 2000 1,890,968
1500 984,089 Project Budget (K.D. 1000) 1000 851,950 387,980 +&!3 #ONTRIBUTION 500 4OTAL "UDGET 0 #OMPLETED /NGOING .EW
Fig. 3. KFAS contribution versus research project budget.
Table 1 enlists all the research projects funded by KFAS so far, distributed by area and status. The number of projects in Biological Sciences topped the list of projects (30 projects), attributing to 27% of the total projects. The surge in the number may be ascribed to the long-term projects and the strategic relevance of the nature of the projects relating to environmental and marine sciences, veterinary and poultry, food security and agricultural sciences. Table 1. Research Projects in 2005 by Area and Status
New Total KFAS Total Area Completed Ongoing Approved Projects Contribution Budget Biological Sciences (BS) 2 19 9 30 1,050,218 2,780,340 Engineering Sciences and Technology (ES) 7 13 7 27 806,369 1,887,504 Medical Sciences (MS) 1 7 2 10 390,634 391,914 Natural Sciences (NS) - 11 6 17 655,170 1,629,796 * Social Sciences and Humanities (SS) 4 6 17 27 360,646 491,339 Total 14 56 41 111 3,263,037 7,180,893 * One project approved and completed in year 2005
31 Figure 4, on the other hand, is a comparative analysis of KFAS contribution for the year against the estimated budget by individual sponsored projects. Projects in Medical Sciences have received predominant KFAS support because of the priority entitled to them under the Research Priority Program. Similarly, the establishment of the Dasman Center for Research and Treatment of Diabetes bears ample evidence of KFAS’ immense support for medical research and services and vital issues pertaining to the health sector.
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500 KFAS Contribution tal Budget vs Contribution (K.D. 1000) To 0 Total Budget Biological Engineering Medical Natural Social Sciences Sciences Sciences and Sciences Sciences and Humanities Technologies
Scientific Area
Fig. 4. Total budget versus KFAS contribution in different areas.
The following organizations are the main beneficiaries of research grants during the year 2005: • Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research: K.D. 2,244,971 for 62 projects • Kuwait University: K.D. 508,284 for 19 projects • Public Authority for Applied Education and Training: K.D. 140,710 for 10 projects • Ministry of Health: K.D. 59,730 for 3 projects • Other Organizations: K.D. 309,342 for 17 projects • Assigned Research projects: KD. 41,572 for 2 projects Table 2 tabulates the projects undertaken in 2005, sorted by individual organizations.
32 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Table 2. Research Projects by Grantee Institutions in 2005
Institution Completed Ongoing New Total Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) 9 34 19 62 Kuwait University (KU) 3 11 5 19 Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET) 0 4 6 10 Ministry of Health (MOH) 0 2 1 3 Kuwait Society for the Advancement of Arab Children (KSAAC) 0 1 1 2 Kuwait Insurance Company (KIC) 0 1 0 1 Kuwait Flour Mills and Biscuit Company (KFM&BC) 0 1 0 1 State Audit Bureau (SAB) 0 1 0 1 Amiri Diwan (AD) 1 0 1 2 Environment Public Authority (EPA) 0 1 0 1 Warba Insurance Company (WIC) 0 0 1 1 Kuwait Environment Protection Society (KEPS) 0 0 1 1 National Industries Company (NIC) 0 0 1 1 Association of Social Workers (ASW) 0 0 1 1 Kuwaiti Overland Transport Union (KOTU) 0 0 1 1 Globalization E-Commerce Company (GEC) 0 0 1 1 Civil Service Commission 0 0 1 1 Special Grant - Individual* 1 0 1 2 Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS)** 1 1 0 2 Total 15 57 41 113
* Special Grant (approved and completed in year 2005) ** Two Assigned Projects
33 The activities of the Research Directorate during 2005 can be summarized as follows: • The Research Directorate received 47 research projects for funding. • Grants were approved for 41 research projects and the total KFAS contribution was K.D. 984,089 out of a total budget of K.D. 2,195,035: - 19 research projects from Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research were awarded a sum of K.D. 604,675. - 6 research projects by Public Authority for Applied Education and Training received grants worth K.D. 67,640. - 5 research projects from Kuwait University received a total contribution of K.D. 96,620. - The total grant sum of K.D. 215,154 was earmarked during the year for 11 projects from other organizations (Ministry of Health, Environmental Public Authority, Warba Insurance Company, National Industries Group, Civil Service Commission, Amiri Diwan, Kuwait Society for the Advancement of Arab Children, Union of Kuwait Overland Transport Association, Kuwait Association of Social Workers, Global Company for Electronic Trading, etc.). • Extra fund of KD 5,940 was released for two ongoing projects • KFAS received 87 periodical reports on the progress of ongoing projects for the fiscal year. • A total of 127 payments amounting to K.D. 858,628 was released during the year.
Figure 5 below shows grant distribution by project status (completed, ongoing and new) and to scientific area:
700
600
500
400
300
200 Completed Projects Grant (K.D. 1000)
100 Ongoing
0 New Biological Engineering Medical Natural Social Sciences Sciences Sciences and Sciences Sciences and Humanities Technologies
Scientific Area
Fig. 5. Grant distribution in 2005 by scientific area.
34 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Figure 6 is a comparative overview of KFAS contribution for completed, ongoing and new projects, distributed according to grantee institution.
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400 Completed Projects Grant (K.D. 1000)
200 Ongoing
0 New KISR KU MOH PAAET Others
Grantee Institutions
Fig. 6. Grant distribution in 2005 by Grantee Institution.
2. Comparative Indicators (2003-2005) A comparative review of statistics for the three years (2003-2005) indicate a significant increase in the cumu-l lative number of research projects that were approved (from 81 to 108), which reflected in the corresponding surge of total contributions by KFAS from K.D. 1,908,872 to K.D. 2,935,517 (Table 3). There has been a greater concern in recent times by local institutes (particularly the Share-Holding companies) to emerge to the national forefront to address and seek relevant measures in order to redress critical issues that impact the country. This has been particularly evident from 17 projects in the area of Social Sciences and Humanities, which directly address issues related to the development of national economy as well as the psychological and social well-being of the Kuwaiti society.
Table 3. Research Grant Awards (2003-2005) Years 2003 2004 2005 Area Projects Award Projects Award Projects Award Biological Sciences (BS) 9 415,526 9 199,745 9 296,117 Engineering Sciences and Technology (ES) 11 327,120 9 271,825 7 166,224 Medical Sciences (MS) 2 37,030 4 191,764 2 47,780 Natural Sciences (NS) 7 301,080 2 64,960 6 203,760 Social Sciences and Humanities (SS)* 6 66,300 8 56,738 17 270,208 Total 35 1,147,056 32 785,032 41 984,089 Extra 1 13,400 - - 2 5,940 G.Total 1,160,456 785,032 990,029
35 13.5 % 26 % 25 % 28.7 %
31 % 13.8 % 19.5 % % 7.5 % 25 10 %
Grant distribution Projects distribution
Biological Sciences Medical Sciences Natural Sciences
Engineering Sciences and Technologies Social Sciences and Humanities
Fig. 7. Tri-annual distribution of projects and contribution (2003-2005).
It may be observed from Fig. 7 that projects in Biological, Engineering and Natural Sciences received a lion's share of KFAS funds during the past three years and the reason may be attributed to the enormous capital and operational expenses imposed on the projects. The tremendous effort by the Research Directorate in expediting and efficiently executing the analysis, assessment, selection and decision-making procedures within the grant award process is reflected a great deal in the statistical projections for the year. The upward trend is evident in the number of projects that received grant awards, demonstrating a rise in research support, as projected in Fig. 8.
4.0 115
3.5 110
3.0 105
2.5 100 2.0
95 Number of Projects 1.5
90
AS Contribution ( in millions) 1.0 KFAS Contribution KF 85 0.5 Number of Projects
0 80 2003 2004 2005
Fig. 8. Comparison of progress in number of projects and KFAS contribution for the past three years
36 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
3. Cumulative Indicators (1978 - 2005) Since its establishment, Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) supported 584 research projects related to diverse scientific programs where the contribution of KFAS reached K.D. 16,631,552 (approximately 55 million U.S. Dollars). Table 4 shows the total contribution to research since 1978 and Table 5 presents the beneficiary institutes of the research grant awards since 1978.
Table 4. Contribution to Sponsored Research by Area (1978 - 2005) Projects Contribution Scientific Area No. % K.D. % Biological Sciences (BS) 72 12 2,951,671 18 Engineering Sciences and Technology (ES) 161 28 5,209,418 31 Medical Sciences (MS) 96 16 2,698,548 16 Natural Sciences (NS) 82 14 2,521,970 15 Social Sciences and Humanities (SS) 173 30 3,249,945 20 584 100 16,631,552 100
Cumulative overview of the distribution of research funds depicts the incremental growth of 30% in the area of Social Sciences and Humanities (173 projects), as compared to other scientific areas. This rise can be attributed to several short-term projects, which were funded and implemented, dealing with post-Iraqi-Invasion studies.
Table 5. Contribution to Sponsored Research by Institution (1978-2005) Projects Contribution Institutions No. % K.D. % Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research 200 34 7,828,935 47 Kuwait University 201 34 3,642,714 22 Ministry of Health 23 4 630,934 4 Public Authority for Applied Education and Training 44 8 415,821 3 Others 116 20 4,113,148 24 584 100 16,631,552 100
37 KFAS Board of Directors assigned research teams to engage in projects that addressed national priority issues, and the result was that 17 research projects were executed from 1985 till the end of 2005, as part of the Research Grant Program with a total budget of K.D. 3,272,907 (Table 6). Table 6. Assigned Research Grant Awards (1985 -2005) Contribution Scientific Areas Completed Ongoing Total (K.D.)
Biological Sciences (BS) 1 0 1 270,676 Engineering Sciences and Technology (ES) 2 0 2 97,721 Social Sciences and Humanities (SS) 13 1 14 2,904,510 Total 16 1 17 3,272,907
Beneficiaries Following is a list of grantee institutions that received KFAS support for research: Amiri Diwan Arabian Light Metal Company (ALMC) Arab Planning Institute (API) Association of Social Workers (ASW) Boston University, USA Boubyan Fisheries Company Center for Child Evaluation & Teaching (CFCET) Center for Research and Studies on Kuwait (CRSK) Civil Defence Commission (CDC) Civil Service Commission (CSC) Commercial Real Estate Company (CREC) Council of Ministers Dar Al Athar Al Islami Dar Al-Jazira Co. Printing and Publishing Press – Rai Al-Aam Dar Al-Watan Journalism Printing and Publishing Environment Public Authority (EPA) Gas & Petroleum Studies Co. (GPSC) Globalization E-Commerce Co. (GEC) Industrial Bank of Kuwait (IBK) Industrial Investment Company (IIC) International Investment Company Islamic Medical Centre (IMC) Islamic Organization for Medical Sciences (IOMS) Jericho Institute for Oriental and African Studies, Greece Kuwait Airways Corporation (KAC) Kuwait Cement Company (KCC) Kuwait Chemical Manufacturing Company (KCMC) Kuwait Computer Society (KCS) Kuwait Consulting & Investment Co. (KCIC) Kuwait Engineering and Operation Management Company (KENOMAC) Kuwait Environment Protection Society (KEPS) Kuwait Engineering Society (KES) Kuwait Flour Mills and Bakeries Company (KFMBC)
38 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Kuwait Industries Union (KIU) Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) Kuwait Insurance Company (KIC) Kuwait Livestock Transport and Trading Company (KLTT) Kuwait Medical Association (KMA) Kuwait Municipality (KM) Kuwait Melamine Industries Company (KMIC) Kuwait National Commission for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO) Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC) Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) Kuwait Pipe Industries and Oil Services (KPIOS) Kuwait Small Projects Development Company (KSPDC) Kuwait Society for the Advancement of Arab Children (KSAAC) Kuwait Transport Company (KTC) Kuwait United Dairy Company (KUDC) Kuwait United Poultry Company (KUPCO) Kuwait University (KU) Kuwait Writers Association (KWA) Kuwaiti Club for the Disabled Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MC&I) Ministry of Education (MOE) Ministry of Energy (ME) Ministry of Information (MOI) Ministry of Planning (MOP) Ministry of Health (MOH) Ministry of Public Work (MPW) Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour (MOSA) Mobile Telecommunication Co. (MTC) National Bank of Kuwait (NBK) National Committee for Drug Control (NCDC) National Industries Company (NIC) National Industries Group (NIG) Oregon University, USA Palms Agro-Production Company Public Authority for Assessment of Compensation Resulting from Iraqi Aggression Research Libraries Group, Stanford University, USA Safety Society for Prevention of Road Accidents (SSFPRA) Science Club (SC) Shuaiba Industrial Area (SIA) State Audit Bureau (SAB) Supreme Consultative Committee for Completion of the Implementation of the Islamic Sharia Rules The Kuwaiti Banks Committee (KBC) The Public Authority for Agricultural Affairs and Fish Resources (PAAFR) The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET) The Public Warehousing Co. (PWC) The Securities House (SH) Touristic Enterprises Company (TEC) Union of Consumer Cooperative Societies (UCCS) Warba Insurance Company (WIC)
39 Funded Research Areas Biological Sciences (BS)
Engineering Sciences and Technology (ES)
Medical Sciences (MS)
Natural Sciences (NS)
Social Sciences and Humanities (SS) Biological Sciences
Subject Areas
Agriculture Animal Sciences Biochemistry Fisheries Plant Sciences Veterinary
Completed Projects 2
Ongoing Projects 19
New Projects 9 RESEARCH PROPELS OPTIMAL QUALITY OUTCOMES
Research in marine science explored the efficacy of traditional and by-catch devices on Kuwait's waters and concluded with promising results, recommending additional focus on improved precautionary techniques for reduction in capture and mortality of turtles. One of the field studies undertaken discovered permanent nesting sites by specific species of marine turtles on the offshore areas of Kuwait and work proceeded on investigating the DNA signatures of the turtles. Research probes continued on regional fishery activities, seasonal fishery trap operations in the Gulf, fish data stocking, determining marine biota, marine ecology, migratory and reproductive patterns and standing biomass of fishes in the Gulf, while also addressing essential environmental issues. Significant preliminary findings were also recorded by toxicity studies that examined the impact of trace metals, particulate matter and selected pollutants on marine life. Applied research in the field of veterinary science prompted positive indicators onthe production, performance and survival rates of local calves and heifers. Experimentations were on-going to investigate the most suitable control methods for detection and control of the presence of Salmonella in local poultry farms. Poultry bio-security also posed as one of the prioritized objectives embarked by the local research community. Assessment of dairy and poultry products were targeted at reducing the presence of antibiotic-resistance strains of bacteria in animals. In a country-wide survey of selected consumable products, food scientists initiated quantitative and qualitative analysis, in accordance with international safety standards, to determine the probable impact and risk of the products on both market and health, while focus was also undergoing on the dietary exposure to Acrylamide. Analytic study of nutrients in breads assessed the contents of iron, thiamin and riboflavin in wheat flour collected from local factories and co-operative shops. Tissue culture research related to agriculture reported the successful production of micro- tubers from potato cultivars using meristem culture. Investigations into newly introduced irrigation systems and evaluation of adaptation parameters of vegetables, fruits and flowers provided new insight into Kuwait's farming scenario. Additional research thrust during the year was also diverted to investigating optimal fertilizer application methods under local field conditions. Salinity and drought studies also progressed and horticultural studies were directed to large-scale diversification of ornamental plants in the country. Determination ofseed quality, viability and germination of species of native flora progressed, besides the endeavor on Argan seed propagation. DNA protocols were used on tissue-cultured date palm cultivars in an attempt to establish the genetic stability and trueness-to-type varieties. Tissue and cell culture research employed invitro selection of salt-tolerant genotypes to produce quality date palm cultivars and establish superior pollen and fruit production. Greenhouse experiments on polymer application also began to show positive impacts on the field and water usage. Additional initiatives proceeded in genetic probe of specific plants under salt-stress conditions and in the sustainable development of olive plant enterprise in Kuwait. Application of By-Catch Reduction Devices to Kuwait's Shrimp Fishery (2000-1207-03)
S. A. Al-Ayoub, A. Al-Baz, M. Al-Husaini, W. Chen, J.M. Bishop and A.H. Alsaffar Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Two types of By-catch Reduction Devices (BRD), Fish Eye (FE), and Square Mesh Cod-end (SMC), and a Turtle Excluder Device (TED), were tested in Kuwait waters. Sea trials were performed during three periods in shrimp fishing season. The TED performed exceptionally well; the overall performance of the TED-fitted net did not reduce the larger shrimp or major species of fin-fish. The SMC also performed well by reducing by-catch, while at the same time maintaining catch of shrimp and valuable fish. The FE device, as it was tested, cannot be recommended to the fishery, although this device showed promising results. The FE device needs much more testing to improve the results. The results of this study show that introducing TEDs and BRDs to Kuwaiti’s fishery should be considered. Additional information about the performance of these devices in all areas of the fishery, on both industrial and dhows trawlers and during the entire fishing season will be required to overcome embargo on the Kuwaiti fisheries. A greater level of participation by fishermen will be required, as well as proven adoption and uptake of TED on all boats, and proven success in reducing the capture and mortality of turtles.
Project Description This project started in April 2004 and consisted of catch and fish by-catch was sorted to individual species six operational tasks for the duration of 19 months. and the length measurements and total sample weight The main objectives of the project were to select of these species were then recorded. suitable BRDs/TED for shrimp trawlers, to conduct The catch weights of both shrimp and by-catch, experimental comparisons between the trawl nets with total and major individual species were compared BRDs and the traditional shrimp nets in Kuwait, to using Wilcoxon's signed-rank test to investigated the quantify the difference in by-catch and shrimp catch significant difference between TED/BRD modified net rates between test and control nets to identify the and a standard net. The length frequency distribution most efficient BRDs for the Kuwait shrimp fishery, to of individual species of shrimp or finfish was compared provide management advice to the Public Authority between TED/BRD modified net and a standard net for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources about how to using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Two-Sample test. The effectively reduce the by-catch of the shrimp fishery compared dominant fish species were classified and to provide on-the-job training to personnel in the into three categories: primary commercial species; government and private fisheries sectors. secondary commercial species and discards. Analysis Two types of By-catch Reduction Devices (BRD), was also conducted on the elasmobranches. Fish Eye (FE), and Square Mesh Cod-end (SMC), The economic assessment was conducted on the gross and a Turtle Excluder Device (TED), were tested in value of the catches per hour, during the test periods. Kuwait waters. Figures 1, 2 and 3 show Fish Eye, The values of the catch per hour from the net with BRD/ Square Mesh Cod-end and Turtle Excluder Device, TED and the standard net were calculated separately respectively. Sea trials were performed during three on the basis of the market price for the major shrimp periods in shrimp fishing season. All the trials were and fish species during the experiment periods. The conducted in parallel, onboard an industrial shrimp total catch value per hour of a vessel equipped with a trawler that was equipped with BRD/TED standard BRD/TED device on both nets and that from a vessel devices on either sides. The catches of each trawl net without any BRD/TED devices were also calculated. were emptied on to the vessel deck and sorted. Shrimp
44 Completed Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Conclusions and Recommendations Fisheye Serious considerations should be given to introducing TEDs and BRDs to Kuwaiti’s fishery. The TED performed exceptionally well; the overall performance of the TED-fitted net did not reduce the larger shrimp or major species of fin-fish. The SMC also performed well by reducing by-catch, while at the same time Fig.1. The Fisheye BRD. maintaining catch of shrimp and valuable fish. The FE device, as it was tested, cannot be recommended to the fishery, although this device showed promising results. The FE device needs much more testing to improve the results. Square mesh codend Additional information about the performance of these - devices in all areas of the fishery, on both industrial and dhow trawlers, during entire fishing season will be required to overcome embargo on the Kuwaiti fisheries. A greater level of participation by fishermen will be required, as well as proven adoption and uptake of TED on all boats, and proven success in reducing Fig.2. The square mesh cod end the capture and mortality of turtles.
Acknowledgements This project was supported by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS), the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources Codend Prawtrawl (PAAFR) and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR). The financial assistance and cooperation of all institutions is gratefully acknowledged.
References Escape opening Escape opening Al-Ayoub, S., M. Al-Husaini, A. Al-Baz, W. Chen, A. Guidingfunnel H. Alsaffar, J. M. Bishop, T. Dashti, S. Al-Jazzaf, A. Taqi, F. Al-Saad, S. Almatar, S. Eayrs, S. Bose, G.
Day, and H. Murad. 2005. Application of By-catch Grid Reduction Devices to Kuwait’s Shrimp Fishery - Final Report. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Fig. 3. An upward excluding TED & BIG Research, Report No. KISR 7762, Safat, Kuwait. TED and location in the trawl
45 Field and Laboratory Investigation of Calf Mortality in Kuwait - Phase II: Factors Affecting Calf and Heifer Performance (2001-1207-01)
M.A.Razzaque Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Abstract The main objectives of this project were to investigate the performance of pre-weaned calves and weaned heifers until they reached their milk production. The scope of the study was multi-disciplinary dealing with calf, heifer selection, health, disease diagnosis, vaccination, housing, nutrition, use of replacement heifers for reproduction, lactation and economic assessment. The positive impacts of applied research interventions in the dairy farms were clearly visible from the increasing numbers of calf survival rates. Serum proteins and Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA) served as indicators to immune status of calves. The mortality rate was reduced up to 4% in hutch system compared with traditional system. There was a significant increase of local heifers raised to first lactating cows at 15 to 18 months under treatment diet. The results of the economic models showed that reducing calf mortality and raising heifers to enter the milking herd are profitable activities. Project Description The constraints faced by Kuwait’s dairy cattle were mostly affected by the above diseases. The major production sub-sector were found to be many according diseases were caused by bacteria i.e. Escherichia to the assessments carried out in 1995 (Razzaque et coli, Salmonella, Pasteurella, Staphylococcus, al., 2001a). An extremely high rate of calf morbidity Streptococcus and Klebsiella. and mortality had been a serious setback to the local The risk rates for the diseases caused by the organisms dairy industry. Therefore, the dairy producers found ranged between 30% and 100%. The viral diseases it easier to import pregnant heifers than raise locally were caused by the infectious rhinotracheitis virus born replaced herds. However, with the spreading (IBRV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine of Mad Cow and Foot-and-Mouth diseases in most respiratory syncystrial virus (BRSV), parainfluenza3 part of Europe, the Government of Kuwait started to (PI3), Adeno3 virus (Adeno3V) and Rotavirus. Hutch provide cash incentive to the dairy heifer producers reared calves to 90 d had significantly higher survival to rear calves and raise replaced heifers. To support rates than conventional housing. The crude mortality the dairy producers, phase I of this project was rates were 7.5% compared with 14.6% for calves undertaken in 1998. It addressed several aspects of reared in 2002. This trend continued under the hutch calf management and health, with positive impact on system with a reduction in mortality to 4.1%. calf survival (Razzaque, 2001b). Studies continued for Section II: The replaced heifers during the feeding further optimization of calf survival and performance trial showed an average daily gain of 0.850 Kg; 89% under phase II of this project. The main goal of (height) and 74% (weight) of the total heifers on the phase II was to implement recommended strategy for treatment diet and satisfied the standard height and reducing the calf mortality so that the replaced heifer weight target values respectively. Heifers can be obtained from locally born calves could be used for reared to breeding age in 15 to 18 months and bred milk production. The results of the studies have been to calve at 24-27 months age (Table 2). The first described in the following sections. service conception rates to synchronized oestrus and Section 1: Applied research interventions resulted set time Artificial Insemination (AI) in batch 1 heifers in the reduction of calf mortality rates from 23% to were very high (9.6%, 82%, 100%) at the three farms 2.83%. Serum proteins and Immunoglobulins (IgG, respectively. IgM and IgA) served as indicators to immune status of Section III. Season of calving significantly influenced calves (1-7d) (Table 1). Calves with low serum protein projected milk yield with a mean winter calving 200d (less than 5gl/dl) and IgG (less than 1600mg/dl) level yields of 4092L compared to 3052L for summer had a higher incidence of pneumonia and pneumo- calving heifers. This data indicated that the locally entiritis. Therefore, colostrum feeding system was raised heifers could reach projected production levels optimized and colostrum bank established. Most and that developing self-replacing herds in Kuwait predominant disease syndromes were enteritis (34.6%) is feasible. The milk analysis results indicated fat and pneumonia (33.8%) and combination of both was percent in the first lactating cows which was lower than above 68.4%. The younger calves from 1 to 60 d old the standard. California Mastitis Test (CMT) showed
46 Completed Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate that 13% of the total first lactating cows were positive (20-24 months). Four strategy elements have been mastitis indicating a minor incidence of environmental developed, which include recording system for calves, mastitis in the herds. pre-calving management of heifers and cows, post- Section IV: The results of the economic models showed calving care and management and calf housing. that reducing calf mortality and raising heifers to enter The benefits of similar improvements on a whole herd the milking herd are both profitable activities and the basis were much larger, and it is recommended that a small investment in facilities and additional inputs is third phase of the project be undertaken to optimize worth undertaking. and sustain calf and heifer rearing techniques and Database was established for data compilation, demonstrate their impacts on the dairy industry. retrieving, analysis and reporting. Farm technical Acknowledgements staff and KISR junior research team were trained The project team is grateful for the financial support in specialized areas of dairy production. Through from Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of the applied research, collaborative linkages were Sciences (KFAS). established among KISR, dairy producers, PAAFR and international institutions. References Conclusions and Recommendations Razzaque M.A.; M.Bedair; T.Al-Mutawa; M. Al- Muhanna; S.Abbas; A. Shalabi; E. El-Sawy; A. Al- The collaborative studies involving the Kuwait dairy Awadi; F. Mulla and A. El-Sanousi 2001a. Field and producers, KISR and PAAFR with the support of KFAS laboratory investigation of calf mortality in Kuwait have resulted in a visible positive socio-economic and its economic impact on dairy production. Final impact and direct benefits to the Kuwait’s dairy Report. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, producers. This includes the reduction of calf mortality Report No. KISR6004, Kuwait. from as high as 90% to as low as 2.3%. Interventions Razzaque M.A. 2001b. Field and laboratory of feeding and nutrition resulted in significant increase investigation of calf mortality in Kuwait : Factors in growth rates of weaned heifers reaching the targeted Affecting Calf and Heifer Performance : Proposal, sizes and weights of heifers for breeding at an age Phase II. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, of 15 month instead of the usual practice in Kuwait Publication No. KISR6021R, Kuwait.
Table 1. Statistically Significant Differences Between Morbidity Rates by Immunoglobulin Class and Age Group (Year 2002)
Immuno-globul- Age Group P - Incidence (%) P - Incidence (%) Significance P – P Syndrome 1 2 1 2 lin Class (d) at Low Ig Levels at High Ig Levels Level (%) Risk Difference Pneumonia 61-90 12.6 4.9 1.9 7.7 IgM Pneumo-enteritis 1-7 34.3 12.9 0.2 21.4 Pneumo-enteritis 61-90 9.14 1.0 0.1 8.14 Pneumonia 61-90 23.1 2.7 0.0 20.4 IgA Pneumo-enteritis 1-7 36.1 13.3 3.5 22.8 Pneumo-enteritis 61-90 13.5 1.0 0.0 12.5 Pneumonia 15-30 31.1 11.9 2.5 19.2 IgG Pneumo-enteritis 1-7 50.0 7.8 0.0 42.2 Pneumo-enteritis 61-90 9.0 2.1 4.1 6.9
Table 2. Proportion of Heifers of Year 2002 Showing Satisfactory Growth to 12-15 Mo
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Parameter T C T C T C No. Heifers 19 13 38 8 10 4 No. Reaching height standard 17 2 11 3 5 0 *Proportion (%) 89 15 31 38 50 0 No. Reaching weight standard 14 3/10 7 1 1 0 Proportion (%) 74 30 19 13 10 0
*Proportion includes standard value less 1% and above T : Improved feeding management C : Control : Traditional feeding management as practiced in the commercial farm
47 Characterization of Losses in Selected Perishable Foods in the State of Kuwait (1998-1207-01)
H. M. Al-Mazeedi, S. F. Al-Zenki, S. N. Al-Hooti, T. A. Al-Atti and Q. Al-Mutawah Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract As part of food safety measures in the State of Kuwait, the assessment of food losses during production, import, processing, handling and storage operations has attracted the attention of food scientists and planners. Under this research project, baseline data on the quality and spoilage/losses of selected perishable food commodities, e.g., vegetables, fruit, meat, fish, milk and eggs were collected. Food chains for these selected food items were prepared and assessment of food losses at different points of the food chains were carried out using physical, chemical, sensory and microbiological techniques. Finally, the causes and areas of quality deterioration and product losses in these selected commodities were established and the economic values of these losses were determined.
Project Progress During the entire course of this study, a database and cucumbers) increased along the food chain. on the quantity of physical, physiological and/or Furthermore, for all other commodities, post harvest microbial related losses or degree of deterioration in losses were highest in poultry (70.59%), followed by representative types of commodities at selected points imported tomatoes (36.47%), imported cucumbers of the food chain were provided. To accomplish this (31.75%), local shrimps (23.80%), local Zubaidi fish objective, various questionnaires were developed to (20.37%), local lamb meat (13.33%), imported banana obtain the necessary information on the various links (12.74%), eggs (7.11%) and imported Zubaidi fish in the food chain of these commodities and arrive (2.59%) (Fig. 1). at reasons for food losses of both locally produced In conclusion, considerable market losses were and imported commodities under investigation. present in locally produced and imported vegetables. Furthermore, a ready reference of quality and food For the locally produced vegetables, these losses safety standards and guidelines were elicited from were more apparent at the retail level than at the farm national and international sources to determine the level. Furthermore, this study has also shown that quality and safety attributes of the selected food considerable improvement in the microbiological commodities (locally produced and imported) at the quality and safety of raw milk, poultry, seafood farm and at the retail level. (Zubaidi fish and shrimps) and lamb are essential to Valuation of the post-harvest losses revealed that reduce market loss and prevent the risk of foodborne losses in locally produced vegetables (parsley, tomato illness.
Fig. 1. Samples of banana at various stages of ripening
48 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
The Biology of Marine Turtles and their Environment in the State of Kuwait – Phase II (1999-1207-02)
S.Y. Al-Mohanna Kuwait University
Abstract The present research project is a continuation of the first project funded by KFAS (Phase I) in which four species have been identified for the first time in the roaming territorial waters of Kuwait. These include the green turtle Chelonia mydas, the hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricate, the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta and the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea. This finding is considered to be the first record of the occurrence of these species in the territorial water of Kuwait and the northwestern region of the Arabian Gulf, contrary to what has been reported in the literature. The aim of this study is to determine the origin, race, phylogeography of the existing sea turtles and their relationship to other global populations. Project Progress The present on-going project reveals that two species has been determined and was found to range between of marine turtles are permanent residence of territorial 45-50 days after which hatchlings of the two species waters of Kuwait; the green turtle and the hawksbill emerge from the nest and crawl to the sea to start life. turtle. The two species have been found to mate, breed, The on-going research also includes an investigation nest and lay eggs, thus producing viable hatchlings of DNA signatures relative to these species. along the beaches of Kuwait. The mating season Mitochondrial DNA analysis has been carried out to commences in mid-April through mid-September reveal the genetic composition and structure of the during which female turtles come ashore to lay their two populations occurring in Kuwait. The aim of this eggs along the sandy beaches of Kuwait. Field studies study is to determine the origin, race, phylogeography have revealed three nesting sites for the female turtles: of the existing sea turtles and their relationship to the beaches of Qaruh Island, Umm Almaradem Island other global populations. Eggs, hatchlings, juveniles and the isolated Ras Al-zour area off the main land. No and adult samples have been used in this investigation other nesting sites were discovered along the shore of and the preliminary results of mtDNA analysis has the remaining islands. However, juveniles and adult been encouraging in revealing DNA sequences of turtles of these species use these offshore areas as eggs, liver, muscle and blood of the turtles. In the foraging ground. near future, these results will be compared to the The nesting populations of two species are found to Genbank of DNA sequences for global populations. vary along the three sites. Qaruh Island is found to be However, there still remains 100 samples or more the main nesting site for the green turtle population to be analyzed in order to regain a full overview of and to a lesser extent for the hawksbill. Beaches of Kuwaiti populations. Rearing hatchlings in captivity Umm Almaradem have been found to be the main is an integral part of this project during which they nesting site for the female hawksbill turtles and to a are raised in the laboratory to a certain size and age lesser extent for the green turtle population, while the (12-15 months) then released at a later stage back into isolated beach of Ras Al-zour is found to be preferred the sea. This technique increases hatchling chances of as a nesting site for a relatively small population of survival and enhances turtle populations in territorial hawksbill turtle only. The incubation period of nests waters of Kuwait.
49 An Investigation to Improve Kuwait’s Demersal Trap Fishery (1999-1207-05)
A. F. Al-Baz, A. Husain , M. Al-Husaini, J. M. Bishop and S. A. Al-Ayoub Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract To provide a comprehensive description of the fishery operations and to identify significant problems, catch and effort and fish length data was sampled from the main landing places during May 2003 to December 2005 to estimate catch rates and monthly catch length distributions. To describe the present status of fishery, 200 Gargoors of medium size were deployed in gargoor commercial fishing ground during March 2004 to January 2005 to indicate the catch species composition, length distributions and monthly rate of Gargoor loss. An automatic fish escape hatch device has been developed. Laboratory electrochemical testing with Potentiostatic/Galvanostatic techniques together with Zero Resistance Ammeter (ZRA) has been carried out in order to define the galvanic corrosion process and corrosion rate measurements for the several bimetallic couples including the alloy used in the modified Gargoor in Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Project Progress The magnitude of ghost-fishing for Kuwait or any with Potentiostatic /Galvanostatic techniques together other Gulf country is not known. The main objective with Zero Resistance Ammeter (ZRA) has been of this proposal is to collect primary data of the fishery carried out in order to define the galvanic corrosion for 18 months to provide a comprehensive description process and corrosion rates measurements for the of the fishery operations throughout the four seasons several bimetallic couples including the alloy used in and identify significant problems (Fig. 1). The main the modified Gargoor in Abu Dhabi, UAE. The overall landing places was sampled for catch and effort, and results indicated that the required duration of two fish length data to estimate catch rates and monthly weeks or one month for fish to escape from Gargoor catch length distributions from May 2003 to December has been achieved. These results are preliminary, and 2005. A total of 362 dhow boats, 161 speed boats were the final data analysis is in progress. surveyed and 49,325 fish were measured. The mean monthly catch rate for Gargoor fishery varied from 4.5-0.3 kg/Gargoor pulled for the dhow boats fished in Kuwait territorial water, 8.5-4.5 kg/Gargoor pulled for the dhow boats fished in international water and 7.6- 1.8 kg/Gargoor pulled for speed boat (Fig.2). To describe the present status for the fisheries, 200 Gargoors of medium size (2.5 fathom) were deployed in Gargoor commercial fishing ground during March Fig.1. Lost Gargoor caught by shrimp trawler. 2004 to January 2005 to indicate the catch species composition, length distributions and monthly rate 12.0 of Gargoor loss. The mean monthly catch rate ranged 10.0
between 7.9 kg/Gargoor pulled in April to 3.1 kg/ 8.0
Gargoor pulled in October. 6.0 An automatic fish escape hatch device has been 4.0
developed. The design was based on the principle Catch Rate (kg / trap cleared) 2.0 of galvanic corrosion effect between two dissimilar 0 4 4 5 5 -0 -0 ly-04 ly-05 p Jul-03 ar-0 ar metals in contact with each other and in the presence May-03 Sep-03 Nov-03 Jan-04 M May-04 Ju Sep-0 Nov-04 Jan-05 M May-05 Ju Se Nov-05 Jan-06 mar-06 of 5% sodium chloride solution. Several design for Month anodic metals in connection with the Gargoor web Fig.2. Mean Monthly Gargoor catch rate from May were proposed. Laboratory electrochemical testing 2003 to December 2005.
50 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Pilot Scale Production of Seed Potato via Tissue Culture (2001-1207-03)
C. Sudhersan, J. Manuel, A. Al-Ajeel, J. Hussain and S. Al-Melhem Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract This study deals with the utilization of tissue culture technology for the large-scale production of seed tubers of selected potato cultivars. Four commonly planted potato cultivars: Ajiba, Atlas, Diamant and Spunta, and another five cultivars collected from international certified seed potato centers were used in thist study. Virus and disease- free micro-cuttings were produced on large-scale through meristem culture and nodal segment multiplication system. More than 100,000 micro-tubers from all the nine potato cultivars were produced in vitro.
Project Progress This project funded by Kuwait Foundation for the were produced in vitro for the mini-tuber production. Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) was carried out at A complete production system was developed and KISR to achieve the following objectives: to compare standardized for the large scale in vitro plantlet and the efficiency of mini-tuber production methods, to micro-tuber (Fig. 1) production for the commercial evaluate the scheme of mini-tuber production suitable scale seed potato production (Sudhersan, 2004). for field planting, to collect data on cost of mini-tuber More than 100,000 mini-tubers from nine cultivars production, to carry out an economic feasibility study, were produced via micro-tuber planting and rooted to maintain the selected potato germplasm in the cuttings planting methods (Fig. 2). The total number laboratory and to train Kuwaiti nationals on all aspects of tubers per plant and total weight per plant varied of seed potato production. depending on the cultivars. High yielding cultivars: Virus-free plantlets of nine potato cultivars raised Spunta, Anabelle and Nicola produced more number from meristem culture were multiplied under sterile of mini-tubers per plant. One hundred Spunta plantlets conditions using modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) planted in one m2 area produced an average of 1000 media. More than 100,000 plantlets and micro-tubers mini-tubers ranging 3-10 g.
Fig. 1. Potato micro-tubers. Fig. 2. Potato plants from micro-cuttings.
51 Testing of Closed Production System for Controlled Environment Agriculture (2001-1207-04)
M. S. Albaho, N. Bhat, T. Binson, A. Christopher and S. Al-Dousari Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate methods of growing various classes of vegetables and ornamentals using unconventional soiless-based techniques under protected agriculture. Some of these cultivation systems have proven promising and widely accepted as alternative methods to soil-based methods in some countries for their higher crop yield with better fruit quality, and high efficiency in resource inputs. These techniques include on-ground nutrient film technique (NFT), A-shaped aeroponics (ASA) and closed insulated pallet system (CIPS). Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the nutrient solution are maintained in the ranges of 1.9 to 2.5 dSm-1 and 6.0 to 6.5, respectively. Such cultivation systems with their high water- and fertilizer-use efficiencies are appropriate for a wide range of growing conditions and offer good potential in arid climate. Crops tested during this period including tomato, cucumber, strawberries, chilli pepper, capsicum, geranium, dianthus, petunia, zinnia, vinca and marigold were also tested in the present study.
Project Progress Parameters measured in the evaluation process geranium at 100 days after transplanting were 41.2, included plant height, plant cover, leaf count, number 36.3, 16.6 and 8.6 in CIPS, ASA, control, and NFT, of primary branches, chlorophyll index, leaf area and respectively (Fig. 1). Vinca encountered difficulties in number of flowers, fruit set and in fruiting crops yield. adapting to the soilless culture system investigated in Plant tissues and nutrient solution samples have been the study. Significant water saving has been obtained taken periodically to monitor nutrient balance in the in CIPS compared to the control inspite of the fact mixing tank of NFT and ASA techniques and plant that irrigation system used was trickle in the latter. tissues and growth media samples in CIPS the soil- Mean total water consumed was 8.5 L in CIPS while based cultivation method (control). Results showed in the control it was 34.0 L. The striking difference that some crops did better than others when grown was not only due to the inherent high efficiency of in a particular system. For example, ASA seems to CIPS, where this amount only utilized for growth and be appropriate for growing strawberries, geranium development of the crop, but also due to superfluous and chilli pepper, CIPS has the potential for growing excessive irrigation practice normally associated sweet pepper, dianthus, marigold and geranium. with the conventional soil-based method. Efficiency Dianthus plants grown in CIPS exhibited the greatest and simplicity of CIPS makes it more adaptable to number of flowers per plant compared to ASA and Kuwait’s farming than the other techniques in this the control (Plate 1). Numbers of open flowers in the investigation. Numbers of blooming flowers
Types of Experiments
Plate. 1. Dianthus (and petunia - background) grown Fig. 1. Numbers of geranium flowers produced in in CIPS. different systems.
52 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Stock Assessment of Zobaidy, Pampus argenteus, in the Northern Gulf (2001-1207-05)
M. Al-Husaini, A.ِ Al-Baz, S. Al Ayoub, S. Al-Jazzaf, T. Dashti, I. Al-Sabah, A. Taqi, S. Carter and M. Rajmani Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Zobaidy catches of Kuwait has declined to less than 10% since 1994. This project was designed to assess the impact of regional fishery on Zobaidy stock and to estimate its abundance in order to formulate sustainable management measures. Fishery, biological and sea surveys data were collected to estimate abundance and fisheries biological parameters. Kuwait Bay found the highest abundance while nursery area was limited to Ras Al-Gaid in Bubiyan Island. Maximum age observed was seven years and estimated growth parameters were L∞ = 36.0, K = 0.211, t = -2.64, while peak spawning season was in June and July. o Project Progress The main objectives of the project are to investigate south Bubiyan, east Failakah, and south Auha Islands. and determine the basic biological parameters The size distribution of the catches ranged from 18 necessary for management of valuable Zobaidy to 34 cm forked length at modal distribution of sizes stock in the northern Gulf, to determine the standing from 20 to 24 cm forked length. biomass, seasonal abundance and migration patterns if Monthly Zobaidy abundance for the three possible, to delineate the impact of regional fishery and zones surveyed in Kuwait waters ranged from activities, and to recommend practical management 2.18 kg/km2 in the southern waters (south to Failakah policies and measures for long-term sustainability of and Auha Islands) to 751.4 kg/km2 in Kuwait Bay the stock. during January 2005. The highest abundance was The major landing place was sampled for catch, always found in Kuwait Bay. Maximum estimated fishing effort, and fish length data to estimate catch biomass in Kuwait waters was 1,455 tons during rates and monthly catch length distributions. Monthly January 2005; however, the biomass available for sea surveys were conducted to estimate Zobaidy harvesting varied from 15-122 tons. The length biomass for randomly selected locations using swept distribution data (5-12 Forked Length Fish) showed area method with a special 31.0 m footrope trawl net. that the main nursery area in Kuwait waters is Ras Fish samples for biological measurements and otolith Al-Gaid, southeast Bubiyan Island although juveniles ageing were collected from both fishermen and sea were caught in the southern area during December surveys. Fishery sampling started in May 2003 while 2004-February 2005. Maximum observed age in fish sea survey started in January 2004. Up to December samples was seven years, females tend to grow in 2005, 9370 fish length were measured, 1026 fishermen length and weight faster than males with estimated were interviewed, 5732 fish samples were processed, von Bertalanffy growth parameters of L∞ = 36.0, 485 trawls at sampling locations were surveyed, and K = 0.211, t = -2.64 (R2 = 0.53) for both sexes. The o 800 otoliths were sectioned for age determination. estimated timing of annuli formation for Zobaidy The catch rates of drift net fishery varied from was during April-May. Mature ovaries were observed 2.4-12.0 kg/1000 m, cleared from speed boats and in the samples from April to November but peak 0.5-3.69 kg/1000 m cleared from dhow boats. The spawning occurred during June-July as indicated from main fishing area is northern area of Kuwait waters; fish samples with spent ovaries.
200 Kuwait Bay 180 January-June 2005 Nothern Area 160 n=1334 140 Southern Area 120 100 80 Numbers 60 40 20 0 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 Fork Length (cm) Fig. 1. Catch length distributions of the three areas surveyed by trawling in Kuwait waters for Zobaidy from January to June 2005.
53 Soil Fertility Trials for Crop Production (2001-1207-07)
M. S. Abdal, M. S. Albaho, M. K. Suleiman, L. Al-Mulla, J. Ferin, A. Christopher and R. Cruz Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract These studies included the determination of type of fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus and iron) on growth and yield of tomato, cucumber and strawberry and method of application of fertilizers to obtain maximum plant performance. The best method of application of fertilizer was found to be band application. Fertilizer application by broadcasting resulted in the emergence of lot of weeds. Iron was applied as foliar spray. Professionals and technicians working in the project were trained in seed germination, seedling establishment and conduction of fertility trials.
Project Progress The project was initiated on 1st of December 2003. The project objectives were to be accomplished through five tasks, namely, mobilization (Task 1), field experiment (Task 2), laboratory analysis (Task 3), Training (Task 4) and data analysis and report writing (Task 5). These tasks were executed using a scientifically sound work plan developed during the beginning of project implementation. In the mobilization task (Task 1) efforts were made to prepare the laboratory and field Tomato Plants a facilities for conducting various research activities. The main goal of the second task was to determine the optimum amount of fertilizers required to get maximum yield under field conditions. Three crops (i.e., tomato, cucumber, and strawberry) were tested for three different nutrients (i.e., N, P, and Fe), for two years. The macronutrients subject to testing were applied in five treatments from 0 kg/ha rates to 500 kg/ha while the micronutrient rate was 0-10g/ha. Each treatment had four replications and each experimental unit consisted of ten plants. The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse and in the shade house at KISR’s Agricultural Research Cucumber Plants b Station in Sulaibiya (Fig. 1.). Under field conditions band application of fertilizers were best suited as it minimized weed growth.
Strawberry Plants c Fig. 1. Three crop experiments
54 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Toxic Effects and Bioaccumulation of Selected Marine Pollutants to Mullet (Liza Macrolepis) and Brine Shrimp (Artemia Salina) in Kuwait Bay (2002-1207-01)
A.H. Bu-Olayan Kuwait University
Abstract Mullet fish (Liza klunzinger) commonly called ‘Maid’ collected from Umm-al Nammil Island fish traps were reared in the laboratory. Toxicological tests on ‘Maid’ fish determining (a) LC by exposing them for 72 hr using probit 50 analysis and (b) bioaccumulation (30d) were conducted in seawater collected from five Kuwait Bay sites and from Umm-al-Nammil Island, (control). Five selected pollutants and trace metals of importance, their interaction to ‘maid’ fish at varying hydrological variables were investigated, and nutrients in control and in seawater were collected from these sites. Different fish tissues were also analyzed.
Project Progress Observations showed Pb among metals and sodium high bioaccumulation in Cu>Fe>Zn>Pb>Ni>V hypochlorite (NaOCl) among selected pollutants among trace metals and NaOCl followed by other to have highly effected ‘Maid’ fish. A combination selected pollutants. Bioaccumulation was high in of these pollutants exhibiting synergistic and liver, followed by gills and muscle tissues in ‘Maid’ antagonistic effect is discussed in this report. LC fish. Trace metals and selected pollutants tests on 50 analysis on trace metals in ‘Maid’ fish with and Artemia sp. are in progress. BAF was noted high in without microencapsulated feed is partially included hepatopancreas in Artemia sp. than with their body in this report. ‘Maid’ fish exposed for 30 days revealed tissues (Table 1).
Table 1. Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Tests on ‘Maid’ Fish and Brine Shrimp Using Probit Analysis
†Conc. 95% C.I limits BAF Pollutant LC point x2 (µg/L) Lower Upper (µg/Kg) Pb 1.123 15 0.297 1.829 0.718 1.97 4.737 15 2.611 5.937 0.430 1.70 Ni 3.059 15 1.255 4.296 1.398 1.40 9.722 15 6.207 11.283 0.601 1.04 V 4.018 15 2.363 4.778 0.761 1.13 6.397 15 3.231 7.907 0.268 7.40 Cu 6.950 15 2.385 8.828 1.078 2.18 8.546 15 5.408 10.007 0.034 1.02 Fe 7.478 15 5.451 8.306 0.544 2.12 11.685 15 7.932 13.292 0.558 1.05 Zn 10.394 15 7.619 11.743 0.545 2.07 13.966 15 6.348 16.832 0.120 1.01 HCHO 0.008 15 0.002 0.017 0.854 215.3 7.731 15 5.034 8.690 0.319 0.71 C H O 0.005 15 0.001 0.010 3.312 190.0 5 8 2 6.620 15 5.572 7.173 1.523 1.02 NaOCl 0.001 15 0.000 0.001 0.607 190.0 3.687 15 2.133 4.422 1.915 1.05 CH O 1.517 15 0.561 2.206 1.721 0.89 4 10.072 15 7.555 11.342 0.434 0.28 C H O 2.178 15 0.593 3.122 2.167 0.67 2 6 18.005 15 15.274 18.944 1.238 0.14 †Conc.: estimated concentration, LC: lethal concentration, C.I.: confidence interval, values italics: brine shrimp samples, BAF: bioaccumulation factor
55 Evaluation of New Ornamental Plants for Use in Kuwait’s Landscape and Demonstration Gardens Establishment (2002-1207-02)
M.K. Suleiman, N.R. Bhat, L.A. Al-Mulla, R. Bellen, M. Zalzalah and R.R. Cruz Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Several new residential areas are being established in Kuwait due to the increase in the population and urbanization. These areas require massive greenery activities to alleviate architectural structures and enhance their microclimate. Additionally, several other landscape projects are being executed as a response to the national greenery plan. These intensive greenery activities require enormous amounts of plant material for proper execution. However, the adaptable ornamental plant palette is humble as opposed to the intensity of greenery and beautification required. Consequently, it was inevitable to increase the existing plant list for larger diversification. In response to this need, KISR developed this project in September 2003, in an attempt to screen different ornamental plants that evolved from similar environments to the State of Kuwait.
Project Progress The project was initiated in October 2003. Two sites Duranta goldiana and Ficus pumila appeared to tolerate of approximately 1,500 m2 were identified in a coastal water stress better than others. Acalypha wilkesiana area at the KISR waterfront site and an inland area was severely affected, while Peltophorus pterocarpus, at the Khatabi garden site (with the coordination with Thespesia populnea and Tephrosia haussknechtii PAAFR) to screen a list of introduced ornamental were moderately affected by water stress condition. plants. Additionally, selected potential plants were Routine data on plant performance including growth tested under salinity and drought conditions. In the rate, height, canopy and caliper; additionally pest and salinity study, plants were subjected to 1.6, 2.5 and 5.0 disease incidence were documented. dS/m salinity treatments. Based on salinity study data, Phenological observations are being noted routinely. the plants Calliandra haematocephala, Thespesia More highly potential plants were included in the populnea and Tephrosia haussknechtii appeared to be coastal area, and data collection was initiated on these affected by high salinity water treatments. Allamanda plants in August 2005. Professionals and technicians catharicta, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Duranta executing the project were being trained on the goldiana, Ficus pumila and Peltophorus pterocarpus horticultural activities of the project. were unaffected by high salinity water treatments. Duranta goldiana showed the highest growth rate Future work will include routine data collection of among all the experimental plants at all salinity the field and the greenhouse studies. Soil and water levels. In the drought study, plants were subjected to analysis are conducted tri-monthly starting November induced water stress according to predetermined soil 2004. Additionally, vegetative propagation of the moisture depletion levels. Based on the data collected, adaptable plants will occur to ensure their availability Allamanda catharicta, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, when needed.
Fig. 1. Naturalized perennial desert seed mix.
56 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Evaluation of Different Methods for Reducing Salmonella in Broilers in Kuwait (2002-1207-003)
A. Al-Nasser, S. Al-Zenki, M. Mashaly, A. A. Al-Saffar and A. Al-Haddad Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract There has been a rapid growth in poultry consumption in Kuwait with consumers pushing the demand for healthier and safer foods. Ensuring the safety of poultry meat continues to be an important priority to the poultry industry. Several factors influence the safety of these products with initial contamination with food borne pathogens at the farm level being the most important of all. Salmonella spp. is considered to be the major cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Many outbreaks of Salmonellosis have been linked to the consumption of poultry. Poultry become contaminated with Salmonella at the farm and at the processing plant. This implies that control measures should be first taken at the farm to achieve a better control of this pathogen on the final product. In this project, the prevalence of Salmonella in poultry in a local poultry farm was studied. For the first time in Kuwait, various methods to control Salmonella in poultry farms were investigated.
Project Progress To date, the first experiment has been carried out and placement, and at 7, 21, and 35 days of age and at completed. This experiment included the evaluation the processing plant for Salmonella detection. Data of various competitive exclusion treatments for their showed an improvement in chicken performance in effectiveness in reducing Salmonella in the farm the treated birds compared to the control. environment, on the chicken and in their ceca and also Results also showed that exposure to Salmonella on the improvement of the production performance occurred at the hatchery and continued in the farm. of the broilers. One-day-old broiler chicks were Furthermore, Salmonella levels in the bird and in the treated with either Aviguard (0.50 ml/ chick), yeast ceca of treated birds were significantly reduced, when (Sacharomyces boulardii, 1g/kg feed or 0.1%), or compared to the controls, both during grow-out period Bactocell (Pediococcus acidilactici, 100 mg/kg of and after processing. Data also showed that elevated feed or 0.01%) or untreated and served as controls. litter pH correlated well with Salmonella levels Production performance, including body weight, in the rearing houses. In addition, serology of the feed consumption, feed efficiency, and mortality isolated strains showed the prevalence of one strain, were measured at different ages. In addition, samples Salmonella enteritidis, as the most dominant strain in from different sources were collected prior to chick the farm environment and at the processing plant.
Fig.1. Samples analyzed for Salmonella isolation and confirmation.
57 Survey of Multi-Residues of Antibiotics in Food Products of Animal Origin in the State of Kuwait (2002-1207-04)
H. M. Al-Mazeedi and H. Alomirah Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract More than 2000 products are currently licensed worldwide for use as veterinary medicines. Many of these are identical, with different names being used by different companies. A large number of these compounds are being used in farm animals. As a portion of an administered drug remains behind (as antimicrobial residue) and may appear in meat and/or milk, such use is likely to be dangerous to human health. Of central importance to consumer safety is the establishment of acceptable residue tolerances (maximum residue levels or MRLs) for the antibiotics and their metabolites. The proposed work concerns the measurement of priority antibiotic residues in meat, poultry, fish and milk from Kuwaiti outlets. The project aims to establish suitable analytical capability to carry out nationwide surveys of current levels of antimicrobial residues in food of animal origin. Charm II analyzers were used in this project. The proposal is also aimed at assessing the current state of use and misuse of the main classes of antimicrobial drugs in food products of animal origin in Kuwait.
Project Progress The total number of samples subjected in this study the locally produced ones. Charm II 7600 System is a were 4,198 samples collected from various feed very sensitive system for the detection of antibiotics in producers, farms and food retail outlets in Kuwait food of animal origin. Beta-lactams tests alone, which between 2004-2005, and were screened using the are often run on raw milk before it is being processed Charm II 6700 analyzer system, that detect semi- by dairy farms worldwide, is no longer a measure of quantitatively unacceptable levels of beta-lactams, safety of milk for the dairy industry. Tetracycline is tetracyclines, sulfonamides and chloramphenicol the most used antibiotic in dairy farms, followed by families in feed, milk, eggs, meat, fish, and poultry beta-lactams, chloramphenicol and sulfonamide to a meat samples. lesser extent. Approximately 13% of the feed/food samples under Eggs in Kuwait are antibiotic-free. Macroliled which this study were found to be contaminated with is a contaminant of priority concern in some countries antibiotics (dairy produce represent 11.9%) indicating like UK was not found in Kuwaiti eggs. Standard that consumers of dairy and poultry products in the method for the detection of antibiotic such as GC-MS- state of Kuwait are at risk. Milk and dairy products NC1 confirms CHARM II test results. The hot season were found to be the most antibiotic- contaminated in Kuwait did not reflect our expectation of increased food of animal origin with accumulated contaminations use of antibiotics in animal production. Surveillance of 16.7%. Feed and grains were also found to be agencies on the residues of antibiotics in food need contaminated with antibiotic residues with accumulated to better focus efforts to address risk to humans from contamination of 25.4%. Pasteurization of raw milk antibiotic use in animals. Antibiotics must be banned affects the detection of antibiotic residues measured by in animal feed to reduce the risk of antibiotic-resistant the CHARM method. Imported food of animal origin strains of bacteria growth that may be transferred to was more contaminated by antibiotic residues than humans.
Fig. 1. Samples of meat and poultry that can be of great health risk to humans if regulatory bodies do not analyze antibiotic residues in them.
58 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Establishment of A Seedbank Unit for Native Plants of Kuwait (2002-1207-06)
S. Zaman, S. Omar, S. Padmesh and S. Al-Dossery Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research
Abstract Deserts can often appear to have uniform ecosystems, but lack in obvious structural diversity. Despite this absence of clear habitat niche differentiation, they can be remarkably species-rich. A perceived problem of desertification and wildlife extinctions in Kuwait is thought to be contributed by human interference with nature. The overall objective of the KISR Seed Bank is to collect and conserve native seeds, utilize them in research and reintroduce into the degraded ecosystems, maintain and promote public interest in plant conservation. This seed bank will have two goals. The first goal is the protection and conservation of pastoral and multipurpose plants of the arid desert of Kuwait. The second goal is to contribute to future plans to enhance the seed production and multiplication of native species to use in the reintroduction of plant species for the restoration/ rehabilitation of degraded rangelands. To achieve the objectives of the project, several activities started and are in progress. Long and short term seed storage and determination of seed quality is in progress. The current collection of seeds include 49 taxa which were processed.
Progress The deserts of Kuwait have suffered a significant necessary equipment (like freezer for long term loss of native flora in recent years because of both storage) were processed through KISR system. The environmental and human-associated factors. The new cold storage room for medium term storage was overall objective of the project is to establish a seed examined periodically and the temperature inside it bank unit at KISR for conservation, preservation, and was controlled and fixed. The seed collection from potential use of Kuwait’s native and naturalized plants. native plants population was continued by conducting The specific objectives of this project are: field trips to different desert ecosystems such as, desert plain and coastal plain. Seeds from target and dominant • To test the viability of seeds over time and determine species were collected. The current collection includes optimum seed germination conditions. 49 species (Fig. 1). Seed handling, cleaning and • To generate data on various techniques of desert seed storing is in process. Determination of seed quality harvesting, cleaning, storage and germination. such as germination and viability was initiated for the freshly collected seeds. An information database • To train national staff in the principles and practices on Kuwait’s National seed bank was established by of plant conservation and genebank operation. designing a special data entry form. The database Mobilization continued such as requisitions for included information on each seed lot that was stored.
Fig. 1. Total amount of seeds stored in Seed Bank Unit.
59 Stability Assessment of Four Vitamins and Iron Fortified to Wheat Flour and Baked Products (2003-1202-01)
S. N. Al-Hooti1, H. Al-Amiri1, J. Al-Saqer1, N. Ahmed1, A. Ali1, Y. Al-Babtain1, and I. Al-Salem2 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research1 and Kuwait Flour Mills & Bakeries Company2.
Abstract The methods for determination of the vitamins, thiamine (B1) and riboflavin (B2) in fortified wheat flour using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were established. ICP-AES was used for Iron. Microbiological assays for the vitamins niacin (B3) and folic acid (B9) were not successful; instead, LC/MS is being utilized. The average iron, B1, and B2 contents of patent flour (65% extraction) from the production line, packaged patent flour, and packaged white flour (76% extraction) from the mills of the Kuwait Flour Mills and Bakeries Company (KFM&B Co.), Shuwaikh, were 43.0, 5.54 and 3.27 mg/kg; 58.1, 6.16, and 3.40 mg/kg; and 48.6, 5.83, and 3.25 mg/kg, respectively. The respective values for packaged patent flour and white flour from Cooperative Societies were 53.1, 6.40, and 3.09 mg/kg; and 51.4, 5.3, and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively. Results were also obtained for Iranian bread, white Arabic flat bread at various stages of processing and for six months storage study of patent flour.
Project Progress Flour fortification is mandatory at the national level in also set up. Samples of dough at different stages of Kuwait whereby all wheat flour (<85% extraction) is fermentation and of baked Iranian and white Arabic fortified with iron (by at least 30 mg/kg) and folic acid flat bread were picked from four Iranian bakeries and (B9) (by at least 1.5-2 mg/kg), and on voluntary basis four automated Arabic flat bread bakeries of KFM&B with thiamin (B1) (6.38 mg/kg), riboflavin (B2) (3.96 Co. A five-day storage study of flat bread was also set mg/kg), and niacin (B3) (52.91 mg/kg) by KFM&B up at our laboratories at KISR. Analysis is completed Co. as of July 2001. for all the samples for Fe, B1, and B2 and analysis is To assess the level, the uniformity and the stability ongoing for B3 and B9. of these added nutrients in fortified flour, samples of patent flour (65% extraction) and white flour Wheat flour samples from different sources were (76% extraction) were collected from the mills and analyzed for Fe content using ICP-AES, and for B1, eight cooperatives. A six month storage study was and B2 content using (HPLC) as reported in Table 1.
Table 1. Iron (Fe), Thiamin (B1) and Riboflavin (B2) Content in Wheat Flour from Different Sources Source Type of flour Fe* B1* B2* KFM&B Co/ production line Patent flour 43.0 ± 6.8 5.54 ± 0.97 3.27 ± 0.39 KFM&B Co/ Packaging line Packaged Patent flour 58.1 ± 5.6 6.16 ± 1.39 3.40 ± 0.37 KFM&B Co/ Packaging line Packaged white flour 48.6 ± 2.1 5.83 ± 1.18 3.25 ± 0.81 Co-ops Packaged Patent flour 53.1± 7.4 6.40 ± 1.13 3.09 ± 1.17 Co-ops Packaged white flour 51.4 ± 6.3 5.3 ± 1.5 3.0 ± 1.2
* Results expressed as Mean ± SD in mg/kg on 12% moisture basis.
60 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Evaluation of Genetic Integrity of the KISR-Tissue Cultured Date Palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) under Field Conditions (2003-1207-01)
S. Al-Amad Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The date palm holds enormous commercial potential for Kuwait. Date trees are in high demand for beautification as well as for fruit production. Production and propagation of date plants through tissue culture is an alternative that can meet the local demand as well as to capture a significant portion of the date market in neighboring GCC countries. An economically successful date culture program is dependent upon production and marketing elite, true-to-type date palm varieties. Traditional techniques for the determination of trueness-to type are inefficient, tedious and unreliable. The main objective of this project was to investigate the potential of DNA fingerprinting using microsatellite ISSR and RAPD markers to determine and assess the genetic stability or variation and to establish the trueness-to-type of tissue-cultured date palm cultivars under field conditions.
Project Progress Fourteen elite, economically important date palm screened and amplified by PCR using genomic DNA cultivars were selected and decontaminated. Total from fourteen selected tissue cultured date palm genomic DNA was isolated, extracted and purified cultivars (Table 1). from both tissue-cultured date palm leaves as well The study revealed that ISSR-based DNA probes as from mature mother plants. The DNA extraction were highly sensitive and effective in tissue culture protocol successfully isolated pure DNA of high quality operations to provide reliable true-to-type date palm from a number of date palm cultivars. The resulting cultivar plants, and also indicated that such ISSR assay DNA appeared intact, non-degraded and free of any is extremely important and is highly recommended in contaminants such as proteins and carbohydrates that any tissue culture program since any economically might interfere with restriction digestions and PCR successful date culture program is dependent upon amplifications. A number of commercially available production and marketing of elite, true-to-type date microsatellite ISSR probes and RAPD primers were palm varieties.
Table 1. List of Oligonucleotides Utilized as Microsatellite (ISSR) Primers Primer Code Primer Sequence Annealing Temperature ( c ) Primer A (GATA)4 35 Primer B (GACA)4 43 Primer C (CAA)5 35 Primer H (GA)8CC 51 Primer I (GA)8CT 49 Primer J (AC)8G 47
61 Use of Hydrophilic Polymers and Mulches for Water Conservation in Greenery Projects in Kuwait (2003-1207-02)
N. R. Bhat, M. K. Suleiman, L. Al-Mulla, A. Christopher and J. Ferin Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The greenhouse and laboratory experiments initiated with five polymers (Aquasorb, Hydrogel, Broadleaf P , 4 Hydrosource, Agrihope) in March 2004 indicated that incorporation of Agrihope at 0.4% in the growing medium, improved water retention, reduced total water requirements and promoted growth of Conocarpus lancifolia. During the current year, Agrihope was tested with or without mulches (organic and gravel) for their effects on water conservation, growth and greenery impact of different ornamental plants and lawn grasses under field conditions. Results suggested that the polymer and bark mulch combination was the most effective in reducing the daily water of plants between 19 and 34%. The polymer and mulch did not impact any of the physical and chemical soil parameters. Application of polymer improved reduced the water requirement of lawn grasses by 25 to 29%.
Project Progress Hydrophilic polymers have been shown to increase was mixed with the agricultural soil before planting the water-holding capacity (WHC) of soils, reduce the tree (Conocarpus lancifolius, Zizyphus spina-christi), loss of soluble nutrients from the root zone, promote shrub (Bougainvillea glabra, Hibiscus rosasinensis) the establishment and growth of plants, and allow and ground cover (Alternathera sp., Gazania sp.). the plants to survive drought periods. Use of surface After planting, one of the two mulches (horticulture mulches has also been shown to significantly reduce grade bark or gravel) was spread on the soil surface. evaporation from the soil surface and reduce weed Results suggested that the polymer and bark mulch growth for up to ten years. Therefore, studies were combination was the most effective in reducing the conducted during 2004-05 to ascertain the effects daily water intake of plants between 19 and 34%. of PAM polymers and mulches in greenery projects In Task 4, application of polymer reduced the water under harsh, arid climatic conditions of Kuwait. In requirement by 25 to 29%. Task 5 has been initiated all, four tasks were undertaken during this period. The in July 2005. first two tasks dealt with greenhouse and laboratory In addition to the on-the job training of KISR staff, a screening of five polymers applied to the sandy soil six-week long training course was conducted for two at 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4% (Fig. 1). During the current year, students during the summer of 2005. the most promising polymer (Agrihope @ 0.4%) was Plans for Future Work tested under field conditions to determine the effects of polymer and mulch combinations on the growth The effects of the best polymer and mulch combination performance of selected greenery plants (Task 3) and from Task 3 will be demonstrated in an established effect of polymer on establishment, growth and water- garden. The final recommendation will be submitted use in lawn grasses (Task 4). In task 3, 0.4% Agrihope in February 2006.
Fig. 1. Effect of uniform temperature regime on polymer performance in sandy soil.
62 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Development of Salt Tolerant Date Palm Cultivars Via Tissue Culture Technology - Phase I: Induction and Selection (2003-1207-03)
M. M. AboEl-Nil Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Tissue and cell cultures of date palm of four cultivars were induced to form embryogenic callus under natural variation induction conditions. Callus and embryos were challenged by culturing on media containing increased concentrations of sodium chloride for selection of salt-tolerant variants. Sodium chloride tolerance level was found to be 9000, 7000 and 5000 ppm for cultivars Nebout-Saif, Ikhlas and Barhi, respectively, Cultivar nebout-saif produced viable somatic embryos after challenging on media containing 7000 ppm sodium chloride. All salt- tolerant and fast-growing embryos are to be grown into plants in soil for field evaluation.
Project Progress Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an important tree 9000 ppm, while Barhi somatic embryos showed in greenery projects for environmental enhancement. good growth up to 5000 ppm and Ikhlas grew at Since conventional techniques of cross-breeding 7000 ppm. Barhi somatic embryogenic callus which followed by selection did not result in any genetic survived up to 5000 ppm sodium chloride, failed to improvement in date palms, techniques of natural regenerate somatic embryos when transferred into the somaclonal variation in tissue culture hold great Basal medium devoid of sodium chloride. Nebout- promise. This project aims at utilizing cell and tissue saif embryogenic callus survived up to 9000 ppm culture techniques to develop new salt-tolerant date and produced somatic embryos up to 7000 ppm palm cultivars. Embryogenic callus was induced to sodium chloride. Callus cultures of Madjhool are form and multiply from four cultivars, namely; Barhi, being increased in preparation for Salt-tolerance Nabout-Saif, Ikhlass, and Madjhool. Cultures were determination. Progress in this project indicated the exposed to media containing increased concentrations promising probability of in vitro selecting of salt- of sodium chloride. Growth, multiplication and tolerant genotypes of date palm cultivars, which will germination of somatic embryos of Nebout-Saif be desirable for planting in marginal farmland and for cultivar continued until the salt concentration reached greenery projects.
Fig. 1. Nebout-Saif somatic embryos cultured on MS complete medium containing increased concentrations of sodium chloride (C. control; 1. 1000; 2. 3000; 3. 5000; 4. 7000; 5. 9000 and 6. 11000 ppm).
63 Introduction, Evaluation and Propagation of the Argan Tree for Greenery and Oil Production in Kuwait – Phase I: Introduction and Propagation (2003-1207-04)
H. S. Al-Menaie Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The Argan tree (Argania spinosa L.,) is native to Morocco and it is well adapted to arid and semiarid region. The main aim of this project is to introduce and evaluate performance of Argan tree under Kuwaiti’s environment. Seeds and stem cuttings were collected from different areas in Agadir. Experiments are underway to study the effect of different treatments on seed germination, rooting of cuttings and subsequent growth of trees. The highest seed germination was 96%, which was achieved when seeds were planted in 10 cm Jiffy pots filled with a soil mixture of sand, peat-moss and humus at ratio of 2:1:1. Project Progress The Argan tree is an endemic tree of the Moroccan southwest and it is well adapted to grow in arid and semiarid areas. This tree has many properties that make it a good candidate for introduction to the agriculture and agro-forestry in Kuwait. In addition to its environmental benefits, it produces rich flavored oil with good dietetic qualities and is valuable in manufacturing cosmetics. The objectives of this project are: 1) introducing the Argan tree to Kuwait; 2) development of technology for seedling production; 3) development of vegetative propagation of superior trees; 4) evaluation of potential and Fig. 1. Collecting seeds from an Argan tree in Agadir. preparation of preliminary environmental impact assessment. Two scientific expeditions to Agadir, Morocco were undertaken to survey the Argan natural forests in Morocco and to collect seeds and cuttings from superior Argan trees (Fig. 1). Trees with good growth and fruiting were selected. About 150 kg of seeds and cuttings were collected from different areas in Agadir and shipped to Kuwait (Fig. 2). Fruits were dried and seed coats were removed. Seeds from different genotypes were weighed and classified into Fig. 2. Green Argan fruits containing seeds. three weight groups. Experiments on germination started to study the effect of seed size, water soaking, growing medium and vessel size on germination and subsequent growth. An experiment was conducted on the rooting cuttings using different medium mixtures. Germination rate was 66% for heavy seeds without water soaking treatment (Fig. 3), whereas seeds did not germinate when treated with hot water at 70oC. Germination was 96%, 80%, 80% and 76% when seeds were planted in 10 cm Jiffy filled with soil mixtures composed of sand: peat-moss: humus at ratios of 2:1:1, 1:1:1, 1:1:0 and 1:1:1, respectively. Germination was only 16% when seeds were planted in 10 cm plastic Fig. 3. Germination of heavy seeds without water pots filled with a soil mixture of 2:1:1. soaking.
64 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Introduction, Propagation and Evaluation of Male Date Palm Pollinators Phase I: Introduction and Propagation (2003-1207-06)
M. AboEl-Nil Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The recent expansion in planting tissue cultured date palms has caused an increase in the demand for male flowers for pollination. The project is aimed at the introduction, evaluation and propagation of superior male date palm pollinators to complement the female varieties. The project is also aimed at designing a plan for the establishment of a pollen production, processing for large-scale distribution to farmers. Five superior male pollinators were obtained and planted in the orchard and in tissue culture. Effect of male pollinators (metaxenia) on fruit production, was expressed as fruit bunch weight, fruit size and fruit sugar content. Data indicated that when Barhi was pollinated with dayri, it gave the heaviest fruit bunches and largest fruits, while higher fruit sugar content was obtained with Fardh and Dayri than with Ghannami and control seedling male. Large-scale propagation via tissue culture embryogenesis was developed and plants from Dayri, Ghannami and Garvis were produced.
Project Progress Male offshoots of the cultivars; Fardh-4, Garvis-1, the heaviest bunches and the largest fruits. Fardh and Ghannamy, and Dayri-DC49 originated in the Date Dayri males produced fruits with higher sugar content Palm and Citrus Agriculture Experimental Station than the other two males. The five male pollinators in Indio, California, USA, were obtained. The male were tissue cultured and plantlets were produced via cultivar Boyer-11 which was developed at the somatic embryogenesis route from Fardh, Garvis, station mentioned was obtained as offshoots from Ghannamy, and Dayri. Cultures of Boyer pollinator the Public Authority for Agricultural Affairs and were initiated recently. Fishery Resources. Male offshoots were planted and produced abundant inflorescences for evaluation of pollination (Fig. 1). For the 2004 pollination season, pollen from the pollinators Fardh, Ghannamy, and Dayri were tested for viability and compatibility with the female cultivars; Hillali, Sultana, Khassab, Barhi, Madjhool, Nebut-Saif, Siwi, Succari, Anbarah, Shishi, Oadi and Khyarah. The control treatment used was pollen from seedling origin. Percentage viability of the pollen grains was 100% in germination test. Pollen grains of the four males were found to be effective in fertilizing all of the 12 different female cultivars with qualitative and quantitative variations. Fig. 1. Flowering of male pollinator ‘Dayri’ DC 49. Fruit fresh weight slightly varied from one bunch to the other due to the different pollen treatments. For cultivar Barhi, means of five replicates average of total fruit bunch weight (kg) pollinated with pollen from Ghannamy, Dayri, Fardh and male seedling were 6.53±.3, 9.04±.7, 8.42±.4 and 6.96±.3, respectively (Fig. 2). Fruit sugar content was determined as a percentage in fruit extract and found to be 54.09±.4, 58.50±.4, 64.80±.3, and 54.21±.5, respectively for the four pollinators mentioned. Weight of 100 fruits (kg) at full color (khalal) beginning of rutab stage was 1.690±4, 1.900±4, 1.700±3 and 1.660±3, respectively. Preliminary analysis of pollination data indicated that pollination with pollens from the male Dayri produced Fig. 2. Female tree cultivar ‘Barhi’ pollinated with pollen from four different male pollinators.
65 Multi-Biomarkers Response in Fish from Kuwait Sea Area (2003-1207-07)
M.U. Beg, S. Al-Subiai, N. Al-Jandal, M. Al-Mutairi, K.R. Beg, S. Al-Bahar, E. Al-Hassan, J. Zafar, T. Dashti, B. Gevao, and M. Al-Hussaini Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The project aimed to establish a correlation between biomarkers and body burden with PAHs, trace metals and the climatic changes. This report deals with the study of 7-ethoxy resorufin-o-dethylase (EROD) activity, a biomarker of exposure to planar hydrocarbons, in three different types of fishes, sea bream (local name shaem) (Acanthopagrus latus), mullet (local name maid) (Liza klunzingeri) and tonguesole (local name Lassan or Lesan althour) captured from the two sampling stations in Kuwait’s marine area. The data showed distinctly different levels of EROD activity in fish from the two locations suggesting difference in exposure (Fig. 1). This is further substantiated by the body burden with PAHs in tonguesole while in other species this relationship was not evident. The difference in response may be attributed to the habitat of the three fish species. Further sampling and analysis of fish, as scheduled in this project, will provide more data for better understanding.
Project Progress The project started in September 2004 and is provide to cell a protection from further damages and progressing as per schedule. Field samplings of thus have been proposed as indicator of cellular stress. three varieties of fish from two sites of the Kuwait A correlation between toxic exposure and stress protein marine area were undertaken on quarterly basis with synthesis has been established in several studies. HSP collection of hydrographical data and GPS locations. was determined in liver, gills and muscle tissues by Morphometric measurements of fish collected from SDS-PAGE separation and immunoblotting technique. the two areas were determined This study is continuing and input from forthcoming sampling will help to elucidate the exposure stress in The method for other biomarker (Heat Shock Protein, fish. Two progress reports have been submitted to HSP) analysis was standardized in the laboratory. KFAS. HSP plays a role in the repair of cellular damage and
SS-2 EROD
SS-2 EROD
SS-2 EROD Mullet
SS-2 Tonguesole EROD Seabream 0 50 100 150
Fig. 1. PAHs and EROD in fish species at the two locations in Kuwait marine area.
66 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Development of Salt-Tolerant Plants - Phase II: Characterization and Analyses of Salt-Induced Genes of Mangrove Plant (2002-1207-05)
M. Saleem and Y. Al-Shaygi Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Salinity stress is one of the most serious factors limiting the productivity of agricultural crops in many areas of the world, including Kuwait. The detrimental effects of high salts concentrations on many glycophytes are usually a consequence of osmotic stress resulting from an imposed water deficit, the toxic effects of sodium ions on critical biochemical processes, or a combination of the two. The majority of the world’s crop and ornamental plants belong to the glycophyte category. Scientists from the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) recognized salinity as a major factor that limits the utilization of the Kuwait’s lands in agricultural productivity. It is also a major hindering element in the country’s ability to exercise self-sufficiency in the agriculture industry. In theory, there can be two major strategies for dealing with this problem: to undertake a major initiative to recondition the cultivated areas, and to genetically re-program and modify crop (or ornamental) plants to survive, productively grow and tolerate the existing levels of salinity in these areas. The first strategy has been tested and tried but produced inadequate results; therefore, it is not considered practical or feasible for effective salt- management in arid regions. On the other hand, the second strategy, although still in the exploratory stage, constitutes the most logical alternative at this time. This is especially true in light of the major accomplishments and advancements achieved worldwide in the field of plant biotechnology. To be able to effectively modify a glycophytic plant by genetic engineering to overcome conditions of high salinity stress, a suitable and efficient mechanism needs to be identified. From the data and results of Phase I, a major achievement towards this aim has been achieved. The choice of a strong halophytic system, the mangrove, in this study was important and significant steps are taken towards the identification of some of the molecular mechanisms underlying the salt-tolerance characteristics of this plant. The studies conducted during Phase I strongly demonstrate a good degree of relationship between salt-tolerance and oxidative stress. The status of the activities of a number of key anti-oxidative enzymes (most notable, super-oxide dismutase) was compared in both halophytic and glycophytic systems under salt-stress conditions and found to be poorly expressed in salt-sensitive plants (i.e. glycophytes) compared to salt-tolerant ones. This is a significant achievement, which reinforces the suspected importance of the anti-oxidative enzymes as protectors against salt stress. Another major achievement of the study was the identification of a number of novel genes (most notably encoding SOD and sodium and water transporter proteins) in the tissues of mangrove. It is suggested that these novel gene transcripts represent a network of genes that allow mangrove to tolerate the high salinity of the environment. The novel genes identified in Phase I will be isolated, characterized and used to genetically program salt-sensitive plants for salt tolerance.
Comparative Study of Ancient and Modern Otoliths of Ariidae (Sea Catfish) from Kuwait’s Waters. (2002-1207-07)
M. Al-Husaini Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract This research project studies both modern and 7000-years old archeological chim otoliths, the latter excavated from the Al-Sabyiah area in 2000 and 2001 by the Kuwait-British archeological expedition team of the Kuwait National Museum. The National Museum requested KISR to conduct this study to assist their investigations of the pre-historic occupation of the Al-Sabyiah area, using annual marks of the excavated chim otoliths. The specific
67 objectives are: 1. To study the fisheries biology of four species of chim inhabiting Kuwait’s waters using annuli in otoliths to enable fisheries managers to formulate conservation measures for Kuwait’s marine ecosystem and biodiversity and to study chim otoliths retrieved from the archaeological excavation site in Sabyiah. 2. To compare data on modern otoliths with that of the excavated otoliths to determine species and sizes of fish caught, fishing seasons and past patterns of human occupation in the Sabyiah egion.r 3. To use stable isotopes of oxygen in otoliths to estimate the history of temperature regime of the area and to estimate timing of fishing that occurred in the past. Measurements on otolith meristics and internal structures, estimation of age structure, timing of otolith annuli deposition and growth rates for four species of Ariidae catfish inhabiting Kuwait’s waters will be studied and these results will be compared with similar data from the archeological otoliths.
A Comparative Study on Production Efficiency of Four Strains of Brown and White Egg Laying Hens (2003-1207-09)
M. Mashaly, A. Al-Nasser and A. Al-Saffar. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Even though the poultry industry is one of the most important animal industries in Kuwait, it covers only 55% of local egg consumption and the remainder is imported. Therefore, it is important to expand egg production and acquire better production efficiency for hens that perform the best under local conditions and practices, based on the production efficiency of different strains of laying hens raised locally. A major problem that the egg industry is facing is the low quality of the eggshells, resulting in a large loss to the industry. Brown eggs have better egg quality, including shell quality, and hens that produce brown eggs are more efficient. Furthermore, the goal is to increase the diversity of poultry products to assure food security. Therefore, the major objective of this project is to compare the production efficiency of different strains that are used for production of both white and brown eggs under local practices. In addition, assessment of the market potential of brown eggs will be studied and promotion of brown eggs will be conducted.
Poultry Biosecurity: A Case Study at Kuwait United Poultry Company (KUPCO) (2003-1207-10)
M. Mashaly, A. Al-Nasser and A. Al-Saffar Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The poultry industry in Kuwait is one of the most important animal production industries and its value exceeds KD 23,000,000 annually. Even though the poultry industry is well developed, the incidence of diseases is considered a major problem that threatens the poultry industry and leads to significant financial losses to the producers. This is because diseases not only increase mortality but also reduce production performance. Biosecurity is a defensive health plan to maintain the safety of living things from biological hazards; it is the main method that is used for protection and disease control. However, in many cases, biosecurity practices including vaccination are not done probably since a comprehensive program usually is not in effect. Therefore, it is extremely important that each poultry company establishes a comprehensive biosecurity program to be followed in detail for its successful implementation. The major objectives of this project are to apply a
68 New Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate comprehensive biosecurity program, as a case-study at all poultry farms at Kuwait United Poultry Company (KUPCO) and to train the company’s staff to appreciate the importance of biosecurity and its application, in order to assure the implementation of the new biosecurity program. Based on the favorable outcome of the program, it can then be implemented in other poultry companies in Kuwait. The project duration is twelve months and the project consists of three tasks: Task 1. Assessment of the Existing Biosecurity in the Company; Task 2. Development and Application of KUPCO Biosecurity Program; Task 3. Reporting.
Assessment of Acrylamide Levels in Heat-Processed Foodstuffs Consumed By Kuwaitis (2003-1207-11)
H. F. Alomirah Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract In April 2002, Swedish researchers announced that Acrylamide had been detected at elevated levels in high carbohydrate foods prepared and/or cooked at high temperature. Since then, Acrylamide has been found in a wide range of cooked and heat-processed foods in other Western countries. Of the vast range of number of Western food types analyzed to date, Acrylamide levels were highest in potato and cereal-based products subjected to heat processing such as deep-frying, frying, grilling, baking and roasting. Lower levels have also been found in some other heat-processed foods. The food items that have been analyzed to date represent only a small portion of the total diet and do not include foods representative of those consumed in developing countries. Nonetheless, based on the available data, the mean dietary intake of acrylamide in developed countries was estimated to be in the order of 1µg/kg body weight/d, which contributes to a significant proportion of total exposure. For children, the exposure is two to three times that of adult consumers when expressed with relation to body weight, and for high-intake consumers, the exposure was several times the mean exposure. The joint Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) Consultation on the health implications of Acrylamide in food recognized the presence of Acrylamide in food as a major concern for humans, given its ability to induce cancers and heritable mutations, and its neurotoxicity to laboratory animals. The Consultation recommended that developing and other countries with insufficient information for determining population-level dietary exposure to acrylamide should consider generating interim information relevant to their own circumstances. The purpose of this project is to determine levels of Acrylamide in a large range of food items (local and imported) prepared in ways that reflect common domestic practices and to estimate the current dietary intake of Acrylamide by the Kuwaiti population and the potential health risk associated with ingestion of such food items, based on a food consumption survey, with an ultimate objective of improving the safety of food being consumed in the State of Kuwait.
In Vitro Screening and Development of Salt Tolerant Potato via Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Technology (2004-1207-03)
C. Sudershan Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Agriculture expansion in Kuwait has been limited due to soil salinity and scarcity of good quality of irrigation water. The available ground water in the agricultural areas of Kuwait is brackish with total dissolved salts ranged between 2000 to 10000 ppm. Potato is one of the major food crops that require fresh water irrigation for tuber
69 formation. Development and introduction of salt-tolerant potato will contribute to the possible expansion of potato cultivation. The traditional method for production of a new variety of potato is thorough breeding but as cultivated potatoes are tetraploid and highly heterozygous, development of stress-tolerant varieties by breeding is difficult, time-consuming and laborious. Recent development in plant cell and tissue culture technology made it possible to produce salt-tolerant variants, which offer an opportunity to utilize brackish water for the expansion of potato cultivation in Kuwait. The main aim of this project is the development of salt-tolerant potato cultivars using plant cell and tissue culture techniques. The expected outputs of this project will be determination of the salt-tolerance in locally grown potato cultivars, development of salt-tolerant new lines and a detailed technology for the process of in vitro development of salt-tolerant variants.
Reproductive Performance, Monosex Culture and Hybridization Studies of the Improved Strain of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) (2004-1207-08)
M. M. T. Ridha Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The culture of the improved (GIFT) strain of the freshwater Nile tilapia characterized with faster growth and improved feed conversion ratio would improve the production potential of fresh tilapia and increase the farm profitability in Kuwait. However, before replacing the existing strain with the GIFT strain, further studies should be conducted to evaluate/verify if the reproductive performance of the GIFT strain is not affected by the selective breeding strategy for faster growth during the process of the development of the strain. Moreover, it would be useful to develop a tilapia hybrid that has a combination of fast growth and better tolerance to seawater. This would enable the farmers to grow tilapia in a wide range of salinity environment (0-40 ppt) in Kuwait. Finally, the monosex culture of the males and females of the GIFT strain grew at comparable rate of males of the normal strain. This has the advantage of raising each sex separately without discarding the females. The objectives of this proposed project are to compare the reproductive performance of the GIFT and normal strains of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus and to compare the monosex culture of the GIFT and normal strains. The project also aims to conduct trials to develop a tilapia hybrid that has a combination of fast growth and better salinity tolerance. The information generated from the project will help improve the present tilapia stock and increase tilapia production in Kuwait.
Developing and Application of DNA Fingerprinting of Zobaidy (Pampus Argenteus) in the Northern Arabian Gulf (2004-1207-10)
S. Almomin and M. Al-Husaini Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Zobaidy is a common fish in the Gulf with high economic value. It has been reported in recent years that the catches have been declining in comparison with the catch in Iranian waters. Ecological and environmental factors can participate in this problem which can be reflected on fish population variation and composition. Such stresses would be reflected in the fish DNA polymorphism between populations. In this study DNA fingerprinting techniques would be applied to determine Zobaidy fingerprints and determine stock variability in Kuwaiti and Iranian populations. Commercially available DNA primers and probes will be applied to generate and identify the fish fingerprints. Fish samples will be collected from 16 different Zobaidy stations in the northern Arabian Gulf waters. The project is composed of four tasks and will be executed in cooperation with the Mariculture and Fisheries Department of KISR. The findings of the DNA fingerprints will be compared with complementing biological parameters data. This will help in studying the migration pattern, stock composition and to formulate more effective stock management policies in the region.
70 New Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Selection of Olive Varieties for Greenery and Fruit Production in Kuwait - Phase I (2005-1207-02)
N.R. Bhat, M.K. Suleiman, H. Al-Menaie and L. Al-Mulla Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Olive is one of the oldest and important fruit trees of the Arab region, where some olive trees are believed to be more than 1000 years old. Olive plants are known to produce economic fruit yields and offer desirable greenery impacts for 100 years or more. Olive was introduced into Kuwait as an ornamental plant in 1985. Subsequently, approximately 300 seedlings were planted in a man-made island (Green Island) in the waterfront project. While most of these trees established grew well, some seedlings outperformed others in growth and fruit production. Preliminary data indicated that olive can produce good growths and visual greenery impacts under both cold and hot weather of Kuwait. These observations clearly prove that this crop has a good potential for use in greenery development and desertification control. In addition, there is a surge in public interest in growing olive trees in their home gardens and on farmlands. In view of these facts, Aridland Agriculture Department (AAD) has formulated a research program for developing sustainable olive growth in Kuwait. This project is one of the five projects included in the program, The overall objective of this project is to develop sustainable olive growing in Kuwait. Considering the long gestation period, the number of research areas identified for further investigations, this project will be implemented in two phases, three years each. The first phase of the proposed project will undertake studies to identify and characterize superior genotypes within the existing local olive plantation, import and evaluate improved varieties from different international sources, test selected local and improved genotypes for salinity and determine optimum water requirement selected varieties. The major outputs of the project are expended germplasm resources of olive for greenery development and landscape beautification under Kuwait’s environmental conditions, potential genotypes and technical information for future research and development of a sustainable olive growing enterprise in Kuwait and identification of future research needs in this crop.
71 Engineering Sciences and Technologies
Subject Areas
Architecture and Planning Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering Environmental Engineering Industrial Engineering Material Science and Metallurgy Mechanical Engineering Petroleum Engineering Water Resources
Completed Projects 7
Ongoing Projects 13
New Projects 7 POSITIVE TRENDS IN RESEARCH TO FAVORABLY IMPACT INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Research began to make its striking contributions to Kuwait's industrial sector and its future technical and economic scenario when novel techniques were successfully applied to investigate the mechano-chemical and electrochemical behavior of materials in diverse environments. Extensive mechanical testing programs were undertaken not only to evaluate the compressive strengths, design parameters and physical characteristics of polymer products but also to affirm the structural behavior of glass-fiber-reinforced polymers and its cost rationale. Sand consolidation polymer treatment was undertaken to achieve optimal polymeric composition for sand stability at oil wells. Rheological and gelation properties of polymeric compositions, to be used as water shutoff materials in oil wells, provided positive indications of its durability and effectiveness. Applied research focus also included simulation of a typical model of a Kuwaiti house, performance of cooling production system, the influence of A/C units on the behavior of power demand, the effect of UV-stabilizers on plastic additives under Kuwait's natural weathering conditions, water and power consumption of cooling towers, implementation of strategic applications for the enhancement of local process industries, evaluation of crushed concrete for recycling purpose, identification and quantification of oolitic sand reserves for national industries. Findings by kinetic studies, exploiting lab and field tests to monitor the corrosion and thermal performance of air-condition condensers, provided proven results in the use of corrosion protective coatings and heat transfer rig design. Scientific reports claimed to have successfully designed, assembled and utilized an accelerated marine durability testing apparatus for monitoring concrete durability under hot marine environment. Coupons representing equipment used in distillation plants were tested for corrosion behavior and resistance of materials, in addition to another ultrasonic probe on carbon steel for cavitation corrosion behavior in seawater. New directions in educating children with special needs became imminent as a new software package was developed and implemented as easily-accessible and usable tools for communication and learning. A project which involved the preparation, characterization and testing of newly produced active catalysts from spent catalysts promised good economic benefits with its potential application in the petroleum refineries in the State. Another categorical study that attempted to characterize kerosene and diesel fractions obtained from Kuwaiti refineries effectively correlated the simulated results using world-class procedural methods. The vital indigenous database on the hydrocarbon compositions of various middle distillate streams was expected to serve as a reference source for local engineers, researchers and industrialists, thus optimizing industrial processes and leading to further development of processes and catalysts in the country. New laboratory experiments concluded successfully in treating wastewater quality with soil columns and MF system, achieving the highest virus and nitrogen removal efficiency. Initial results were presented on chemical and physical analyses of drinking water samples and the quality of irrigation water after filtration treatment and advanced wastewater treatment system. Non-Destructive Evaluation of Anodized Aluminium Alloy in Aqueous Solutions by Optical Interferometry (1999-1506-02)
K. Habib, K. Al-Muhanna, and F. Al-Sabti Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract In the present investigation, holographic interferometry was utilized for the first time to measure in situ the thickness of the oxide film, Alternating Current (A.C.) impedance and double layer capacitance of aluminium samples during anodization processes in aqueous solution without any physical contact. The anodization process (oxidation) of the aluminium samples was carried out by the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in different concentrations of sulphuric acid (1.0-2.5 % H SO ) at room temperature. In the mean time, the real- 2 4 time holographic interferometry was used to measure the thickness of anodized (oxide) film of the aluminium samples in aqueous solutions. Also, mathematical models were applied to measure the AC impedance, and double layer capacitance of aluminium samples by holographic interferometry during anodization processes in aqueous solution. In addition, a comparison was made between the electrochemical values obtained from the holographic interferometry measurements and from measurements of EIS. The comparison indicates that there is good agreement between the data from both techniques.
Project Description The objective of the present work was to measure the thickness of the anodized (oxide) layer, the AC impedance, and the double layer capacitance of anodized films of aluminium samples in sulphuric acid solutions by using holographic interferometry. The study also aimed to monitor the oxide film during the initiation stage of the anodization phenomenon of the aluminium in different concentrations of sulphuric acid, 1.0 - 2.5 % H SO . The reason for the selection of 2 4 aluminium samples in this investigation was because aluminium is known to readily anodize not only by electrochemical methods but also by a chemical Fig. 1 The optical interferometry laboratory. oxidation reaction. In other words, a thicker oxide layer than the layer which the aluminium normally Figures 2 a, b, c, d show examples of progressive grows in air can be formed by either electrochemical interferograms of aluminium samples anodized in or chemical methods. 1.0 % H SO solution as a function of time. 2 4 The project also measured the thickness of the oxide Figure 2a represents a real-time interferogram of the film, the AC impedance, and the double layer capacitance sample at the beginning of the test (EIS measurement), of the aluminium samples without any physical where seven fringes appeared on the photograph. This contact. This means holographic interferometry can be indicated that the aluminium sample rapidly anodized used not only as a 3D-interferometric microscope for (oxidized) as soon as the sample was immersed in the monitoring the anodization of the aluminium samples solution. Figure 2b is the same interferogram after but also as an electrochemical-meter for determining two minutes of elapsed time, where 15 fringes are electrochemical parameters, i.e., AC impedence, and detected on the photograph. It is obvious from this double layer capacitance of metals and alloys which photograph that there is a general chemical oxidation, are susceptible to forming an oxide film in aqueous depicted by the uniform interferometric pattern. solutions. In addition, the electrochemical values Figure 2c is the same interferogram after five minutes, from holographic interferometry were compared with where 24 fringes are recorded on the photograph. other electrochemical data obtained by conventional Fig. 2d is the same interferogram after eight minutes, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. where 33 fringes are recorded on the photograph. It Fig. 1 shows the optical interferometry laboratory is worth mentioning that each fringe in Fig. 2 (dark in which the holographic camera was in operation. line) equates to an orthogonal displacement of 0.3µm
74 Completed Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
according to mathematical models reported elsewhere Conclusions and Recommendations (Habib, 1993 and Habib et. al, 1997). In other words, Holographic interferometric is found very useful for holographic interferometry can be used as a powerful surface-finish industries especially for monitoring tool, as a 3D-interferometric microscope in the field of the early stage of anodization processes of metals, electrochemistry. in which the thickness of the anodized film, the AC impedance, and the double layer capacitance of the aluminium samples can be determined in situ.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support by Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement a b of Sciences (KFAS).
References Habib, K. Model of holographic interferometry of anodic dissolution of metals in aqueous solution, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 18:115-120 (1993). c d Habib, K., F. Al Sabti, and H. Al- Mazeedi, Optical Fig. 2.a, b, c, d. Examples of progressive Corrosion Meter, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, interferograms of aluminium samples anodized in 27(2):227-233 (1997). 1.0 % H SO solution as a function of time. 2 4
74 Completed 75 Assessment of Corrosion in Central Air-Conditioning Units for Buildings in Kuwait (2001-1508-03)
A. Husain, O. Al-Shamali, S. Al-Fadala, H. Karam, S. Abdul-Salam and G. Maheshwari Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research,
Abstract This project dealt with the assessment of corrosion in central air conditioning units and the degrading effects of atmospheric corrosion and air pollutions on copper coil and aluminum fins mostly used in A/C condenser systems in Kuwait. Condenser coils and fins for air-conditioning systems are usually coated to protect them against corrosion. This report presents the findings of a laboratory experimental study and outdoor atmospheric exposure conducted for assessing the impact of different types of coating system used in protecting the condenser units against corrosion. A comprehensive testing program was designed for screening the most durable and reliable coating system. The testing program consisted of AC impedance technique, LPR tests, cyclic weathering cabinet tests (ASTM B117 and ASTM G85-A2), and site atmospheric corrosivity monitor. The report also presents the findings of an experimental study conducted for assessing the impact of different types of coating on thermal performance of a condenser. Use of coating improved the corrosion and thermal performance of condenser.
Project Description The main objective of this research investigation is protective coating systems designed specifically for to identify the nature and the causes of the corrosion the protection of AC systems against marine/industrial failure of condenser unit in central air condition system attack and its minimal effect on heat transfer efficiency used for residential buildings in Kuwait. This is done when spray was applied over the A/C condenser unit. in order to assess the risk of atmospheric corrosion Three paint systems and specimens were examined. environments and to improve the preventive corrosion The performance of concerned materials is also verified control policy for coating protection of this equipment by various tests such as adhesion test for coatings, in Kuwait. In general, the research methodology is gloss retention measurement, visual examination, based on the kinetic study by investigating corrosion weight loss and EIS. on metallic objects forming parts of the A/C unit, such Atmospheric Corrosivity Station: Eight Kuwait as using testing coupons of aluminum and copper Atmospheric Corrosivity Monitors were installed fins, or by designing simulated A/C condensers unit in several areas as shown in Plate 1. This enabled made of copper coil and aluminum fins exposed to laboratory weathering cabinet supported with the station not only to provide ISO time of wetness corrosive atmospheres. Attempts have also been (TOW), but also the corrosion rate of the bimetallic made to record outdoor environmental weathering sensor and ISO salt candle pollutant monitoring data by using atmospheric corrosivity monitor. The equipment. RH exhibited larger variations as same metallic samples and its coated counterparts compared to temperature variations over same period. have also been exposed in several areas under natural RH trend was usually inversely proportional to the Kuwait environments. Marine atmosphere in Kuwait temperature trend. Corrosion rate curve can be said is mostly found in Failakah and Qarooh Island, and to be directly proportional to the air temperature and Sabiya Area, whereas Industrial atmosphere exists in surface temperature curves and inversely proportional Fahaheel, Shuaiba Industrial Area, Mina Ahamadi and to the relative humidity curve. Corrosion rates were Mina Abdulah Refinery, Al Zoor Urban atmospheres low in winter (from Sep. to Feb.) and increased with such as found in Mansouria, Sura, and Qurtuba areas, increasing temperatures towards summer (Fig. 1). are not as corrosive as either industrial or marine The EIS testing results for A and B coats and pre- atmospheres. coated-Al have indicated a superior performance of Testing Methodology: A comprehensive experimental B-coat sprayed coating. The results also indicated study was carried out by evaluating the metallurgical the viability of using A and B coating for protection and corrosion material performance of copper coils, against corrosion at specific areas. The heat transfer brazed copper joint and aluminum fin stock materials rig design proved excellent in recording variation in of the A/C system. More importantly, a comparative thermal performance behavior according to (ANSI/ study was carried out on testing and screening of several ASHRAE Standard 33-2000).
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Acknowledgements References The project team is grateful for the financial support Leygraf, C. and Graedel, T, Atmospheric corrosion, from Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Electrochemical Society Series, Wiley Inter- Sciences (KFAS), Kuwait Institute for Scientific science, New York, 2000, p 354. Research (KISR) and Ministry of Energy (MOE). I.S. Cole and R. Holgate, “The rate of drying of moisture from a metal surface and its implication for time of wetness”, Corrosion Science 37(3) 455–465 (1995)
Average Values of Different Parameters
Al with A
Atmospheric Corrosivity Station Relative Humidity(%)
Dry Wet Dry Al with B Month Temperature (Deg.Cel.), Wetness Parameter, Parameter, Wetness (Deg.Cel.), Temperature
Plate 1. Atmospheric Corrosivity Monitoring Station Fig.1. Atmospheric Corrosivity Data at Sabiya in Kuwait. Station
76 Completed 77 Development of a Process for the Preparation of an Active Hydrodemetallization Catalyst from Spent Catalysts (2002-1504-02)
M. Marafi, A. Stanislaus, A. Al-Barood, S. Jassim and H. Al-Sheeha Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract In this research project, studies were carried out with the objective of developing a process to utilize spent catalysts discarded as solid wastes from the hydroprocessing units of petroleum refineries in the preparation of active new catalysts that can be used for hydrodemetallization (HDM) of residual oils. A series of catalysts were prepared by mixing and extruding spent residue hydroprocessing catalysts containing V, Mo and Ni with boehmite in different proportions. The study showed that about 40 wt% spent catalyst could be recycled in the process to produce active new catalysts with high HDM activity.
Project Description Safe handling and disposal of environmentally hazardous spent catalysts is a problem of great 200 1 concern in the petroleum refining industry, and increasing emphasis has been placed in recent years 150 0.8 on developing recycling processes for the spent 0.6 catalysts (Marafi and Stanislaus, 2003; Furimsky, 100 /gm) /gm) 2 1996; Rhodes, 1996). In the present work, recycling of 0.4 3 (m
spent residue hydroprocessing catalysts by using them 50 0.2 (cm in the preparation of active hydrotreating catalysts was 0 0 considered. The main steps involved in the catalyst 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 preparation were: (i) de-oiling of spent catalyst, (%wt) (ii) grinding and sieving, (iii) mixing with boehmite, (iv) peptization and kneading, (v) extrusion, (vi) drying and calcinations. Fig. 1. Effect of increasing spent catalyst percentage added to boehmite on the surface area and pore All prepared catalysts were characterized by chemical volume of the prepared catalysts. analysis and by surface area, pore volume, pore size and crushing strength measurements. The HDS and HDM activities of the catalysts were evaluated by testing in a high pressure fixed-bed microreactor unit using Kuwait atmospheric residue as feed. Two commercial HDM catalysts were also tested under similar operating conditions and their HDS and HDM 3 activities were compared with that of the prepared catalysts. 2.5 2 The results revealed that the catalysts prepared from spent catalyst/boehmite blends contained V, Mo and 1.5 Ni. The chemical composition and the key physical 1 properties such as surface area, porosity and crushing 0.5 strength showed a strong dependence on the amount 0 of spent catalyst mixed with boehmite. The pore Side Crushing Strength (lb/mm) 0 20 40 60 80 volume of the prepared catalysts decreased gradually Spent Catalyst (%wt) but surface area did not change appreciably with increasing spent catalyst content even up to 40 wt% (Fig.1). Spent catalyst addition had a beneficial effect Fig. 2. Side crushing strength of the catalysts prepared in improving the side crushing strength of the prepared by mixing spent catalyst with boehmite in different catalyst extrudates (Fig. 2). The catalysts showed high proportions.
78 Completed Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
activity for promoting HDM reaction but the HDS Acknowledgement activity was relatively low due to low molybdenum The project team is grateful to Kuwait Foundation content (Fig.3). for the Advancement of Sciences for its financial Catalysts prepared by mixing about 40 wt% spent contribution to this research project. catalysts with boehmite showed better HDM activity than some commercial HDM catalysts. References
Conclusion and Recommendations Marafi, M and A. Stanislaus. 2003. Options and Processes for Spent Catalyst Handling and In conclusion, the results of the present studies Utilization. Journal of Hazardous Materials B 101: showed that active hydrometallization catalysts 123-132. containing V, Mo and Ni can be prepared by mixing and extruding spent residue hydroprocessing catalysts Rhodes, A. K, 1996. Catalyst Handling and Disposal with boehmite. Become more Important in Environment Era. Oil and Gas Journal (March 18): 64-66. Further work on large- scale HDM catalyst preparation from spent catalysts based on the results of the present Furimsky, E.1996. Spent Refinery Catalysts: research and economic assessment of the process is Environment, Safety and Utilization. Catalysis recommended. Today 30: 223-286.
100
80 /mg) /mg) 2 3 60
40
20 Pore Volume (m Volume Pore Surface Area (m Surface 0 0 20 40 60 80
Spent Catalyst (wt%)
Fig. 3. HDS and HDM activities at 390oC of the catalysts prepared by mixing different amounts of spent catalyst with boehmite.
78 Completed 79 Compositional Analysis of Kerosene and Diesel Fractions from Kuwait Crude (2002-1504-05)
G. Michael, H. Al-Rabiah, H. Abdullah, A. Ashkanani, M. Mojbel and R. Kadmi Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Abstract Middle distillate fractions (kerosenes and diesels) account for 48% wt of the total products from the refineries in Kuwait. Any improvement in the quality or processing of these fractions will significantly contribute to the economy of the country. Compositional analysis and understanding of the chemical structures of feed and product molecules during chemical processing is required for the modification or development of a process or catalyst to improve the quality of products and profitability of the process. Five pairs of kerosene and diesel fractions were generated by true boiling point pilot plant distillations of crude oils from Kuwaiti oil fields and crude product oils from pilot plant processes. Three pairs of kerosene and diesel fractions were obtained from three different units of a Kuwaiti refinery. Detailed compositions of the fractions were studied by elution chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The composition of middle distillate fractions and chemical transformations by specific secondary processing reaction in refinery or pilot plant units could be successfully understood and distinguished by such studies. A computer database was created for the storage, comparison and review of all data including generation and printing of reports. Project Description
Petroleum fractions such as kerosenes and diesels, and Materials. The compositions of the samples were which cover a boiling range from 180°C to 400°C, have studied by three procedures, elution chromatography enormous number of chemical structures possible and (D 2429, ASTM, 2002), supercritical fluid chromatography it will be impossible to separate and identify all these (D 5186, ASTM, 2002) and mass spectrometry (Fafet et components by chromatographic procedures alone. al., 1999). The first two methods were ASTM procedures The main objectives of the present studies were (1) to while the mass spectrometry method was a procedure establish the procedures and to study the hydrocarbon developed by Institute France du Petrole (IFP), France. composition of kerosene and diesel fractions of Kuwaiti crude using advanced analytical techniques like elution Elution chromatography was conducted on all samples to chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography separate them into nonaromatic and aromatic fractions. (SFC), 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Average molecular parameters were calculated from Spectroscopy, 13C- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance the measurements of molecular weights, elemental 1 13 Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry (MS), (2) to apply compositions and percentage intensities of H and C 1 these procedures to kerosene and diesel fractions from nuclei under different chemical environment by H 13 pilot plant processes and Kuwaiti refineries and to study and C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (NMR) of the compositions of these streams; (3) to generate a the nonaromatic and aromatic fractions separated by database on hydrocarbon composition of the kerosene and elution chromatography (Abdullah et al., 2004). NMR diesel fractions from Kuwaiti crude, pilot plant processes correlations used for the calculation of the average and Kuwaiti refinery sources. structural parameters were different for aromatic and nonaromatic fractions. For the aromatic fractions the Five pairs of kerosene and diesel fractions were generated correlations were similar to those used for asphaltene by true boiling point pilot plant distillations of three fractions separated from residual streams (Michael et al., crude oils from Kuwait oil fields (TBP A, TBP B and 2005). Elution chromatography procedure was manual TBP C) and two product oils from Petroleum Research and time-consuming. If the preparative separation and Studies Center’s pilot plant processes (TBP D and was not required for further characterization by NMR TBP E). Three pairs of kerosene and diesel fractions were or mass spectroscopy, the composition of a middle obtained from three different units of a Kuwaiti refinery distillate fraction could be studied more quickly and (RU A, RU B and RU C). RU A was a primary processing easily by supercritical chromatography. Limitation of unit and RU B and RU C were secondary processing the supercritical chromatography method (D 5186) was units. Detailed characterizations of the fractions were that the results obtained could deviate from the actual conducted according to standard methods by American composition of the fractions to the extent of differences in Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM, 2002) or flame ionization detector responses between nonaromatic Institute of Petroleum (IP, 1996) and were compared in and aromatic hydrocarbons in the sample. the first progress report (Michael et al., 2004). Itwas observed during these characterization that simulated Mass spectroscopy provided more detailed information distillation results according to ASTM D 2887 method of on the composition of the samples compared to other kerosene and diesel samples could successfully correlate techniques. The sample should boil in a minimum boiling the D 86 results of these fractions using correlations range of 50°C and 80 percent volume recovery should be (STP 577) presented by American Society for Testing below 350°C by ASTM D 86. The diesel fractions from
80 Completed Elution C hromatography Supercritical Fluid C hromatography M ass Spectroscopy 3 5.0 0
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refinery streams, RU B and RU C, could not be analyzed E lution C hromatography Supercritical Fluid C hromatography M ass Spectroscopy by this method as the 80% recovery points of these 4 5
fractions were above 350°C. By this method 13 compound 4 0 classes could be estimated in six main groups as saturates 3 5 3 0
(3 compound classes), monoaromatics (3 compound 2 5 classes), diaromatics (3 compound classes), triaromatics 2 0 (1 compound class), polyaromatics (1 compound class) 1 5 1 0
and benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes (2 compound 5 classes). The total aromatic contents in kerosene and 0 TB P AT BP BT B P CT BP DT BP ER U AR U BR U C diesel fractions by elution chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography and mass spectrometry methods are compared in Figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 2. Aromatic content in diesel fractions by different The data generated from the project were entered into procedures. a database created indigenously. The database will be updated with the current and future data on middle Acknowledgements distillate fractions from Petroleum Research and Studies Center’s (PRSC) pilot plant operations and Kuwaiti The authors thank the management of Kuwait refinery units. The database will be made available Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) (1) to process engineers for optimization of their for partial financial support. industrial streams; (2) to R&D scientists to develop the latest generation of tailor-made catalyst to target the environmental regulations and other market demand and References (3) to pilot plant engineers to achieve the optimum results Abdullah, H. A.; G. Michael; H. Al-Rabiah and M. for their experiments. Mojbel. December 2004. Progress report no. 3. Elucidation of average molecular structures of Conclusions and Recommendations Kuwaiti middle distillate fractions by nuclear In conclusion, the project achieved its objectives. magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Kuwait Institute Compositions of middle distillate fractions could be for Scientific Research, Report No. KISR 7478, studied and compared by the procedures established Kuwait. during the course of the project. The computer database generated during the project will assist the scientists and ASTM. 2002. Annual Book of ASTM Standards: process engineers to have a clear understanding on the Petroleum Products, Lubricants and Fossil Fuels, hydrocarbon compositions of various middle distillate Vols. 5.01, 5.02 and 5.03. American Society for streams which in turn will help them in the optimization Testing and Materials. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, of the industrial processes or in the development of USA. tailor-made processes and catalysts. It is recommended that the different middle distillate streams, both feed Fafet A.; J. Bonnard and F. Prigent. 1999. New and products streams, from the Kuwaiti refinery units developments in mass spectrometry for group-type and Petroleum Research and Studies Center’s pilot plant analysis of petroleum cuts (first part), Revue de processes should be studied for the compositions as an L'Institut Francais du Petrole. 54(4), 439-452. ongoing activity using different techniques standardized during the project. The database also should be updated IP. 1996. Methods for Analysis and Testing of on a continuous phase. The results of such studies should Petroleum and Related Products, Vols. 1 and 2. be communicated back to the refinery process and R&D Institute of Petroleum. London, U.K: J. Wiley and engineers in user-friendly brief report formats for quick Sons. reference and decision-making. Elution C hromatography Supercritical Fluid C hromatography M ass Spectroscopy Michael, G.; M. A. Siri; Z. H. Khan and F. Ali. 3 5.0 0
3 0.0 0 2005. Differences in average chemical structures
2 5.0 0 of asphaltene fractions separated from feed and
2 0.0 0 product oils of a mild thermal processing reaction. 1 5.0 0 Energy & Fuels. 19(4): 1598-1605.
1 0.0 0
5 .0 0 Michael, G.; R. Al-Kadmi and M. Mojbel. January 0 .0 0 2004. Progress report no. 1. Compositional analysis T B P AT B P BT BP CT B P DT BP ER U AR U BR U C of kerosene and diesel fractions of Kuwait crude. Fig. 1. Aromatic content in kerosene fractions by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Report different procedures. No. KISR 7078, Kuwait.
E lution C hromatography Supercritical Fluid C hromatography M ass Spectroscopy 4 5 80 Completed 4 0 81 3 5
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0 TB P AT BP BT B P CT BP DT BP ER U AR U BR U C Enhancement of Tertiary Treated Wastewater Using a Soil Aquifer Treatment System in Kuwait (2002-1505-02)
A. Al-Haddad, H. Al-Qallaf, B. Al-Salman, H. Naseeb, H. Bhandary and F. Marzouk Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Soil column experiments were carried out in order to assess the removal of viruses and nitrogen from tertiary treated wastewater by the Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) system and to determine the best soil type to achieve the removal of viruses. The study includes passing of tertiary treated wastewater through 40 soil columns filled with different soil types. Water samples were collected from the inlet and outlet of soil columns and analysed for the contraction of coliphage virus and nitrogen compounds such as ammonia and nitrate. The concentration of coliphage viruses and total nitrogen in the tertiary treated wastewater ranged between 300 and 7140 pfu/100 ml and between 27.13 and 46.6 mg/l, respectively. Coliphage removal using the gatch soil ranged between 78-100% with an average removal value of 96.4% and it has the highest removal efficiency compared to other soil types. Laboratory results revealed that coliphage was almost completely removed at depths of 20-80 cm and at low infiltration rates. Nitrogen experiments indicated that columns recycled with nitrate led to the highest removal of total nitrogen (53%) compared with other soil columns.
Project Description In arid countries such as Kuwait, recycling of determined. The coliphage and nitrogen compounds renovated wastewater generates a valuable resource. were analyzed according to standard methods for the Soil Aquifer Treatment technique is a cheap method examination of water and wastewater (APHA, 1998). for the treatment of wastewater for unrestricted irrigation. A laboratory study was carried out to Conclusions and Recommendations determine removal of coliphage viruses and nitrate from the tertiary treated wastewater using the SAT. The laboratory results for the tested soil types revealed Different soil types, soil depths and hydraulic heads presence of two soil classes; these were the high and were used in the laboratory experiments for this the low virus removal efficiency soils respectively. The purpose. Forty soil columns were constructed at the first class included the gatch, Sulaibiya soil, gravely KISR wastewater research building in the DMC at sandy soil, dune soil and clayey sandy soil, while the the Sulaibiya area. A total of thirty four columns were second class included Abdali and Al-Wafra farm soils, operated for the evaluation of the virus removal and Umm Al-Rimam soil, fertilized and garden soils. The six columns were operated for nitrogen experiments removal virus efficiency for the first soil class ranged (Plate 1). All columns were subjected to short flooding between 78-100%, between 58-100%, between and drying cycles of 1 d of flooding alternating with 15-100%, between 9-100% and between 4-100% for 1 d of drying for eight months. the gatch, Sulaibiya soil, gravely sandy soil, dune soil and clayey sandy soil respectively, while the removal The types of soil that were used in column experiments virus efficiency for the second soil class ranged include clayey sandy soil, gravelly sandy soil, dune between 0-100%. Gatch soil had the highest coliphage soil, garden soil, fertilized soil, gatch soil and soils from removal compared to the other soil types used due to areas such as Sulaibiya, Al-Wafra, Abdally and Umm the high values of specific surface area for adsorption, Al-Rimmam. A number of soil samples were tested total organic carbon and calcium carbonate in this type to determine the properties of the soil including: grain of soil (Plate 2). The laboratory results revealed that size distribution, SSA, TOC, CO , CEC, density, SG, 3 coliphage removal ranged between 76 and 100% for P and clay content of the soil. The tertiary wastewater soil depth of 10 cm, and the viruses were completely was pumped daily from the Sulaibiya DMC to a removed after passing 20 cm thickness of soil. The 500 gal tank and fed to all the soil columns. Samples coliphage removal efficiency for hydraulic heads of of influent and effluent water were collected 24 hours 10, 20 and 30 cm ranged between 58-100%, 0-100%, after the flooding periods. Wastewater parameters such and 0-98%, respectively. The low infiltration rates as EC, pH, BOD, Ca, Mg, Na, K, bacteria contents, produced longer contact time for virus adsorption coliphage viruses and nitrogen compounds such as with the soil particles and increasing the removal ammonia and nitrate in both influent and effluent were efficiency.
82 Completed Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
The concentrations of ammonia and nitrate in treated wastewater such as passing treated wastewater the tertiary treated wastewater ranged between on high porous fitter composed of gatch for removal of 1.13-8.68 mg/l and 25.96-35.64 mg/l, respectively. viruses and bacteria and monitoring the groundwater The concentrations of ammonia and nitrate in the quality for bacteriological contamination in agricultural reverse osmosis water were reduced and ranged areas irrigated with treated wastewater. between 0-8.12 mg/l and 6.6- 13.64 mg/l respectively. The average values for ammonia, and nitrate and total Acknowledgments nitrogen for unmodified Sulaibiya soil were 24.80%, 6.60% and 7.30%, respectively. The average values Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for these parameters for mixed soil with sewage (KFAS) is highly acknowledged for their funding of this sludge are 17.96%, 20.60% and 11.95%, respectively. study. The cooperation of the Ministry of Public Works The high nitrate removal was expected in this type (MPW), especially staff of data monitoring center of soil due to the presence of relatively high organic (DMC) at Sulaibiya area is gratefully acknowledged. mater and bacteria in the sewage sludge especially for Thanks are also extended to all Sulaibiya wastewater nitrification process. The highest removal efficiency staff of Water Technologies Department of Water for the ammonia (54.76%), nitrate (43.32%) and total Resources Division at KISR in providing all facilities nitrogen (43.75%) was found in the columns recycled required for the soil column experiments. with nitrate water, due to the speed of nitrification process. Further studies have been recommended References to investigate the applicability of SAT in the field in removing the coliphage and nitrate from the tertiary APHA. 1998. Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., USA.
Plate 1. Experimental soil columns tests.
Plate 2. Detection of coliphage viruses before and after passing gatch soil column.
82 Completed 83 Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Polymer-Modified Concrete (2002-1508-02)
M. El-Hawary, A. Abduljaleel and T. Al-Yaqoub Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Corrosion of reinforcement is the main type of concrete deterioration in Kuwait as its rate increases with temperature, humidity and the presence of chloride. Polymer and cement may be used together to form Polymer Modified Concrete (Rahal and El-Hawary, 2000). One of the advantages of introducing polymer in concrete is to increase its corrosion resistance. The main objective of this work is to investigate the corrosion resistance and the durability of reinforced Polymer Modified Concrete in the hot marine environment. Different percentages of cement were replaced by epoxy. Specimens were put in the testing tanks of a specially manufactured accelerated marine durability system, where they were exposed to cycles of sea water wetting and hot air drying. The introduction of epoxy in the concrete mix was found to increase the corrosion resistance, reduce permeability, reduce chloride penetration and increase strength. The improvements were found to increase with the increase in epoxy percentage.
Project Description An accelerated marine durability testing apparatus cell was used to measure the potential in mV and was designed and assembled in laboratory. Specimens the resistance in kOhm. After 150 and 300 cycles were subjected to alternate cycles of wetting in samples were broken and corrosion was also evaluated sea water and drying under hot air to simulate the through visual observation and through evaluation of hot marine environment in Kuwait. The used mix the reduction in the weight of each steel bar, which consisted of 445 Kg of Portland cement, 800 Kg of were evaluated before casting the samples, Fig. 1. sand, 645 Kg of 3/8 inch and 640 Kg of ½ inch coarse Possibility of corrosion was also evaluated through the aggregates. Water cement ratios of 0.45 and 0.6 were chloride penetration test according to ASTM C1202. used. Six different percentages (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, In this test the electrical conductance of concrete 100%) of cement were replaced by epoxy, where the was determined to provide a rapid indication of the 0% represent the conventional concrete and the 100% concrete resistance to the penetration of the chloride represent polymer concrete. Three types of specimens ions, Fig. 2. were used, cylinders, cubes and special reinforced As a measure of deterioration resistance, cubes were prisms. Water was added to cement and poured on tested for density, water absorption according to the aggregate mixture. Epoxy resin and hardener ASTM C413 and compressive strength after 150 and were mixed for two minutes before being added to the 300 cycles of wetting and drying. Three samples were mix. The mixture was mixed for five minutes before tested for each type of test, epoxy percentage and being poured into moulds. Samples were cured in exposure period. Average results were reported. humidity chamber for 28 days before being put in the accelerated durability testing tanks. For each mix the The introduction of 20% epoxy as cement replacement, slump and the compression strength at seven and 28 for example, has reduced the electrical potential by days were evaluated. 52%, 41%, 30% and 51% for 0, 90, 150 and 300 cycles of exposure, respectively, with an average Samples put in the accelerated durability system were reduction of 43.5%, while increasing the compressive subjected to cycles of sea water wetting followed by strength by 3.4%, 3.5% and 23.6% after 0, 150 and hot air drying. The used water was obtained from the 300 cycles, respectively with an average increase of Gulf, filtered and subjected to UV. TDS (total dissolved about 10.3 %. The introduction of 20% epoxy also salts) and PH of the sea water in testing tanks were reduced permeability by 46%, 49.5% and 76% after monitored regularly and were kept constant. Samples 0, 150 and 300 cycles with an average reduction of were tested for corrosion using The Great Dane™ 57%, and reducing chloride penetration by an average which measures the potentials and the electrical of 30%, moving it to below 4000 Column which is the resistance between the reinforcement and the concrete high chloride penetrability limit according to ASTM surface. Samples were wetted and the measuring C1202.
84 Completed Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Conclusions and Recommendations 5. Introduction of epoxy increases the concrete durability in general as it reduces the concrete The following conclusions and recommendations are permeability. extracted from the presented study: 6. Chloride ions penetrability was also reduced as a 1. To avoid the generally very slow durability testing, result of introducing epoxy in concrete mixes. The an accelerated technique has been established reduction is proportional to the epoxy percentage as for testing concrete durability in the hot marine cement replacement. environment in much shorter periods than 7. The introduction of epoxy is equally beneficial conventional methods. regardless of the water to cement ratio.
2. In addition to the already established advantages of 8. The prices of polymers are diminishing and their the polymer modified concrete, polymers may be use in construction is inevitable. The replacement of 20% of cement with epoxy is recommended introduced while mixing to reduce corrosion risks in to achieve acceptable corrosion resistance in hot concrete while avoiding the common problems that marine environments. usually arise when epoxy coated bars are used. 3. Additives that alter epoxy behavior, such as Acknowledgments those used to increase durability, may affect the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences compatibility between the polymer and cement paste is greatly acknowledged for funding this project. and hence may alter the behavior of the polymer modified concrete. References 4. The increase in the polymer percentage K. Rahal and M. El-Hawary. 2000. Shear Tests of correspondingly increases the corrosion resistance Epoxy-Modified Concrete Beams, ACI Structural of the resulting polymer modified concrete. Journal, Volume 99, No. 6.
50 Cycles 300 Cycles Weigh Reduction (g) Weigh
Expoxy (%) Fig. 1. Reduction in weights of steel bars with epoxy Fig. 2. Chloride penetration test for polymer modified percentage. concrete.
84 Completed 85 Development of Arabic Alphabetic Sign Language Program (2004-1509-01)
N. Al-Ghurair, H. Qasem and G. Al-Naqi Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract In this project, a training tool for the Arabic sign language was developed. A database, which includes video snap shots of Arabic alphabets was created. Moreover, an explanation of each sign was illustrated through text and pictures. This tool can be utilized by deaf and normal people who are interested in learning sign language in a friendly environment. Copies of the software tool was made and packaged for the purpose of distribution to domestic schools and users as well as to GCC and Arab countries.
Project Description Based on a request from Al-Noor School (girls) to An user-friendly wizard setup program was created to develop a special application for deaf students on help users to easily install the application in their PCs. learning the signs of Arabic Alphabets, KISR developed A final package was designed and executed consisting state-of-the-art software that meets Al-Noor School of an easy-to-follow user manual and application CD. requirement. Major application requisites were first Four PC laboratories were established in Al-Noor drafted; namely, minimum number of screens, user- school (see Fig. 2). friendly video representation of signs and printable detailed description of contents. According to the requirements, a prototype was developed and reviews were collected. Borland Delphi object-oriented programming language was used to develop the application. A studio for capturing video of signs was established. Database was created that consisted of titles of video, image files and detailed text description of the corresponding alphabet sign representation. The developed software consists of one main screen as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Main screen. By selecting a letter, a full-text description is displayed together with a representative picture of the sign for that letter. A video representation is shown once the video button is selected. A printable data report Fig. 2. Computer Laboratory. consisting of detailed description and picture of the sign is included.
86 Completed Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
After implementing the developed applications, application to concerned organizations in the Arab teachers recommended the following: countries. 1. The students can use the application very easily. Acknowledgements 2. The signs are very clear because they are represented by video images. The Department of Advanced Systems at KISR would like to thank Kuwait Foundation for the 3. Being a computer application, students were Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) for their prompt enthusiastic about using the application. support of financing the project as well as all projects 4. The demonstration of the signs by a teacher relating to people with special needs (handicapped). motivated the children to use the package. It was only for their support that we have managed to execute and complete a number of research projects Conclusions and Recommendations that contributed immensely to the enhancement of handicapped people, quality of life, both locally and The developed software is considered as a state-of- internationally. the-art tool that helps deaf students to learn the sign language using Arabic Alphabets. In future, this References software can be enhanced/modified to include some interesting games to test the students and sign-based Alliqany, A. and Alqorashy, A., (1999). Deaf recorded stories to aid in their education. Next, Curriculums (Designing and Execution). Published KISR will start the process of donating the developed by A'alam Alkotob (Books world).
86 Completed 87 Multistage Flash Distillation Plants: Evaluation of Materials Performance in the Heat Recovery Section (2001-1505-01)
A. Al-Odwani Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Multistage flash (MSF) distillation technology has been serving as a primary source of freshwater inKuwait and other Gulf states for the past half a century. Though the technology has a proven record of operational reliability, corrosion continues to pose serious threat to MSF plants and is considered the single most direct cause of vulnerability in these plants. Hence, this research project was initiated to conduct a comprehensive study on the assessment of the durability, corrosion resistance, and suitability of newly developed materials of construction for use in MSF distillation plants.
Project Progress Studying corrosion behavior and resistance of any specimens were examined and their performances and specific material must be made under conditions that corrosion behavior were analyzed and evaluated. Test are similar to those of actual MSF plants. Hence, a results indicated that carbon steel measured the highest test unit was needed for this study to mimic both the corrosion rates followed by the two copper-nickel liquid and vapor environments of typical heat recovery coupons. However, the stainless steel coupons and sections at selected temperatures within the applicable the titanium showed an excellent corrosion resistant range. Six different materials representing G10080, behavior throughout the test duration and in all test S31603, S31254, C70600, C71500, and R50400 exposure conditions. were subjected to the testing environments and their
Fig. 1. A view of test chamber housing the different test coupons.
88 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Chemical and Microbiological Evaluation of Household (Tap) and Commercial Bottled Drinking Water in Kuwait (2001-1505-03)
H. F. Al-Mudhaf1, A. I. Abu-Shady1 and M. D. Wichman2 Public Authority for Applied Education and Training1, and the University of Iowa2
Abstract The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the chemical and microbiological content of both household and bottled drinking water available in the State of Kuwait and to investigate the effect of distribution facilities and seasonal variations on the level of contaminants in household water, in addition to the effect of storage conditions and container materials on the quality of bottled water. All collected samples were analyzed for water quality parameters, inorganic anions, trace metals, and various groups of organic compounds.
Project Progress Chemical studies were performed on 644 household six compounds of VOCs were detected in household water samples collected from outdoor and indoor taps water samples. Among all samples analyzed, 1,2- at 99 locations in 69 neighborhoods covering the six dichloropropane and toluene were detected only in Governorates of Kuwait (Fig. 1) from December 2003 the inside samples collected from one of the locations to May 2005. Additional samples from 71 bottled during the 18 months time. This illustrates that water brands were also included in this study. The the source of these compounds is probably due to chemical and physical measurements consisted of equilibration with contaminated air in the surrounding five water quality parameters, ten inorganic anions, area. Eight SVs were detected and most of the 25 trace and heavy metals, four trihalomethanes concentrations found were very close to the method (THMs), nine haloacetic acids (HAAs), 50 volatile quantification limits (QL). TTHMs were detected in organic compounds (VOCs), and 52 extractable 32 brands, ten of which showed TTHMs levels that semivolatiles (SVs). All analyses were performed were comparable to those found in household water, according to approved USEPA methods.(4) thus indicating that these brands were probably packaged from household tap water. Chemical analyses indicated that most of the analytes were found below the WHO guidelines and Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) established by USEPA in the majority of the household water samples and bottled water brands. In household water, nitrite, chlorite, TDS, B, Fe, Ni, Zn, total trihalomethanes (TTHMs), and total haloacetic acids (THAAs) were found above the recommended levels in a number of samples. The mean values of the inside samples for Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn were significantly higher compared to the outside samples for most of sampling locations, which is likely due to contamination or corrosion from plumbing, piping, and storage tanks. TTHMs levels were found higher in Winter than in Summer, and mostly the outside levels were higher than those of the inside during Winter. Bromoform was significantly predominant in all samples. The levels of THAAs Fig. 1. Distribution of sampling locations within were found higher than the MCL recommended by different neighborhoods of the Governorates of USEPA in almost 10% of the analyzed samples. Only Kuwait.
89 Petrochemical and Refinery Flow Dependent Corrosion of Alloys Utilized in Seawater Applications (2002-1504-01)
A. Al-Hashem, H.Tarish, and A. Akbar Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract An ultrasonically induced cavitation facility was used to study the cavitation corrosion behaviour of carbon steel (UNS G10200), Cu-Ni 90/10 (UNS C70600), and Hastelloy C-22 (UNS N02200) in seawater. The work included measurements of free corrosion potentials, and mass loss in presence and absence of cavitation. The cavitation tests were made at a frequency of 20 KHz and at temperatures of 25oC. Cavitation conditions caused an active shift in the free corrosion potential of these alloys. Cavitation also increased the rate of mass loss of these alloys by several orders of magnitude with respect to stagnant conditions. Cavitation made the surface of these alloys very rough, exhibiting large cavity pits in the middle region of the attacked area as revealed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Mechanical factors were determined to be the leading cause of metal loss.
Project Progress The main objective of this project was to investigate the three solutions. To study the effect of cavitation the cavitation corrosion behavior of alloys used in on the free corrosion potential of (UNS G10200), the manufacturing of pumps and valves for seawater Cu-Ni 90/10 (UNS C70600), and Hastelloy C-22 applications. The cavitation tests were carried (UNS N02200) specimens exposed to seawater, out at a frequency of 20 kHz and an amptitude of potential measurements were made in the absence and 25 µm, using an ultrasonically induced cavitation presence of cavitation for periods of one hour each. facility (Versonic model 485). The facility consists The application of cavitation shifted the corrosion of a generator, a converter and a disrupter horn. potential in the active direction by ≈ 40 mV. At the end The converter converts conventional 50 to 60 Hz of each cavitation period, the potential rapidly shifted alternating current frequency to 20 kHz vibrations. back to the same value of the quiescent period. The converter contains a piezoelectric crystal which when subjected to an alternating voltage expands and contracts. The converter vibrates in the longitudinal director and transmits this motion to the disrupter horn tip immersed in the test solution. Tests specimen were mounted on a special holder, which was placed at a distance of 0.125 cm from the apparatus horn. Fig. 1 shows the cavitation testing facility. Based on the steady state rate of mass loss values, the performance of the five alloys is as follows: Hastelloy C-22 > Cu-Ni 90/10 > Carbon steel in seawater at 25oC. It was observed that the rate of mass loss values tend to converge to relatively close values at the end of cavitation testing inspite of the initial differences in the rate of mass loss. The OC-potential versus time for all the alloys investigated started with a less negative (noble) value under stagnant conditions compared with their potential values under cavitation conditions with the exception of carbon steel. The OC- potential behaviour of carbon steel under the cycle Fig. 1. Scanning electron microscope photo showing of stagnation-cavitation-stagnation versus time was the damage on the Cu-Ni 90/10 alloy after 35 h of opposite to those observed for the rest of the alloys in cavitation testing in seawater.
90 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Investigation on Distribution of Nitrogen Compounds in the Groundwater of Kuwait (2002-1505-01)
A. Akber, A. Mukhopadhyay, E. Al-Awadi, H. Al-Qallaf, A. Al-Haddad and E. Azrag Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The study aimed to delineate the distribution of nitrogen compounds in the groundwater of Kuwait and identify its possible sources and distribution mechanisms. The study was conducted in cooperation and collaboration with the Groundwater Explorations Department of the Ministry of Energy (MOE).
Project Progress The execution of this study involves five separate (Fig. 1). Additionally, bacteriological analysis was tasks including mobilization; field investigations and carried out on the collected groundwater and soil collection of groundwater and soil samples; chemical samples, with emphasis on nitrogen compounds and bacteriological analysis of groundwater and soil and nitrogen consuming bacteria. A conceptual samples; data evaluation and reporting. biogeochemical model of the nitrogen cycle in the aquifers and their possible sources was also Groundwater samples were collected from selected developed. wells in different areas of Kuwait and on-site measurements and tests were carried out on them The obtained results suggest that for Kuwait Group to obtain information. The nitrogen content of the aquifer, the nitrate-nitrogen concentration is mostly in collected groundwater and soil samples (nitrate, the range of 10 to 120 mg/l which increases in fields of nitrite, ammonia, ammonium, total inorganic nitrogen Umm Gudair and Shigaya towards northeast, whereas and total nitrogen) as well as major cations and the nitrate concentration in the Dammam Formation anions, sulfide, phosphorous, aluminum, total organic decreases towards the northeast at fields of Shigaya. carbon (TOC) were determined in the laboratory
Fig. 1. Distribution of nitrogen compounds in Kuwait Group Aquifer.
91 Technical Feasibility of Long-Term Wastewater Treatment Using a Natural Aquifer (2002-1505-04)
A. Akber, A. Mukhopadhyay, M. AlSenafy, H. Al-Qallaf, A. Al-Haddad and E. Al-Awadi Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the technical feasibility of improving the quality of treated wastewater through the natural removal of polluting chemical and biological components as it infiltrates through the surface soil toward the aquifer under the conditions prevailing in Kuwait. The study was conducted in the United Agricultural Production Company (UAPCO) farm located in the Sulaibiya area.
Project Progress The execution of this study involved seven separate developed suggests that a water mound has been tasks including collection of available data and created at the center of the UAPCO farm by almost mobilization; drilling of monitoring wells and three decades of irrigation with treated wastewater. installation of ceramic cups and lysimeters; collection The constructed plots of the variations in nitrates, of soil and groundwater samples from the monitoring ammonia, phosphates, BOD, COD and total organic wells, ceramic cups and lysimeters (Fig. 1); water carbon (TOC) with depth reveal that, in general, chemistry and biology; soil investigations; analysis of these parameters have lower concentrations in the data and reporting. monitoring sites within the farm. The SAT process can work reasonably well in Kuwait if the secondary/ The potentiometric head distribution map that was tertiary treated wastewater is used as the input water.
Fig. 1. Collection of groundwater samples from a monitoring well in the study area.
92 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Feasibility of Using Fiber Reinforced Plastics as Reinforcement in Concrete Constructions in the State of Kuwait (2002-1508-03)
A.W. Sadek, A. M. Abduljaleel, M. F. Taha and S. Al-Otaibi Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The present study is geared towards introducing glass-fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP) rebars as main reinforcement in concrete constructions in Kuwait. The study is motivated by the genuine need to combat corrosion of conventional steel reinforcement in concrete constructions which are subjected to one of the worst weather conditions of high temperature, salinity and humidity during long summer seasons in Kuwait. The study includes examining economic and technical feasibility of employing GFRP rebars as main reinforcement. An extensive mechanical testing program was conducted on GFRP rebars including tensile strength and pull-out testing. Effect of length of specimen on the tensile strength was shown to be minor. The pronounced effect of high temperature on durability of GFRP rebars as quantified by the absorption during exposure to alkaline solution at 60oC, to simulate local conditions, was demonstrated. Mechanical testing of concrete members reinforced with GFRP rebars provided insight as to structural behavior of such members.
Project Progress For the purpose of demonstrating the initial economic Exposure to alkalinity at ordinary and elevated feasibility of FRP as reinforcement, a comparative temperatures is considered as one of the most study was performed on concrete members reinforced important factors affecting durability of GFRP either with conventional steel rebars or proposed rebars. For that purpose, specimens of GFRP rebars GFRP rebars. The cost of GFRP reinforcement turns of different diameters (scratched and intact) were to be higher only by 25% as compared to conventional immersed in alkaline solution at 25oC and 60oC. One steel reinforcement. set of samples was kept for continuous immersion and another set was exposed to cyclic immersion. The During tensile strength testing, two configurations pronounced effect of high temperature on durability of test specimens were employed for tensile strength of GFRP rebars as quantified by the absorption during testing, 300 mm and 700 mm specimens (Fig. 1). exposure to alkaline solution at 60oC, to simulate Specimens of different lengths, typically smaller local conditions, was demonstrated. Study included than the values commonly used in the literature were extensive mechanical testing of concrete members used due to limitations posed by the available testing reinforced with either steel or GFRP rebars. Tested machine. It was found that both specimens gave specimens were 240x15x25 cm beams, 120x120 x10 similar tensile strength values and hence the effect of cm slabs and 250x20x20 cm columns. Sample tested specimen length was not pronounced. specimen is shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. 700 mm specimen. Fig. 2. Sample tested beam specimen.
93 Polymer Mortar as a Building Material (2002-1508-04)
M. El-Hawary, S. Al-Otaibi, A. Abdul-Jaleel, N. Al-Enzi and M. Taha Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The project activities started in July 2004 and proceeded according to schedule. Survey of companies that produce and utilize polymers in Kuwait was conducted. Polyester was selected as the type of polymer suitable for this study. Mortar mix design was selected. The material was found to reach full strength after one day. Average compressive strength was found to be 602 kg/cm2. Flexural, tensile and bond strength were also evaluated. Beams cast on two and three intervals were tested in flexure. Physical properties such as density, absorption, thermal expansion and thermal conductivity were evaluated. Effect of temperature was investigated through heating some specimens to 90 and 180oC, before testing them in compression. Stress-strain curves, in compression, were plotted and utilized in evaluating toughness, modulus of elasticity and ductility of the proposed material. SBR was selected as the second type of polymer and is currently being investigated.
Project Progress The main objective of this research is to introduce and investigate the mechanical and physical properties of a new material based on polymer mortar. To determine the optimum mortar mix design, samples of different polyester to sand ratios were cast and tested. The ratio 1:5 was selected as optimum. Using the optimum selected ratio of polymer to sand, cubes were cast and compressive strengths were evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days. Almost same results were obtained at all ages which indicated that the materials gain full strength in 24 hours. Average compressive strength of the material was found to be 602 Kg/cm2. Flexural, split tensile and bond strengths of the proposed material were evaluated and were found to be 115.8, 46 and 89.6 kg/cm2, respectively. Fig. 1. Stress-strain diagram. To evaluate the effect of casting members at different times, beams were cast at two and three intervals at different times before being tested in flexure. To capture the effect of high temperatures, cubes were heated for eight hours to 90 and 180oC, before being tested in compression. The residual compressive strengths were found to be 7.9% and 3.2% higher than original, respectively. Stress-strain curves, in compression, were plotted and used to evaluate some design parameters such as modulus of elasticity, toughness and ductility. Astonishing ultimate strain of more than 50% was noticed for some samples, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Some important physical characteristics of the polymer mortar such as density, absorption, coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity were evaluated. SBR samples Fig. 2. Samples ready for testing. were cast with the addition of small amount of cement and are currently being tested.
94 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Development of a Polymer Composition and a Method for Sand Consolidation in Oil Wells (2003-1504-01) S. M. Lahalih and E. F. Ghloum Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The main objective of this research is concerned with the development of a polymeric composition that can be used as sand consolidation treatment for loose and weak subterranean formation in oil- and water-producing wells. Technical progress has been made where more than 98 polymer formulations were prepared and they have been characterized for their physical and chemical properties with viscosities ranging from 9 cP to over 700 cP when measured at 25ºC. About 26 polymer formulations of these met the critical test of stability when sand cores were immersed in 3% KCl brine stored at 80ºC for over 1000 hrs. Also, only 20 of those formulations gave very significant improvement in the compressive strength of the treated sands that exceeded the minimum compressive strength of 10 Kg/cm2 by a factor of two to three. These polymeric compositions were also tested on four types of sand including Kuwait dune sands and actual oil well formation sand of Minagish oil well MN-117. Results show that very significant compressive strength values were induced in the treated sand samples. Compressive strength values of three to several folds of the recommended values for oil formation were realized. The safe compressive strength of oil producing well formation is reported to be about 10 kg/cm2 in order to have a stable formation that sustains shear bands. Values of 35-100 kg/cm2 were achieved from this work. Improving compressive strength of weak and friable formation is one of the three main requirements for a successful sand consolidation treatment. Stability and other requirements for a successful sand consolidation polymer treatment are the other requirements that are also needed.
Project Progress o -1 This research project is concerned with the to 437.7 cP when measured at 80 C and 100S shear development of a polymeric composition and a rate and from 22.29 cP to 570.5 cP when measured o -1 method to consolidate loose sand in weak subterranean at 60 C and 100 S shear rate. However, brine has a formations in oil-producing wells. Production of profound effect on the reduction of viscosity. Different sand in some oil wells causes many problems that polymer compositions have different effects on the increase their cost of maintenance. This leads, in buildup of the compressive strength of the treated 2 some cases, to the shutdown of these wells for being sandpacks which ranged between 3 Kg/cm for the 2 uneconomical. Sand production causes abrasion to commercial sample to 44.5 kg/cm for most polymer production facilities and results in premature failure compositions when they were treated with a 3.5% of expensive equipment. Excessive sand erosion of polymer by weight of sand. Sand mesh size has a from weak formation might result in the formation of profound effect on the compressive strengths of the cavities around the well casing, leading to the collapse treated sandpacks where the compressive strength is of the formation and the casing itself. Excessive sand doubled for a sand mesh size of 100 micron compared production is also aggravated in cases where thermal to 500 micron size sand. Polymer compositions used techniques are used, such as the application of steam to treat sandpacks by brine-polymer-brine flooding gave final permeability (K ) that was not affected by stimulation or where water injection is used for f improved oil recovery. the brine reverse flow rate that ranged from 0.5 cc/ min to 3.0 cc/min. The polymer composition pore Therefore, this research project was initiated to develop volume gave proportional increase in compressive effective polymer composition from regionally strengths of the treated sandpacks for most polymer produced raw materials. Very good progress has been compositions. Chemical preflush with ethyl acetate has achieved during this year. Six polymer compositions little effect on compressive strength buildup of treated were selected for performance evaluation as possible sandpacks but increases permeability reduction quite sand consolidation materials using core flooding significantly. Sand mesh size has significant effect on o tests. Core flooding tests were conducted at 60 C and final permeability of sandpacks treated with 1.3 PV of o 80 C using brine and brine-oil flooding with forward most polymer compositions where final permeability and reverse flooding sequence for several cycles of is 0.2 mD for the 500 microns mesh size compared to flooding at different rates of flooding. Viscosities of the 0.028 mD for the 100 micron mesh size of sandpacks six tested polymer compositions ranged from 14.13 cP made from MN-117 Minagish oil well.
95 Development of Polymer-Based Treatment for Water Shutoff in Oil Wells (2003-1504-03) S. M. Lahalih and E. F. Ghloum Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Twenty one polymeric compositions have been prepared and have been characterized. Different x-linking agents have been tested with these polymeric systems that include: acetic acid, boric acid, borax, toluene sulfonic acid and hydrochloric acid in various concentrations at temperatures ranging from 60ºC to 110ºC. Gel times have been determined for these systems and they are found to range from minutes to days at the above temperatures. The polymer composition concentrations play a significant role in determining the polymer gel characteristics in terms of its gel time, gel strength and their stability when stored and aged at 90ºC for extended periods of time. Brine, borax and boric acid decelerate x-linking and, hence, prolong gelation time, while hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and toluene sulfonic acid accelerates these properties. Water flooding tests conducted thus far on cores reveal that a complete water shutoff is realized when a polymer treatment of one half pore volume was provided to the core. Another core was treated with 0.45 pore volume of a polymer composition resulting in a 96% permeability reduction for water and 45% permeability reduction for oil. When the core was flooded with 0.2 pore volume of the same polymer composition it resulted in 80% reduction in water permeability compared to only 3% reduction in oil permeability.
Project Progress -1 This research project concerns the development of a rate (≤ 10s ). Viscosities of most polymer solutions polymeric composition to be used as water shutoff increase with increasing concentration and with the material in oil and gas producing wells. Excessive addition of a cross-linker and decrease as temperature production of water from reservoir formations can be of the solution increases. The effect of shear and due to many factors, like formation fractures, water pressure on gelation time is very significant where the coning and others. Most oil wells are producing gelation time for all the polymer compositions tested by natural water drive and will produce water at is much shorter when they are sheared and stored at some time during their production period. Kuwait higher pressure than when these compositions are Oil Company (KOC) reports that currently about stored at static conditions and under atmospheric 0.8 MBPD of formation water is being produced pressure. Core flooding tests were conducted on daily and this is expected to reach about 7.0 MBPD most polymer compositions at two temperatures of o o or more by the year 2020. In general, excessive 60 C and 80 C with and without chemical pre-flush water production causes many problems, like disposal using Berea sand cores of low permeability (69 mD - problems, pollution problems, reduction of oil 126 mD) and intermediate permeability (1700 mD - production, and many others. 2700 mD). The effect of EAC preflush prior to polymer treatment tends to give more permeable cores Therefore this research project was initiated to develop and less water shutoff, where the final permeability an effective polymer composition as a water shutoff reduction to brine and oil after 8 cycles of reverse treatment. The progress during this year has been very flooding was: 84.64% and 27.52% respectively for good. Many polymeric compositions were prepared one polymer composition and they were 70.96% and and were characterized for their rheological and 18.07% respectively for another polymer composition gelation properties. They have also been evaluated in and they were 78.35% and 38.72% respectively for a core flooding apparatus for their effectiveness as water third polymer composition, compared to almost a total shutoff materials. The following is a brief summary water shutoff when there was no chemical preflush of the results. The viscosities of these polymer for a polymer treatment of 0.45 PV. Some treated low compositions range from 14.13 cP to 437.7 cP when permeability Berea sand cores (69 mD - 126 mD) o measured at 80 C and l00s-1 shear rate and from 33.9 were aged at 80°C for more than 600 hrs while they o -1 cP to 2105 cP when measured at 40 C and l00s shear were fully immersed in oil and they were flooded with rate. For most polymer compositions, the viscosity brine and oil in many cycles of reverse flooding and drops slightly as the shear rate increases initially, the results show that the treated cores with 0.25 PV -1 (between 0- 10s ) but almost stays constant throughout of all the three polymer compositions maintained their the whole range of shear rates (up to 500s-1) indicating ability for almost complete water shutoff indicating a non-Newtonian behavior, which is more pronounced that all the three polymer compositions are durable, at lower temperature (≤ 40°C) and at lower shear very stable and effective upon aging.
96 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Application of Microfiltration Techniques for Primary and Secondary Treated Wastewater (2003-1505-01)
S. Bou -Hamad Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The efficiency of the current conventional treatment of wastewater in Kuwait is effective but unstableand cumbersome. In recent years, advanced wastewater treatment systems including membrane separation processes, such as microfiltration (MF), have received greater interest in wastewater treatment plants as they are capable of removing most pollutants and other constituents the conventional wastewater treatment systems cannot remove. The advanced wastewater treatment systems are effective and produce an excellent quality of water that can be used for greenery, agriculture and for some industrial applications. The project aims to evaluate the use of MF with submerged membranes as a treatment technique for treating primary and secondary wastewater effluents for reuse under prevalent conditions of Kuwait. It also aims at assessing the economic viability of utilizing MF treatment for wastewater reuse.
Project Progress The project started in October, 2004. The MF naturally occur in secondary treated wastewater. The system was installed near the outlet of the secondary chemical analysis of the filtrate water revealed that treated wastewater as first part of the project at Riqqa the MF system has significantly improved the quality wastewater treatment plant. The MF was operated in of the secondary effluents with an average turbidity direct flow mode. Fig. 1 represents the process of the (0 NTU). Results also indicate considerable reduction system and Fig. 2 shows photograph of MF system. in values of biological oxygen demand (BOD), The preliminary results showed that the MF system chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total bacteria was very effective in removing most impurities that count.
Fig. 1. Process of microfiltration system. Fig. 2. Photograph of microfiltration system.
97 Cost-Effective Kuwaiti Houses (2003-1508-01)
S. Al-Otaibi and H. Kamal Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Considerable resources and national assets are invested in housing needs in Kuwait. Ownership of a house has always been considered a major goal of every Kuwaiti household. The assumption that buildings in Kuwait are costly compared with other countries is always accepted as a valid judgment, although hardly verified or investigated. Building materials, systems, exaggerations in space distribution and allocation are all factors contributing to the costly houses. This study aims at investigating the different aspects related to enhancing the cost efficiency of Kuwaiti houses. It commences by documenting current practices to provide the basis for establishing relevant correlations. A decision support database is prepared to provide essential tools for building optimization. A typical space distribution model for Kuwaiti houses has been developed based on actual requirements to increase the efficiency of built-up areas. The study will then investigate technically feasible alternatives and assess their role in reducing the cost of buildings. Such alternatives will include parameters of both direct construction cost and long-term operational cost. Finally, a strategy for demonstrating the advantages gained from implementing cost- effective alternatives will be developed to inform owners and decision-makers about the findings of the study.
Project Progress To achieve the anticipated objectives of this study, verified in previous KISR studies, in addition to other elaborate reviews of literature, current practices, both new building technologies. locally and in other countries, in addition to KISR’s The collected data from the earlier survey will be used related research studies was carried out. A database for classifying and categorizing the factors that affect was built based on information obtained by the the cost of buildings. Constraints will be determined project team covering cost of building materials and for each factor in the developed computer program construction . A survey was carried out to establish which will define the acceptability levels. Based on current preferences in space distribution within different input data, several trials will be conducted Kuwaiti houses. Based on the survey, a model is being developed representing an optimization of and tabulated for determining the optimal cost of common patterns, which will be consolidated with the houses in Kuwait. A Monte Carlo simulation program computerized cost database and used extensively for will be developed for estimating the cost of houses in cost optimization and feasibility analysis. A computer Kuwait. The simulation program will depend on the program will be developed for determining the previously collected data for the cost of the factors optimal cost-effective residential houses in Kuwait. contributing to the cost of houses. A probabilistic The program will take into account the factors that method will be used for precisely estimating the directly and indirectly affect the cost of houses such cost based on the probability density function for as the social-technical needs for Kuwaiti families, each factor. The probabilistic method will take into design process cost, material cost, workmanship consideration the uncertainties existing in the cost of cost, finishing quality cost and others. A computer each factor affecting the cost of houses in Kuwait. The model will be used to iterate different technically estimated output of the cost for the houses will not be feasible alternatives to realize the potentiality of each deterministic and the probability density function for alternative. These alternatives will be compiled as the cost of each house will be estimated.
98 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Optimization of Cooling Production in KISR’s Main Building (2003-1508-02)
A.E. Hajiah, G.P. Maheswari and A. El-Sherbini Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The cooling production system of a building operates under part-load conditions for most of the time, leading to significant energy losses. Important factors affecting energy efficiency include chilled water supply, temperature, loading of chillers and energy consumption by auxiliaries. This project, which started in April 2005, aims to develop and implement an optimal operational strategy for the cooling system in KISR’s main building. The important project tasks focus on developing the monitoring system and establishing the basis for performance of the cooling system. It is hypothesized that the present operation scheme is unable to promote energy efficiency and comfort quality. The major deficiencies of the cooling production system were identified, such as the inadequate control of chilled water supply temperature, poor loading of chillers, and non-uniform distribution and excessive chilled water flow.
Project Progress
The cooling production system, commissioned in Several constraints in the procurement of equipment, 1984, has ten air-cooled centrifugal chillers using instruments and data logging system have delayed the refrigerant R12 and four chilled water pumps. The project schedule. It needs to be extended till December building was occupied during weekdays from 7:30 2006 in order to facilitate data collection for the full a.m. and 3:00 p.m.. Presently, there is no consistent summer season of 2006. operation strategy for the cooling system. The 9 tasks of development of monitoring system and 8 establishment of base case of performance were C) o completed during the first nine months. Procurement, 7 calibration and installation of all major equipment related to the monitoring system were completed and 6 data collection is continuing. Accuracy was a major 5 concern when selecting measurement devices. In particular, the small difference between chilled water 4
supply and return temperatures (1 to 2 °C) led to the Supply water temperature ( 3 use of high accuracy resistance temperature detectors 0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 with adequate calibration. Portable temperature and Hour of Day relative humidity sensors were used to monitor comfort Fig. 1. Supply water temperature profiles for selected quality in a few selected spaces. Weather conditions days. were obtained from the weather station at KISR.
The base case performance of the cooling production 27 system was established based on analysis of data 26
C) 25 measured during the peak summer season of 2005 and o 24 data from the operators’ logbook for 2004. Supply and 23 return water temperatures were measured by feeding 22 thermocouples into a data logger. Electric current 21 20 used by each chiller was recorded manually every 19 18 hour using a dial type ammeter. The power rating ( Temperature Room 17 (kW/RT) of the chillers and the comfort quality for 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 11:00 occupants were studied. Important factors affecting 10:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 these parameters have been analyzed. Large variations Hour of Day in supply of chilled water temperature were observed Fig. 2. Return air temperature profiles for selected (Fig. 1), leading to significant variations in space spaces within the building on a typical summer temperatures (Fig. 2) affecting the quality of comfort. working day.
99 Electric Load Forecasting By the Year 2025: A/C Units Factor Effect (2003-1508-04)
O. Alsayegh, O. Almatar, F. Fairouz, A. Almulla Ali and M. Alenezi Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract In this project, the electric power demand in Kuwait up to year 2025 is predicted using artificial neural network (ANN) based simulation model. The study considers socio-economic factors that influence the long-term electric power demands. Five factors are utilized as inputs for the simulation model: gross national product, population, number of buildings, imports of A/C systems and annual historic peak power demand. Socio-economic data for the years 1976 to 1999 are used for training the ANN.
Project Progress A/C systems are the main energy consumers during developed based on artificial neural network (ANN), summer seasons in Kuwait. An analysis of power which has demonstrated high efficiency in forecasting, demand covering the period from 1996 to 2001 was e.g., [1]. An ANN-based simulation model was trained carried out to estimate the A/C consumption level. using historic data to associate input patterns with Results show that about 53% of power demand goes to the output. The input pattern includes gross national the A/C systems during the summer. This considerable product (GNP), population, number of buildings, amount of consumed energy by A/Cs calls for a study historic power demand profile and A/C import. that examines closely the influence of the A/C units The output is the power demand. Fig. 1 shows the and suggests alternative scenarios that would reduce forecasted curves of peak power demand starting year its affect. To examine the effect of A/C on the long- 2000 up to year 2025 considering different scenarios term power demand behavior, a simulation model was of A/C volume imports. Peak Power (kilo MW)
Year
Fig. 1. Effect of A/C import quantity on power demand.
100 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Synergistic Effect of UV-Stabilizers and Light Transforming Additives on Polyethylene and Polypropylene under Kuwait Environmental Conditions (2003-1504-02)
M. M. M. Al-Samahn Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract This proposal concerns the study on the synergistics effect of UV – stabilizers and light transforming additives (LT) on the properties of Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) produced by Equate under Kuwait environmental conditions. Kuwait petrochemical companies (i.e. Equate and PIC) produced about 600,000 tons of LLDPE and HDPE and about 100,000 tons of PP annually. The capacity is expected to double in the next couple of years as part of phase II of expansion in olefins and aromatics. While most of this production is for export, part of it is being used in Kuwait for different applications like agricultural films for greenhouses, tunnels and mulches. Other applications include grocery bags, industrial films and others. Since Kuwait climate is considered to be one of the harshest climates in the world with high solar radiation, high temperature and high humidity, it would be of interest to both the producers and end users of polyolefins to study the behavior of these products and determine their useful service life under the local environmental conditions. Therefore, one of the objectives of this proposed work is to investigate the effect of UV – stabilizers on the properties of some of these materials under accelerated and natural weathering of Kuwait. Another objective is to determine the synergistic effect of using UV – stabilizers in combination with light transforming additives that are reported to improve crop growth and yield. The study of UV – stabilizers and light transforming additives is part of the research area on the use of plastic additives to upgrade and improve the properties and service life of plastic products produced in Kuwait. This is also one of the objectives of the petrochemical program element.
Optimization of Water and Electricity Consumption of Cooling Towers Phase 1 (2003-1508-03)
E. A. R. Al-Bassam Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Water-cooled (WC) systems in Kuwait perform more efficiently than air-cooled systems, since the weather is dry for most of the summer seasons. Cooling towers (C/T) used for heat rejection in the WC systems consumes large quantity of water. This water requirement is met through water desalination, which is highly energy intensive. Thus, optimization of water consumption in the C/T is very important. A C/T is selected for the maximum cooling load and for the worst design conditions. Consequently, for most of the time it operates under part load conditions and/or favorable weather conditions. Moreover, for most of the time in the summer season, the dry bulb temprature (DBT) of the incoming ambient air is significantly more that the incoming hot water temperature and theair undergoes sensible cooling. During this period, reduction in air-circulation through the C/T with the help of variable frequency drives can achieve a minimum of 25% reduction in water consumption without affecting the power consumption adversely. The proposed project with a duration of one year aims to conduct an experimental study to verify the application of VFD in C/Ts as a water and electricity saving device and to measure the actual savings of water and electricity for a given W/C system for its year-round operation in coastal and interior locations.
101 The Future of Kuwait’s Domestic Energy Demand (2003-1508-05)
M.A. Al-Awadi Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
Abstract Although the State of Kuwait is blessed with an abundance of oil wealth, it is important that due attention be given to the consumption of domestic energy in order to achieve optimum utilization of the available resources in the country. The consumption of energy in Kuwait has risen by about 15% annually during the period 1960-1980 and by about 30% in the year 2000. This suggests that the share of exports from refined products has reduced to meet the increase in demand domestically. The government is currently studying procedures that will lead to conserving energy consumption through increasing the price of oil products and electricity to reflect the actual government expenditures. This will be achieved through a number of steps that the government is taking to tackle the deficit in the overall budget by reducing general spending. On the other hand, as Kuwait’s commitment towards implementing the GATT treaty which calls for reducing subsidies on local energy approaches, the government is presently exploring the possibility of privatizing gas stations and some electricity generating plants. The project, therefore, aims to develop and evaluate a standard energy demand model in the State of Kuwait that covers energy demand at the sectoral levels (household, commercial, industrial, governmental, etc.) according to the type of the fuel used. The developed model will then attempt to simulate different scenarios regarding price ranges and the level of economic activities to predict the fate of energy demand and to evaluate the efficiency of a specific price policy and their expected impacts on the local economy in order to help in planning a successful and robust energy policy.
Nonlinear Predictive Control and Applications on Industrial Scale Pilot Plant (2004-1506-01)
M. Juraidan Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Process industries are currently exploring the benefits of advanced process control more actively than at any time before. In particular, the industry is demanding advanced control strategies to deal with constrained multivariable processes, which are sufficiently nonlinear than conventional linear control techniques that are inadequate. The main objective of this project is to develop nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) strategies, and investigate possible applications of such strategies in local process industries. The proposed NMPC strategies will be tested on a pilot plant resembling an actual conversion unit in local refineries. A pilot plant unit at the Petroleum Research and Studies Center (PRSC) will be used for implementation. Candidate units are the hydro-cracking or the ARD reactors. Both units are equipped with an industrial distributed control system (DCS), which provides an excellent platform for investigating and implementing a multivariable control system. As a result, the pilot plant will be compatible with current industrial practice, and running a control system similar to that of local refineries. At the same time, the operational performance of the pilot plant will be remarkably enhanced. The proposed project can be considered as a research and development activity in NMPC, which is currently an active research field. This activity will involve identifying system nonlinearities, dynamic modeling and simulation and controller design. An important feature characterizing this study is its practical nature. The plan is to implement and test the developed strategies online in an industrial-scale pilot plant rather than just performing offline simulated runs.
102 New Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Thermal Comfort Study of Air-Conditioned Kuwaiti Buildings (2004-1508-02)
F.F.S. Al-Ajmi1 and S.F. Al-Hajaraf2 Public Authority for Applied Education and Training1 and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research2
Abstract As Kuwait is located in an arid zone, the maximum daily temperature reaches 45oC during the summer season (which starts from the first of April till the end of October). This, in turn, increases the demand on mechanical air conditioning systems that provide comforting conditions for building tenants in the State of Kuwait. Due to the important role that thermostats play in controlling temperatures inside buildings and conserving energy consumption, reducing thermostats by one degree centigrade leads to a reduction of about 10% of the cost and size of mechanical air conditioning systems. The appropriate heat comfort inside buildings varies from one person to the other. This is attributed to a series of heat exchange processes between the human body and the surrounding environment. Due to the close relationship between the change in individuals’ thermal comfort and the quality of air inside buildings, it is important to study these variables. Accordingly, the project aims at the following: 1- Exploring and investigating the level of thermal comfort and its requirements for tenants in Kuwait. The project will focus on studying and analyzing the obtained results and comparing them with the international ISO and ASHRAE standards. A mathematical model will be developed using mathematical equations which, in turn, will simulate the thermal comfort status inside buildings in arid climatic conditions. The study will also investigate the negative effects of thermal comfort and whether they conform to the international ISO standards. Furthermore, the study will focus on the relationship between such effects and the individuals’ performance efficiency inside the buildings as such a relationship will underscore the positive aspects that should be taken into account and will, therefore, provide guidance to architectural specialists to design healthy indoor atmospheres. 2- Investigating individuals’ responses to thermal comfort in cases where environmental problems arise inside the buildings (e.g. presence of undesirable odors, etc.) as a result of poor ventilation in the buildings of Kuwait. The project will also study health-related aspects and associated symptoms of diseases. 3- Investigating consumed energy as a result of using air conditioners and heaters as well as savings in consumed energy in the light of the study findings and their relationship with reduced levels of carbon dioxide emissions.
Recycling of Concrete and Masonry (2004-1508-03)
M.M. El-Hawary and S. Al-Otaibi Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Abstract Recycling is considered to be the backbone of sustainable development as it possesses enormous economical, ecological, biological and social benefits. As the amount of demolished structures is increasing the recycling of the already piling structural wastes was found to be a necessity. In this proposed work, the utilization of crushed concrete and masonry blocks is investigated. Those materials may be utilized in two methods: firstly to crush and use those materials as aggregates in the production of new concrete; secondly, to utilize the materials in the production of autoclaved lime-silica bricks. The properties of aggregates collected from crushers, including specific gravity, absorption, strength, sulfate content, chloride content and abrasion resistance, will be investigated. The compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of concrete produced using those aggregates will be evaluated. The optimum amount of sand and optimum autoclaving time required for the production of lime-sand bricks, will be determined. The effect of adding different amounts of additives and admixtures on the compressive strength, water absorption and weight of bricks will also be investigated.
103 The possibility of combining the proposed recycling methods will be investigated through the possible utilization of the otherwise wasted, crusher fines in the production of lime-silica bricks while using the larger particles as concrete aggregates.
Exploration and Evaluation of New Locations for Oolitic Sand in Kuwait (2004-1508-05)
S. K. Al-Bahar, A. Al-Enezi and S. Ali Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract According to the objectives of this study, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research will be conducting exploration and evaluation of oolitic sand resources in the south of Kuwait especially in Al-Zour area, upon the request of Mina Abdulla Factories of National Industries Company (NIC). Oolitic sand is utilized by NIC in the lime industries which include the lime powder, the sand lime bricks, the lightweight blocks, and the tiles. To satisfy requirements of all dependent industries, the NIC annual consumption of the oolitic sand is 200 thousand tons. Nevertheless, the NIC is faced up with depletion of the oolitic sand in the current location licensed for them, which makes it critically urgent to explore new locations for oolitic sand. The objective of this study is to explore and evaluate the new oolitic sand locations and quantify the oolitic sand reserves. In this study, the samples of the new locations will be subjected to chemical and physical testing to verify their compliance to standard specifications. The study will be mobilized by preparation of the topographic and satellite maps of the oolitic sand locations. This will be followed by explorations and borehole drilling, which will be followed by characterization and classification of the oolitic sand layers. This task will be flowed by quantification of the oolitic sand reserves to satisfy NIC requirements. Meanwhile and as information is accumulated, the geographical information system (GIS) database will be updated to include the new resources of oolitic sand.
104 New Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
105 Medical Sciences
Subject Areas
Allied Health Sciences and Nursing Anatomy and Physiology Dentistry Dermatology Internal Medicine Islamic Medicine Nuclear and Gynaecology Oncology Ophthalmology Otorhinolaryngology Pathology Pediatrics Pharmacy Psychiatry Social and Preventive Medicine Surgery
Completed Projects 1
Ongoing Projects 7
New Projects 2 NEWER THERAPEUTIC SOLUTIONS TO ADDRESS MEDICAL COMPLEXITIES
Medical scientists reported on the successful implementation of a vital venture which genetically stratified primary colorectal carcinoma utilizing novel techniques of comparative genomic hybridization, thus demonstrating the presence of prognostic factors and signifying considerable metasis predictive power.
Preliminary results on the reactivity of complex antigens and HLA typing analysis shed much light on understanding of the mechanism of M. tuberculosis pathogens.
Probe into the implications of therapeutic treatment for head and neck cancer began to expose the preliminary results of a protocol that involves hyperfractionated radiation therapy, and, thereby the likelihood of cure for cancer patients.
Research continued to seek the impact of shockwaves and the administration of antioxidants on the renal function of recruited patients.
One of the studies that explored the factors attributing to augmented diabetic wounds, employed pathogenetic therapy to seek solutions to non-healing wounds. New initiatives also commenced on the investigations into the multiple factors that predispose to the development of Type 2 diabetes and its complications, namely cardiovascular-related diseases.
Scientific efforts were undergoing during the year to introduce thyroxine replacement therapy in order to impact the management of hypothyroidism in the State of Kuwait.
Research in herbal medicine utilized the desert halophytic and xerophytic plant and the effects of methanollic and aqueous extracts of Zygophyllum qatarense as rat blood pressure and the vasolidator responses were monitored.
Household survey continued to collect information on the psycho-social health of diverse age groups, particularly the elderly Kuwaiti men and women residing in the urban as well as outer urban areas. Additional research focus aimed at implicating greater healthcare and life expectancy; health education and awareness; social and financial support; psycho- social and socio-economic societal changes within diverse communities. Predicting a Metastatic Behaviour in Early Colorectal Cancer Using a Genetic Approach (1999-1302-07)
F. Al-Mulla, G. Varadharaj and A. I. Behbehani Kuwait University
Abstract Colorectal carcinoma is a common malignancy. Current staging system associates the clinical-pathological behaviour of colorectal tumours with prognosis. When the tumour is confined entirely within the wall of the bowel (stage I or Dukes’ A) more than 90 % of patients can be cured by surgery alone. Penetration through the basement membrane (stage II or Dukes’ B) worsens the prognosis, and when there is metastasis to lymph nodes (Stage III or Dukes’ C) the outlook deteriorates further so that two-thirds of the affected patients die of the disease within five years. When distant metastases are present (stage IV or Dukes’ D), most patients die within a year of diagnosis. However, it is important to note that there is considerable variation in the clinical course among patients with apparently equivalent stages of the disease. For example, it is currently estimated that 10-40 % of patients with early colorectal cancer (stage I and II) relapse with metastatic disease within 5 years of diagnosis. Our research attempted to answer the following questions: Are early colorectal cancers that relapse with metastasis genetically different than those cancers that remain in remission? If so, what are these genetic differences? And could they be used to identify high risk patients who are currently being denied radical therapies offered only to patients with advanced colorectal cancer? To test this hypothesis, primary tumours from 70 patients with early stage colorectal cancer were profiled using metaphase-based comparative genomic hybridization and the aberrations confirmed independently in a subset of patients using microarray-based CGH. The genomic aberrations were correlated with patient’s survival using univariate, multivatriate and Kaplan-Meier’s survival curves.
Project Description We describe here, the first ‘world-wide’ attempt to study early-stage colorectal cancer at the genomic level using wide-scanning comparative genomic hybridization and confirm the results using microarray- CGH and allelotyping. Loss of chromosomes 1p, 4, 5q, 8p, 9p, 14q, 18p and gain of chromosome 1q, 8q and 13q were associated with metastatic recurrence of early-staged colorectal primary tumours after surgical intervention. In general, metastatic primary tumours had more complex genomic aberrations than primary tumours that did not metastasize. The mean number of genetic alterations per sample was 12.8 ± 5.98 (range, 1-23) in disease- free patients and 18.5 ± 7.6 (range, 3-33) in patients who had metastatic relapse (t-test p <0.003).
Conclusions and Recommendations Loss of both chromosome arms 8p and 18q had a Fig. 1. Cumulative comparative genomic hybridization statistically significant effect on disease-free survival. profile of early-stage (A, 26-delayed metastasis; Loss of chromosomal regions 4p14-16, 4q24-28 and B, 35-absence of metastasis) cancer patients). Each 4q32-35 on chromosome 4, and 14q11.2-13.3 or Bar represents an aberration in a tumour. Red bars to 14q24.1-32.3 on chromosome arm 14q appeared to the left of the ideograms represent loss, while Green have significant metastasis predictive power. bars on the right of the ideograms denote gains.
108 Completed Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
or had lost either chromosomal arm. Also, primary tumours, which lost both chromosomes 4 and 14q had A a mean disease-free survival of 1.85 years (95% CI 0.93-2.77) compared to those who lost either one of the chromosomes (mean of 4.58 years 95% CI 3.51- 5.65), while patients who maintained both copies of the two chromosomes had a mean disease-free survival of 6.93 years (95% CI 5.63-8.23). This was irrespective
Cumulative Survival of Dukes’ stage or tumour location. In view of this novel finding and its immediate importance to clinical practice, we confirmed these results and determined the
Disease-free survival in years precise frequency of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at B chromosomes 4 and 14q by using new DNA extracted from micro-dissected tissues from the same cohort of 70 patients by employing an independent method, namely micro-satellite allelotyping. Genetic profiling of primary tumours of patients with early-stage colorectal cancer is of significant value for Cumulative Survival identifying the subset of patients who could relapse with metastasis. The molecular genetic features of Disease-free survival in years primary tumours should therefore be considered in the C mainstream management of patients with this specific stage of the disease. The output from this project was establishing a molecular Pathology Unit in the Faculty of Medicine, publishing ten Peer-reviewed articles in high impact
Cumulative Survival factor journals and three book chapters.
Disease-free survival in years Acknowledgements Fig. 2. Kaplan-Meier plots of disease-free survival of We would like to thank KFAS and its staff for their patients with early-stage colorectal cancers in relation impressive support and encouragement. to loss of chromosome 4. (A) Effect of chromosome 4 loss on disease-free survival in 56 patients without stratification. (B) Data limited to Dukes’ stage B1. References (C) Data limited to colonic cancer. Solid black Lakhani, S.R., M.J.Van, J. Jacquemier, T.J. Anderson, lines represent patients with loss of chromosome 4 P.P. Osin, L. McGiffog, D.F. Easton. The patheology and dashed black lines are patients whose tumours of familial breast cancer. Predictive value of maintained chromosome 4 copy number. P values immuno-histochemical markers estrogen receptor, represent the Log-rank test. progesterone receptor, HER-2, and BRCA2, J. Clin Loss of chromosome 4p was an independent Ocol 2002.20.2310-2318. prognostic factor in early-stage colorectal cancer Lee, W.Y. Frequent loss of BRCAI nuclear expression using multivariate analysis (Hazard ratio 9.6, 95% CI in young women with breast cancer. An immuno- 3.3-28, P=0.0001). In addition, we demonstrated that histochemical study from an area of low incidence patients whose tumours lost both chromosome arms 8p but early onset. Appl. Immunohistochem Mol and 18q had significantly shorter disease-free survival Morphol 2002, 10:310-315. than those with normal copies of both chromosomes
108 Completed 109 Treatment of Renal Calculi by Lithotripsy: Minimizing Shock Wave Induced Renal Damage by Using Anti-Oxidants (2000-1302-05)
K.A.Al-Awadi1, E.O.Kehinde1, I.Loutfi1, A.Al-Sarraf1, A.Al-Tawheed2. O.A.Mojiminiyi2, H.Abdul-Halim2 Ministry of Health1 and Kuwait University2
Abstract Treatment with Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL), the preferred method of treating kidney stones less than 3 cm in size, have been shown to induce silent and often self-limiting acute and chronic lesions in the kidneys and adjacent organs. The present study was designed to find out if ESWL produces free radicals due to ischaemia and reperfusion injury and if the administration of antioxidants can reduce the amount of damage to the kidney.
Project Progress One hundred and twenty patients were recruited into measure of lipid peroxidation and free radical dama- the study. They all had renal stones 1-3 cm in size. age, α-tocopherol/cholesterol ratio, albumin, ascorbic Double 'J' stents were inserted in all patients before acid (antioxidants), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) treatment using ESWL. The patients were divided and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) - measure of kidney into three treatment groups: Group A (Control Group) injury were determined. Urinary levels of albumin and (n=39; no antioxidants given; Group B (n=41), given ALP were also determined as measures of renal tubu-l two capsules of "Nature Made ®" (antioxidants) two lar injury. hours before ESWL, and two and eight hours after ESWL; and Group C (n=40) given two capsules of Results: Patients given antioxidants had significantly "Nature Made ®" two and eight hours after ESWL. reduced serum MDA (p<0.001), higher ascorbic acid Blood and urine samples were obtained from all pat- (p<0.001), lower α-tocopherol/cholesterol ratio, lower tients, just before start of treatment by ESWL, and LDH (p<0.01) and higher urine ALP (p<0.001) levels at two hours, 24 hours, seven days and 28 days after compared to untreated patients. ESWL. Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) – a
Group A (n=39) Group A (n=39)
310.0 Group B (n=41) Group B + C (n=81) Group C (n=40) 310.0 300.0
) 300.0 290.0 )
280.0 290.0
270.0 280.0
260.0 270.0
Serum LDH (mg/dl 260.0 250.0 Serum LDH (mg/dl
240.0 250.0
230.0 240.0 -2hrs 0hrs 2hrs 24hrs 7dys 28dys Fig. 1 -22hrs 0hrs 2hrs 24hrs 7dys 28dys Fig. 2 Time Time Fig. 1. Serum LDH level in patients receiving ESWL Fig. 2. Serum LDH in Group A versus Group B+C for renal calculi. patients.
110 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Biopsychosocial Health Problems in the Population of State of Kuwait after the Gulf War – Phase II (2001-1302-04)
M.J.Behbehani Kuwait University
Abstract A total of 1414 adults between ages of 18 and 65 were interviewed face-to-face. The subjects were administered a series of questionnaires assessing their current psychological conditions. Detailed information on the subject’s experience during the Iraqi invasion, occupation was also obtained. In addition, data were collected on physical and psychiatric illnesses existing before, during and after the First Gulf War.
Project Progress
Results show a dose response phenomenon for study, we found the prevalence of PTSD, depression psychiatric illnesses. The prevalence of psychiatric and anxiety to be four to ten times more in introverts disorders was less for those who were outside Kuwait than in the extroverts (see Table 2). for the entire period of occupation than the other two groups of the subjects who were in Kuwait for part Since there are biological basis for personality of the time or were in Kuwait for the whole period of characteristics, these findings create the opportunity to occupation (see Table 1). explore a biological explanation for development of psychiatric disorders based on the same pathway as The debate on the etiology of psychiatric disorders include genetic, environmental and personality. In this the personality development.
Table 1. Prevalent of Psychiatric Disorders According to Location During the First Gulf War 1990-1991
Always Out During Occupation In and Out During Occupation Always In During Occupation PTSD 20.8% 26.6% 27.2% (49/235) 190/715 178/655 Depression 20.0% 23.5% 28.0% (47/235) (166/707) 181/646 Anxiety 11.9% 17.0% 18.3% (28/235) (120/707) (118/646)
Table 2. Relationship Between Personality and Psychiatric Disorders of Kuwaiti Nationals.
Introverted Extroverted PTSD 44.7% 11.4% Depression 55.5% 4.0% Anxiety 35.8% 3.2%
111 Hyperfractinated Radiotherapy with Concurrent Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Tumors (2002-1302-03)
K. Al- Saleh and R. Safwat. Ministry Of Health
Abstract
Head and Neck (H&N) cancer usually applies to malignant tumours of upper aerodigestive tract and associated structures. The major anatomical sites are oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oropharynx, hypopharynx, nasopharynx, larynx and salivary glands. Primary Head and Neck (H&N) cancer accounts for 5% of all newly diagnosed tumours in humans. Approximately 40,000 patients of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck region are diagnosed each year and 16,000 deaths reported per year due to head and neck cancer. In the State of Kuwait, head and neck cancer is also of prime concern due to increased consumption of tobacco. Head and neck cancer accounts for 12.76% of all cancer cases seen in Kuwait Cancer Control Center between 1993-1999. The management of head and neck cancer is challenging and complex due to close proximity of vulnerable normal structures and complicated anatomy of head and neck region. A significant proportion (60%) of these patients present with locally advanced disease in whom locoregional failure is the predominant pattern of recurrence after usual treatment (surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy either alone or in combination). Now-a-days non-surgical organ preservation treatment are evolving for the treatment of patients with locally advanced but technically resectable disease. Meta-analysis suggest that regimens of radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy are superior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy in locally advanced disease. There has been 10-15% improvement in locoregional control in newer forms of external radiotherapy treatment consisting of hyperfractionation/accelerated fractionation versus once daily fraction. Hyperfractionated radiotherapy is particularly usefull in tumors with high growth rate, by reducing tumor repopulation. Concurrent chemotherapy approach is attractive as tumour cells are sensitized, resistance is overcome and also has an effect on potential distant metastasis. Several studies , completed and ongoing, have reported encouraging results with this treatment regimen. The current protocol at KCCC involve hyperfractionated radiation therapy at 1.2 Gys per fraction delivered twice a day , six hours apart for a total dose of 69.6 Gys in 58 fractions over six weeks. Chemotherapy with Cisplatinum and 5-FU over four days is administered every three weeks for a total of three cycles starting on day one of radiation therapy. The effectiveness of this protocol will be compared with historical control of patients treated at HMGSS with conventional radiotherapy concomittant with chemotherapy. It is expected that this protocol will improve the likelihood of cure and improve functional and cosmetic outcome by avoiding morbid surgical procedures.
Project Progress The trial started in November 2003. Thirty-eight Appropriate supportive care measure were instituted, patients were recruited into the study. All patients heamatologic toxicity was also noted in some patients, were fully informed about the nature of the study necessitating adjustment in chemotherapy regimen treatment schedule and side effects and their consent either with regard to interval or the number of cycles. was obtained. These patients had tumors of the Thirty-three patients have completed treatment, 29 of nasopharynx (27), oral cavity (6), hypopharynx (3), them are on regular follow up. Twenty seven patients or sinuses (2). Treatment started after completion showed complete clinical and radiological response of work as per outlines in the protocol. All patients and one patient showed residual LNs, and had neck were admitted for the duration of treatment. Acute dissection and kept on follow and the other one had reactions were a significant problem in most patients, residual primary tumor and PET scan was requested causing severe pain and interfering with oral intake. to exclude fibrosis.
112 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Immunological Reactivity of Proteins/Peptides Encoded by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis-Specific Genome Regions (2002-1302-04)
R. J. Al-Attiyah, A.S. Mustafa, A.T. Abul Kuwait University
Abstract The availability of complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1998, and more recently, its comparison with BCG and other mycobacteria has led to the identification of several M. tuberculosis-specific regions and genes. Immunological evaluation of the proteins encoded by these regions and genes can potentially identify the antigens of M. tuberculosis important for developing new vaccines and specific diagnostic reagents against tuberculosis (TB). These M. tuberculosis-specific proteins may also be useful in understanding the mechanisms of virulence and pathogenesis specific for M. tuberculosis. Peptides corresponding to the proteins encoded by the RD1 open reading frames (ORFs) were chemically synthesized, tested and led to the identification of major T cell antigens. In this project, to identify additional M. tuberculosis-specific antigens, we propose to use overlapping synthetic peptides corresponding to 41 ORFs of five M. tuberculosis-specific regions deleted in BCG, i.e. RD10 (ORF=3), RD11 (ORF=5), RD12 (ORF=4) RD13, (ORF=16) and RD15 (ORF=15).
Project Progress A total of 765 overlapping peptides covering the PBMC of 11-67% and 0-78% TB patients, respectively. ORFs of five M. tuberculosis-specific regions; RD10, IL-10 was produced by PBMC of 11-55% TB patients RD11, RD12, RD13, and RD15 were designed and in response to RD mixtures. The PBMC from 94- commercially synthesized. Peptide pools representing 100% of normal healthy subjects showed proliferation each ORF were used to identify the antigens important and (IFN-γ) responses to complex mycobacterial for immunological reactivity by using peripheral antigens while IL-10 was produced by 83-100% of blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in proliferation and healthy donors (Fig 2). However, RD antigens induced Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-10) cytokine assays. The proliferation and IFN-γ secretion in PBMC of 17-61% complex antigens like whole cell M. tuberculosis, M. and 11-61% of healthy donors, respectively. The IL- bovis BCG and culture filtrate were used as control 10 was produced by 0-44% of the healthy donors in RD15 antigens. responseRD13 to RD antigens.
RD12
PBMC from both confirmed cases of untreated Therefore,RD11 the two tested groups showedIL-10 similar
RD10 pulmonary tuberculosis patients (n = 18) and adult reactivity to complex antigens and RD1 IFN-gammawith regard RD1 SI BCG vaccinated healthy subjects (n = 18) were tested. to proliferationCW and the production of IFN-γ and BCG The results suggested that in response to complex the Mycobacterial antigens Th2 cytokine, IL-10. However, PBMC of TB RV antigens, PBMC of 89-100% of untreated TB patients patientsCF produced more of the Th2 cytokine, IL-10 strongly responded in both proliferation and IFN- in response0 to20 various40 RD 60 antigens80 tested1 0 0 especially1 2 0 γ Percentage of positive responders (Th1) secretion assays whereas PBMC of 61-83% RD12, RD13 and RD15. HLA typing analysis of patients produced IL-10 (Th2) (Fig.1). However, RD PBMC demonstrated preliminarily that these antigens antigens induced proliferation and IFN-γ secretion in were recognized by T cells in association with a wide spectrum of HLA-DR molecules.
RD15 RD15
RD13 RD13 IL-10
RD12 RD12 IFN-gamma
RD11 RD11 IL-10 SI
RD10 RD10 IFN-gamma
RD1 RD1 SI
CW CW
BCG BCG Mycobacterial antigens Mycobacterial antigens RV RV
CF CF
0 20 40 60 80 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Percentage of positive responders Percentage of positive responders
Fig. 1. Percentage of position responders of TB Fig. 2. Percentage of position responders of healthy patients in proliferation and cytokine assays. donors in proliferation and cytokine assays.
RD15 113 RD13 IL-10 RD12 IFN-gamma RD11 SI
RD10
RD1
CW
BCG Mycobacterial antigens RV
CF
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Percentage of positive responders Role of Oxidative Stress and Hypercortisolemia in the Pathogenesis of Impaired Wound Healing Diabetes Mellitus (2002-1302-06)
M. Bitar Kuwait University
Abstract An indolent, non-healing wound constitutes a significant cause of disability among diabetics. It is judged as a factor in 81% of lower extremity amputation of those with diabetes. Indeed, a faulty wound healing presents a huge financial burden to healthcare services both in Kuwait and throughout the world. Great efforts have been made to accelerate tissue repair in diabetics but with limited success. While the exact molecular pathogenesis of chronically impaired diabetic wounds is not fully understood, it is appreciated to be multifactorial, being characterized by a prolonged inflammatory response, a failure of re-epitheliazation and a defective wound extracellular matrix (ECM), exemplified by altered proteolytic remodeling and ECM synthesis. Additional contributing factors include neuropathy and atherosclerosis in connection with ischemia.
Project Progress In our research grant, we advanced the notion that and catalase was evident. This abnormality in the excessive oxidative stress induced by an imbalance antioxidant defence system during diabetes yielded a between the antioxidant defence system and the rate hostile wound micro-environment typified by elevated H O and MMPs levels. Overall, an important and of generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species 2 2 (ROS/RNS) within wound micro-environment novel finding of the current study is reflected bya contributes to the non-healing diabetic wounds. As heightened state of oxidative stress in connection with an initial step towards the above hypothesis, we augmented diabetic wound Matrix Metalloproteinases examined key ROS scavenging enzymes in control (MMPs) activity. The latter molecules degrade and diabetic wounds. Polyvinyl alcohol sponge and various elements of the healing process including stainless steel mesh chamber were used as wound ECM, growth promoting polypeptides and their healing models. Goto Kakazaki rats were used as an receptors. To this end, the current data identified a animal model for non-obese type II diabetes mellitus. pathogenetic-based therapeutic target (e.g. MMPs) The data generated from these studies revealed that which could be exploited in the treatment of non- activities of the hydrogen peroxide (H O ) generating healing diabetic wounds. Specifically, we suggested 2 2 enzymes, Superoxide dismutases (SOD) were up- that the augmented production of ROS/RNS within regulated in diabetic wounds. In contrast, diabetes- wound microenvironment of diabetic produces a related diminution in the H O scavenging enzyme cytotoxic environment that impairs normal wound 2 2 levels including glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) healing.
Antioxidant Enzymes and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Diabetic Wounds Control 300 Diabetic *
200 *
100 * Activity (% of Control)
Enzyme 0 SOD GPX MMP - 9
Fig. 1. Antioxidant enzymes and matrix metalloproteinases in diabetic wounds (SOD: Superoxide dismutase, Gpx: Glutathione peroxidase, MMPs: Matrix Metalloproteinases).
114 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Anithypertensive Effects of Zygophyllum Qatarense and Tribulus Terrestris in Rats (2002-1302-07)
M.A. Oriowo Kuwait University
Abstract In Kuwait, the Islamic Medicine Center is devoted to the practice of herbal medicine. Several studies have documented the rich diversity of plant species in Kuwait. Some of these plants are used locally to treat a variety of diseases. Zygophyllum qatarense) is a halophytic and xerophytic plant very common to the desert and salty coastal areas of Kuwait (Daoud and Al-Rawi, 1985; Middleditch and Amer, 1991). This plant grows throughout the year but the flowering season is usually between May and July. The flowers are whitish-green while the seeds are small and yellow. This plant is used to feed camels while the seeds are used as a pepper substitute. Aqueous extracts from different parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicine in treating a variety of diseases including hypertension.
Project Progress The effects of methanolic and aqueous extracts of the most effective. Based on the amount of extract Zygophyllum qatarense (ZQ) on rat blood pressure recovered, we decided to continue further studies with (BP) and the perfused mesenteric vascular bed were fraction C. investigated. ZQ dose-dependently reduced BP in WKY and spontaneously hypertensive rats (Fig. 1).
ZQ produced dose-dependent vasodilator effects 4 0 60 in the perfused mesenteric vascular bed indicating AQUEONS 50 METHANOLIC that the antihypertensive effect of ZQ could be 3 0 (mm Hg) 40 (mm Hg) explained by a vasodilator effect. L-NAME (10-4M), ´ 30 2 0 ´ an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, significantly 20 reduced but did not abolish vasodilation induced by 1 0 10 ´ ZQ. Vasodilator responses were significantly reduced ´ Decrease in BP 0 Decrease in BP 0 M3A M3B M3C M3D M3E M3F in preparations where perfusion pressure was raised 0. 1 2 0. 4 0 1. 2 0 4. 0 0 12 . 00 with KCl (60mM). A combination of KCl and L- mg/kg NAME abolished the vasodilator responses induced by the extracts. It was concluded that methanolic and aqueous extracts of ZQ and possess significant antihypertensive activity. The antihypertensive effects appeared to result from a direct arterial smooth muscle 4 0 relaxation possibly60 involving nitric oxide release and AQUEONS membrane hyperpolarization.50 METHANOLIC 3 0
(mm Hg) 40 (mm Hg) Part of the methanolic extract (2 g) chromatographed´ 30 2 0 ´ on Sephadex LH-20 column (43x 5 cm). The column 20 was eluted with methanol. 8 ml fractions of 8 ml 1 0 10 ´ were collected combined´ (as observed from the TLC
Decrease in BP 0 Decrease in BP 0 M3A M3B M3C M3D M3E M3F similarity) to give0. 1 2 the 0. 6 4 0 fractions, 1. 2 0 A-F.4. 0 0 Fraction 12 . 00 A increased blood pressuremg/kg while fractions B-F lowered blood pressure with fractions C and D being Fig. 1. Bioassay-directed fractionation
115 Psychosocial Health Status, Disability and Networks of Social Support among Older Kuwaiti Men and Women (2003-1302-02)
N. M. Shah Kuwait University
Abstract Kuwait has one of the lowest crude death rates in the world while life expectancy for females and males is 77 years and 75 years, respectively. With gains in life expectancy issues related to healthy aging deserve more focused research attention than accorded to date. This project aims to analyze psychosocial health and disability in relation to the degree of social support available to men and women aged 50 and over. It will also assess physical performance ability in terms of standing, walking, grip strength and taking care of daily needs. We will assess whether societal changes such as increasing educational level and greater female work participation are bringing about any alterations in living arrangements and care of the elderly. In order to examine differences within the country a proportionately representative sample of persons residing in relatively more urban areas (Capital) and less urban areas (Ahmadi) will be compared.
Project Progress This study is based on a household survey in which support received, etc. a well trained team of interviewers are visiting pre- A total of 2400 individuals will be interviewed, 1440 sampled areas to gather information in a face-to-face from the Capital and 960 from Ahmadi. The Capital interview and to implement physical performance has a relatively older population and the number to be measures and assess height and weight. The interview interviewed is therefore larger. Data from a total of 400 is designed to assess cognitive ability and establish individuals in each of the following age groups will be the amount of psychosocial and financial support the collected: 50-54; 55-59; 60-64; 65-69; 70-74 and 75+. respondent receives from, and gives to, his/her children Data collection started in April but was suspended and others. It also deals with self-assessment of the during July and August due to hot weather and during respondent’s health in terms of major illnesses, use of Ramadan. Until December 10, 2005, information on hearing or other aids, and about preventive behavior a total of 735 individuals, 307 from the Capital and in terms of preventive tests such as mammography 428 from Ahmadi, had been collected. The number and routine blood and urine test. Information about of interviews completed for each age group is shown the respondents’ attitudes about aging and services in Fig. 1 below. Due to the higher life expectancy for the elderly is also collected. We plan to analyze for women and the consequently larger number of psychosocial health and disability according to a women than men in the older ages, we anticipate that wide range of variables, including respondents’ our completed sample will include more women than socioeconomic status, gender, ethnicity, marital status men. living arrangements, amount of social, economic
Sample Completed by Age
450 400 400 400 400 400 400 400
350
300
250
200 165 138 150 128 109 99 96 100
50
Number of Respondents 0 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75+ Age groups in years Total Sample Required Total Sample Completed
Fig. 1. Number of interviews completed for each age group.
116 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Determinants of Micro- and Macro-vascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Kuwaiti Patients - Genotypic, Phenotypic and Biochemical Characteristics (2004-1302-03)
N. A. Abdella Kuwait University Abstract Polymorphisms of the ACE gene have been associated with increased risk of micro-and macro-vascular complications of Type 2 diabetes but findings have been inconsistent in different populations. It is well recognized that the most frequent chronic complication of diabetes is atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In Kuwait, in association with higher prevalence rates of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, CHD has been reported as the leading cause of death with a crude death rate of 43 per 1000 in 1994. Several factors may predispose diabetics to premature atherosclerosis. Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents a paradigm for the study of the interplay between environmental risk factors and the multiple genetic factors that confer increased risk of CHD. The role of gene polymorphisms in the pre-disposition to the development of CHD has not been studied extensively in Kuwait and the Gulf region. It is important to identify the gene polymorphisms that are associated with higher risk of CHD and other diabetic complications. The hypothesis we are testing is that polymorphisms of the ACE gene are associated with factors that predispose to the development of diabetes and its complications. We plan to examine the prevalence of micro-and-macro vascular complications in Kuwaiti Type 2 diabetic patients. We will then study polymorphisms of the ACE gene and relate these to (i) micro-and macro-vascular complications in the diabetic subjects; (ii) degree of insulin resistance and associated endocrine and metabolic abnormalities in diabetic patients and their first degree relatives. We will also study the polymorphisms of the ACE gene in relation to traditional and non-traditional CHD risk factors in the diabetic subjects, their relatives and control subjects. We also plan to study the prevalence of insulin resistance and associated metabolic abnormalities in Kuwaiti Type 2 diabetes patients and their first degree relative and relate these to traditional and non-traditional CHD risk factors as well as known risk factors for the development of diabetes and its complications. The study would help us establish the genetic, phenotypic and metabolic traits that may pre-dispose to development and complications of Type 2 diabetes in the Kuwaiti population. We also hope to show whether it is worthwhile to use polymorphisms of the ACE gene as markers for genetic risk diabetes and/or its complications. This would be a prospective study in a cohort of diabetic patients attending the Mubarak Al Kabir Hospital. We plan to study 300 Type 2 diabetic Kuwaiti patients, 200 first degree relatives of the Type 2 diabetes subjects as well as 100 Kuwaiti non diabetic subjects and without family history of diabetes. Biochemical characterization will be based on studying insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion and metabolic and hormonal parameters in the patients. Fasting levels of glucose, insulin, proinsulin, haemoglobin Alc, leptin, testosterone, SHBG, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), LH FSH, IGF-I, IGF binding protein-3, free IGF-I and full lipid profile will be determined. The ACE I/D gene polymorphism as well as eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms of the ACE gene will be determined after DNA extraction and correlated with insulin resistance and other metabolic variables. Patients relative and control subjects will be followed up indefinitely. We hope that the results from the project will shed some light on the association between this gene polymorphism and micro-and macro-vascular complications in Kuwaiti patients with Type 2 diabetes.
LDL Subfractions in Hypothyroidism Effect of Thyroxine Replacement Therapy (2005-1302-01)
J.M.K. Abbas Abstract Ministry of Health
The association between hypothyroidism and dyslipidaemia is considered to be a key factor in premature atherosclerosis and enhanced cardiovascular risk in hypothyroid patients. This relationship between thyroid status and lipid abnormalities such as elevated total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and apo B is corroborated by the fact that these changes are reversed by thyroxine therapy. Recent developments in the field of lipoprotein subclasses analysis offers an opportunity to assess the possible hazard of coronary events in hypothyroid patients. It has been suggested that plasma lipoprotein profile that has a predominance of small dense low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, known as atherogenic phenotype B, confers approximately a 3-fold increased risk of coronary heart disease. The other subclass pattern, phenotype A, is characterized by a high proportion of large, buoyant LDL particles. The present study is designed to apply the newly available Quantrimetrix Lipoprint LDL Polyacrylamide Tube Gel Electrophoresis System for investigating the prevalence of LDL phenotype B trait in hypothyroid patients and, moreover, to explore whether this pattern can be modulated to the safer phenotype A by thyroxine replacement therapy. The outcome of the present study will make a useful contribution to the management of patients with hypothyroidism in Kuwait.
117 Natural Sciences
Subject Areas
Astronomy Chemistry Computer Science Earth Sciences Environmental Sciences Mathematics Operations Research Physics Statistics
Completed Projects 0
Ongoing Projects 11
New Projects 6 STUDIES TARGET SAFER SPATIAL & AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
Research targeting the development of hydro-geological database and maps reported on successfully digitizing geophysical logs obtained so far. Preliminary assessment on a periodical basis continued to monitor the major physico-chemical variables of Shatt-Al- Arab riverine that impact Kuwait's marine environment and the Gulf ecosystem. Fresh efforts commenced again to collect data on chemical dispersants that cause severe toxicity in the Gulf waters. New initiatives were also undertaken to study the impact of industrial activities and to report on the presence of spatial and hydrophobic organic pollutants in the coastal marine sediment of Kuwait. Assessment of morphological changes through remote sensing data and aerial photographs were expected to promote a vital national geo-environmental database for the coastal zone. In a move to achieve environment safety, advanced techniques were resorted to, for the purpose of characterizing and analyzing subsurface soil contaminants. Detailed analysis of select rock samples from northern fields (Raudhatain, Sabriyah, Bahra) were carried out using advanced SEM techniques to detect depositional contents in the oil reservoirs. Textural analyses of sediments from study areas was undertaken in order to map and delineate the sedimentomorphic zones in the State of Kuwait. One of the ongoing studies continued its endeavor to predict seismic hazard parameters and determine surface movements through interpretation of radar interferometric data. Preliminary national survey for indoor radiation exposure of the population revealed safe range limit of radon concentrations within households situated in diverse areas of Kuwait. Experimentation progressed on assessing the potential hazards of halogenated hydrocarbons in waste streams. Surface sampling was undergoing and data was referenced to investigate the depth distribution of radionuclide. Existing groundwater samples were collected and analyzed to determine the presence of hydrocarbons and other contaminants, as well as to delineate water quality and quantity in the aquifers. A project proposed to implement a hydrodynamic, two-dimensional model in order to determine the wind and wave movements on Kuwaiti territorial waters. Computational results derived using mixed integer programming models and solution algorithms revealed that a two-stage modeling approach based on case studies yielded fair schedules and proved satisfactory to the teaching faculty members at the university. Documentation of the contemporary wildlife and the status of flora and fauna in the GCC countries also topped the agenda of one of the project undertakings during the year. Development, Analysis and Integration of Hydrogeological Data in the State of Kuwait (1999-1405-02)
A. Mukhopadhyay, M. Al-Otaibi, E. Al-Awadi, M. Al-Murad and W. Roy Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract A national hydrogeological database for Kuwait has been developed, based on the data available with the Ministry of Energy (MOE) and using the ARCGIS data management system. Available hard copies of the geophysical logs have been digitized and included in the database. The database was later used in developing various hydrogeological maps. A User’s Manual has been prepared for accessing information from the database.
Project Progress All relevant data were collected from the Ministry The data stored in the database have been used in of Energy (MOE). The available geophysical logs generating a set of maps that present the relevant run in the wells were digitized utilizing the Neuralog hydrogeological information and the spatial digitizing software. The collected data were imported distribution of various aquifer parameters in Kuwait. into an external Access relational database (GWDB_ Expert knowledge about the local hydrogeology has Database.mdb). For the ease of management of been used in ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the the data and information, closely related data were maps. An example of these maps has been presented in grouped into different tables in the Access database. Fig. 1. A User Guide for the hydrogeological database The interconnection of these tables was through has also been prepared for the maintenance, updating, unique well identification number, generated from its extraction and presentation of the required data and UTM coordinates. ARCGIS interrogates the Access information from the database. database to provide the necessary answers to the user’s query.
Transmissivity Dammam Formation
50> 100-50 200-100 500-200 1000-500 2000-1000 5000-2000 5000< No Data
Fig. 1. Transmissivity distribution in the Dammam Formation, Kuwait.
120 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Assessment of the Effects of the Shatt Al-Arab's Altered Discharge Regimes on the Ecology of the Northern Arabian Gulf - Phase II (2000-1401-04)
F. Al-Yamani Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract In the coastal waters of the northern Gulf enhanced plankton biomass result from interplay of geophysical, chemical and biological processes. The Shatt al-Arab watershed and associated marshes are the main sources of nutrients that trigger productivity in the northern Gulf. Recent developments either planned or under progress such as the different damming projects in Turkey, Syria and Iraq, and the recent activities in the area of the marshes and that of Shatt al-Arab, will no doubt impact the Gulf ecosystem. Particularly in the northern part, the consequences of these perturbations might be more severe than those that are due to the different anthropogenic activities in this region. Changes in the marine ecosystem resulting from different flow regimes and water quality entering the northern Gulf via Shatt al-Arab waterway will therefore have a major impact on the food chain and hence the fishery resources of the northern Gulf. This study focuses on the oceanographic characterization of Kuwait's waters, and evaluation of possible impacts of changes in riverine input on the northern Gulf ecosystem.
Project Progress The research study focuses on the assessment of the developments upstream (re-flooding the marshes, and main physico-chemical and biological oceanographic dam building on rivers) on the marine ecosystem of variables at different stations in Kuwait's waters. Kuwait. The preliminary analyses indicate that the Phytoplankton biomass and plankton community characteristics of the northern marine environment, composition are assessed on a monthly basis. For which is close to river discharge, are different than the first time, measurement of underwater light was the areas farther south. Shallow areas and areas with conducted in Kuwait's waters. The possibility of using high turbidity levels in Kuwait's waters are found not satellite imageries for measurement of chlorophyll and to be suitable for watercolor measurements utilizing phytoplankton blooms in Kuwait's waters was assessed. the remote sensing technology. Emphasis is on the potential impacts of the current
121 Source Rock Evaluation for the Mauddud Formation in Kuwait (2000-1404-01)
F. H. Abdullah Kuwait University
Abstract The Albian Mauddud Formation is one of the major Cretaceous oil reservoirs in Kuwait. Oil from this formation is commercially produced from the Raudhatain and Sabriyah and Bahra fields in the north of the State. The formation in these fields is 300 to 380 ft thick dominated by carbonate rocks with intervals of clastic rocks. The purpose of this study is to identify depositional and diagenetic history of the Mauddud Formation in Kuwait. In previous reports the results covered the southern Greater Burgan Field. At this stage the study is concentrated on the Raudhatain, Sabriyah and Bahra fields in the northern part of the State.
Project Progress A total of 24 core samples from Sabriyah Field, 22 during regression periods. The thickest clastic interval samples from Raudhatain Field and 14 samples from in these fields is in the Bahra and the lowest is in the Bahra Fields were prepared for pyrolysis using RE6 in Sabriyah. similar steps to that done for samples from the Great Pyrolysis results show that the formation has migrated Burgan Field described before. Kerogen isolation was oil mostly in the carbonate section with kerogen in the carried out using acid maceration. Well logs (GR, shale parts. The nature and amount of organic matter sonic, resistivity, density) were correlated with the core in the Mauddud formation is relatively correlated samples collected from the Raudhatain, Sabriyah and with its lithology. In general the carbonate parts are Bahra fields. Petrographic study of rock microscopic reservoir. The porosity in these intervals is related slides was carried out using transmitted and polarized to dissolution, dolomitization and fracturing. They microscopes. Detailed study for selective samples may reach to 25% or as high as 35%. The lack of were carried out using SEM technique. Specific migrated oil in some carbonate intervals is related to carbonate samples were grinded for isotope analyses cementation and destruction of the reservoir quality to identify depositional condition. They will be sent to (Plate 1). Shale intervals show immature to early international labs for analyses. mature type II-III of dominant marine origin. The drop Petrographic results show that the Mauddud in kerogen quality in many parts of shales is related Formation in the northern oil fields is dominated by to biodegradation in oxic depositional condition. In packstone limestone deposited during transgression general, the lithology of the Mauddud Formation in period. These carbonate rocks alternated with clastic the southern and northern fields in Kuwait is almost thin layers that vary in their grain size from coarse similar with variation in thickness where it is much sand to fine clay laminated shale, reflecting sea level thicker in the north. This indicates deeper basin in variation. During these cycles, the area has been the north relative to the southern part. The results of affected by short periods of unconformities that later the isotope study may add more information of such shed the depositional environment with clastic rock variation.
Plate 1. An SEM photo showing calcite crystallization (arrow) in the pores (dashed line) in the carbonate part of the Mauddud Formation in the Raudhatain Field. This diagenetic process destroyed part of the reservoir section.
122 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Sedimentomorphic Mapping of Some Selected Areas in the State of Kuwait, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Applications (2001-1401-02)
A. E. Al-Hurban, R. S. Divi and I. M. Gharib Kuwait University
Abstract Sedimentomorphic maps (showing sedimentological features in combination with geomorphological ones) are to be produced based on aerial photos and remote sensing images (1972 – 2004) and geomorphic data from topographic maps for the selected six areas of study in Kuwait (Al-Sabbiyah, Al-Raudhatain, Wadi Al-Batin, Managish, Al-Wafrah, and Al-Khiran). Aerial photographs and remote sensing images are to be used to identify sedimentomorphic zones in the selected areas. GIS (Geographic Information System) analysis is to be applied to detect temporal changes in the surface sediments. Soil samples from the six areas were collected (total of 136 samples) and used for grain size analysis (sieving) and thin sections for some samples, ICP (Inductive Coupled Plasma), and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) analysis, and statistical analysis for grain size distributions. Aerial photo interpretation was done on the study areas by GIS applications.
Project Progress Detailed field sampling and investigation have been The next phase of the project will include completing the done for the selected six study areas where a total of 136 assigned analyses for the study areas, and accordingly, soil samples of known geographic coordinates using applying remote sensing (when landsat images are GPS (Global Positioning System) were collected (22, received) techniques to delineate geomorphic zones 15, 20, 27, 28, and 24 soil samples from Al-Sabbiyah, and GIS methods to evaluate relationships between the Al-Raudhatain, Wadi Al-Batin, Managish, Al-Wafrah zones in order to prepare the final sedimentomorphic and Al-Khiran areas, respectively) according to the maps for the study areas. changes in types of sediments. These collected soil samples were mechanically analyzed in the lab to investigate the grain size distribution of sediments using the U.S. Standard Set of Sieves. The obtained data was graphically presented by histograms and cumulative frequency curves for the identification of the various textural size parameters (mode, median, mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis) for these samples. To understand the genesis and to determine the potential sources of the sediments (Khalaf, et. al., 1984), thin sections for some selected samples were prepared for investigating under the polarizing binocular microscope. To identify the minerals in fine-grained sediments and sedimentary rocks, X-Ray diffraction was done for some samples. From the aerial photos (El-Baz & Al-Sarawi, 2000), the different landforms in the area were delineated and classified, and with the help of the field investigation and sample description, final sedimentomorphic maps were prepared for the study areas. Fig. 1 is one of Fig. 1. Sedimentomorphic map of Al-Sabbiyah area. these areas.
123 Assessment of the Seismic Hazard for the State of Kuwait (2002-1401-02)
A. Al-Enezi, A. Sadek and R. Abdel-Fattah Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The assessment of seismic hazard is very beneficial for the State of Kuwait. In short term, hazard assessment will inform responsible entities such as governments, policy makers, engineers, civil defense officials and urban planners the degree of hazards posed by earthquakes. In this study, a database of seismicity in Kuwait, and surrounding regions wherein seismicity affects Kuwait City was compiled to assess the seismic hazard for the State of Kuwait. In addition we introduce a new oil exploitation induced surface movements by using satellite -based radar interferometry. The results of the study indicate that Kuwait is characterized by low level of seismic activities by the world standard. The maximum Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) for the State of Kuwait estimated to be about 20 gal. The potential sources of hazard in Kuwait are in the southwest near the Minagish and Umm Qudair fields. Due to the seismic activities within those two oilfields that possibly related to oil exploitation, a slight subsidence was observed.
Project Progress In this study we used the existing catalog and waveform The potential sources of hazard in Kuwait are located data to estimate seismic hazard assessment parameters in the southwest near the Minagish and Umm Qudair and improve understanding of seismic events in fields. Kuwait. The Kuwait National Seismic Network (KNSN) in Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Vertical surface movements within Minagish and Umm (KISR) recorded about 250 local earthquakes from Qudair oil fields have been determined using SAR data March 1997 to Jun. 2005 (Fig. 1). A large portion of by the application of the Differential Interferometric these earthquakes was located within the oil fields. SAR (DInSAR) and the Interferometric Point Target In particular, in Sabiriyah, Raudhatain and Bahra oil Analysis (IPTA) approach. The results of processing fields in the north and in Minagish, Umm Qudair, and interpretation of radar interferometric data are Wafra, Abduliyah and Dharif oil fields in the south. showing that the technique apparently is working for The magnitude (ML) of these earthquakes ranged from the determination of oil exploitation induced surface 0.3 to 3.8 and occurred at depth ranging from 3.3 to 28 movements. Coherence of several radar images is km. The seismic hazard map for 10% probabilities sufficient and local surface movement anomalies of exceedance in a 50-year period shows that Kuwait can be detected as areas of subsidence. These areas has maximum PGA value 10 gal, while the seismic hazard map for 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50- can be correlated with locations of oil wells and oil years show that the maximum PGA value as 20 gal. exploitation infrastructure.
Fig. 1. Siesmic map of Kuwait as recorded by the Fig. 2. Example of a displacement map in Minagish Kuwait National Seismic Network (KNSN). and Umm Qudair oil field.
124 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
A Short-Term Study of Indoor Radon Levels in Dwellings in the State of Kuwait – Phase I (2002-1401-02)
D. Al-Azmi1, A.S. Abu-Shady1, A.M. Sayed2 and Y. Al-Zayed3 Public Authority for Applied Education and Training1, Ministry of Health2 and Environment Public Authority3
Abstract Indoor radon survey was carried out in 300 dwellings of Kuwait using charcoal detectors. Measurements were made at three different locations of a dwelling; living rooms, bedrooms and basements. The overall results show that most of the indoor radon concentration levels are within the range of 10-50 Bq/m3 for all locations measured in Kuwait.
Project Progress Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas, which Charcoal detectors have been used for the measurements originates from the decay of uranium in rocks and of the indoor radon gas; carbon canisters of 4-inch size soils. When radon surfaces in the open air, it is quickly and Packard Pico-Rad vials. The radon detectors were diluted to harmless concentrations through atmospheric placed in the living rooms and bedrooms as well as dilution processes. But when it enters an enclosed space, basements (if available) of different houses covered such as a house or other buildings, it can sometimes under the study. The radon detectors were kept in each accumulate to unacceptably high concentrations due location for a sampling period of two days. to the confinement. Indoors, reduced ventilation may The survey was undertaken in different parts of Kuwait enable radon and its decay products to reach levels representing the six governorates within a period of that are of magnitude above the outdoor levels (Khan, 18 months from December 2003 to June 2005. A total 2000). The radon decay products may be attached to of 300 dwellings were covered under the study; 275 ambient aerosols, and when inhaled can be retained in living rooms, 270 bedrooms and 79 basements. the lung and deliver a dose to its walls by alpha particle emission. As a consequence of the high proportion of The frequency distribution of the indoor radon time spent indoors and the elevation of indoor radon concentrations for all results is shown in concentrations relative to outdoor concentrations, Fig. 1 where it can be seen that most radon most exposure to radon and its decay products occurs concentrations are within the range of 10-50 Bq/m3, indoors. Indoor radon and its progeny are largest and there are very few that exceed the 100 Bq/m3 contributors to the natural radiation exposure of the value. population and a high number of lung cancer cases are reported annually (UNSCEAR, 2000). Frequency
Radon Concentration
Fig. 1. Frequency distribution of indoor radon concentration in Kuwait for all locations in all investigated houses.
125 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria for Mixtures Containing Halogenated Hydrocarbons (2002-1401-03)
M.N.M. Al-Hayan and J.A.M. Al-Kandary Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
Abstract Halogenated hydrocarbons are manufactured in large quantities and have many applications (such as refrigerants, medicines, anesthetics, organic solvents, aerosol propellants and reaction media). During the last two decades, more and more attention has been given to the potential hazards of halogenated hydrocarbons. The emphasis is mainly on two aspects: destruction of the ozone in the stratosphere due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, and the toxic and carcinogenic effects of halogenated hydrocarbons on the human population. Among other measures to abate such hazardous effects, more stringent regulations were implemented on plants using or manufacturing halogenated hydrocarbons to minimize the concentration of halogenated hydrocarbons in their effluent waste streams. For the design of relevant separation processes, phase equilibrium data for mixtures of halogenated hydrocarbons, and halogenated hydrocarbons with other hydrocarbons or water are deemed essential.
Project Progress
During the first six months of this year, the 2. Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibria for Binary project equipment have been received, assembled, Mixtures of 1,2-Dibromoethane with Benzene, commissioned, and calibrated. Such equipment Toluene, Fluorobenzene, and Bromobenzene at included the vapor-liquid equilibrium apparatus, the Atmospheric Pressure, J. Chem. Eng. Data, (in high accuracy refractometer, the re-circulating bath, press), 2005. the analytical balance, and the portable pressure gauge. 3. Isobaric vapour-liquid equilibria for binary Shortly after that, some vapor-liquid equilibrium mixtures of 1, 2-dibromoethane with 1,2- experiments have been conducted for binary mixtures dichloroethane, trichloromethane and 1,1,2,2- containing halogenated hydrocarbons, and the samples tetrachloroethane at atmospheric pressure, Fluid obtained have been analyzed for composition using Phase Equilibria, (in press), 2005. either density or refractive index measurements and based on the correlations established earlier between In the next phase of this project, the same experiments the standard solutions composition and their densities will be resumed, and the data collected will be analyzed or refractive indices. Some of the binary mixtures for thermodynamic consistency, compared to similar studied were representative of: data when available, and published.
- n-alkanes/ - chlorinated alkanes/ halobenzenes alkyl benzenes - halobenzenes/alkyl - chlorinated alkanes/ benzenes brominated alkanes - brominated - brominated benzenes/ alaknes/ chlorinated alkanes halobenzenes
The following papers have been accepted for publication:
1. Isobaric vapour-liquid equilibria for binary mixtures of n-heptane with bromobenzene, chlorobenzene and fluorobenzene at atmospheric pressure, Fluid Phase Equilibria, (in press), 2005. Fig. 1. Vapor-liquid equilibrium apparatus.
126 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
A Radiological Atlas for the State of Kuwait (2003-1401-03)
J. Jakes, M. Quinn, S. Ebrahim, A. Ismaeel and N. Gonzales Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The main effort was focused on sample collection in the northern and southern regions of the country, building up a laboratory for radioecological research, and setting up a mobile spectrometry workstation for in situ analyses of gamma radiation. Altogether 163 samples have been collected from 73 sites. Concentration of gamma-emitting radionuclides was measured by using high-purity germanium detectors. At selected sites, the depth distribution of radionuclide concentrations was determined. The radioecological laboratory was designed and is under construction. The mobile workstation for gamma spectrometry was set fully operational and the first measurements were performed. The workstation has been included in an international intercomparison exercise to be held in May 2006 in Germany.
Project Progress The sampling program includes collecting samples Situ Gamma-Ray Spectrometry" was held at KISR from the surface layer of 10 cm from all sampling organised jointly with the International Atomic sites. Additionally, deep-core samples of soil were Energy Agency, and the first in situ measurements collected to determine the downward distribution of were performed (see Plate 2). KISR has been included radionuclides to a depth of 20 and 30 cm by dividing a in an international intercomparison campaign for in soil column with a 10x10 cm2 cross-section into six and situ measurements in which 23 institutions from 13 eight layers respectively. The samples were collected countries are participating. Field measurements by using a core sampling set, which makes it possible to KISR of enhanced natural radioactivity will take place cut off the slices of soil from the collected column with in May 2006 in Germany. appropriate spatial resolution. All sampling sites were spatially referenced using Geographical Positioning System instrument (see Plate 1). A gamma spectrometry system which was equipped with an HPGe detector with a relative efficiency of 40% and resolution of 2% at 1.33 MeV was used for laboratory analyses. The obtained results show that concentration of 238U in rural areas ranges from 9 Bq/kg to 26 Bq/kg which is less than the world average. The depth distribution of 137Cs is homogenous or showed a peak depending on the type of the topsoil Plate 1. Surface sampling and depth distribution surface. sampling sites A laboratory for radioecological research was designed and is under construction. It includes chemical processing of low-radioactive samples, an ultra-low-background gamma spectrometry system, a spectrometry system for alpha radiation, and a mobile gamma spectrometry system for field applications. A mobile gamma spectrometry system consists of ISOCS calibrated HPGe detector with a relative efficiency of 50% and resolution of 1.9 keV at 1332 keV, a portable spectroscopy workstation, and a set of lead collimators. A training course on "In Plate 2. Mobile gamma spectrometry workstation.
127 Optimum Utilization Strategy for the Fresh Groundwater Lenses at Raudhatain Field (2003-1405-01)
M. Al-Otaibi and A. F. Elmawla Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Fresh groundwater uniquely exists in Kuwait at the Al-Raudhatain and Umm Al-Aish depressions. This invaluable freshwater are floating, in delicate balance, over saline groundwater. These fragile conditions call for precision in utilizing the resource. The previous water quality records show that operating the Al-Raudhatain wellfield as it exists will rapidly deteriorate the freshness of the water. This study aims to find the maximum producible freshwater from the Al-Raudhatain that causes minimum undesirable mixing between the freshwater lens and the underlying brackish groundwater. This will involve optimum design of individual wells, spatial distribution of wells and production rates. The feasibility of applying the artificial groundwater recharge to extend the freshwater storage capacity and halt water quality deterioration at this site will also be investigated. Multi-level test holes, geochemical analysis, groundwater flow and solute simulations, and geochemical simulations are the main research tools of the study.
Project Progress This study is designed such that it would achieve its freshwater lens (Fig. 1), which was attributed to goals through six main tasks namely data collection, mostly the different data interpolation approaches. In drilling and samples collection, hydrogeological and preparation for geochemical simulations, the examined laboratory investigations, geochemical modeling, available/obtainable information on chemical and numerical modeling and analysis of results. The first petrographic observations and hydrochemical analysis three tasks are intended to conceptualize the study recommends the utilization of speciation geochemical area, which would be used in simulating geochemical modeling. In this context, WATEQ4F code will be used and hydraulic responses of the groundwater system to calculate species activities and mineral saturation to the different utilization scenarios. The final task indices. On the other hand, the existing data on the would involve the evaluation of the results and aquifer system was utilized to formulate a conceptual consequently design the optimum utilization strategy. model that describes the aquifer system lithology and In this context, data were collected from three main hydrodynamics. sources namely previous reports of KISR, the Ministry of Energy (MOE) and reports prepared on the study
area by SMEC. These activities provided initial Agreement with thickness
conceptualization of the study area and identified the Overestimated thickness
information gaps. Accordingly, the locations, depths Underestimated thickness and design of the needed drillings were identified. Documents of the required wells specifications, program of work and other conditions were prepared Al-Raudhatatin and sent out, as tendering documents, to the drilling depression companies. The received bids were evaluated financially and technically and the most suitable offer was selected. Seven monitoring wells with depths ranging between 45 and 65 m were drilled. More than 60 groundwater samples were collected from both the existing and the newly drilled wells. Samples were analyzed for major anions and cations as well as stable and radioactive isotopic suites. The initial analysis of the results implies on recent recharges from rainwater and minor changes in the spatial delineation of the Fig. 1. Check on freshwater delineation
128 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Identification and Qualification of Different Hydrocarbon Groups in the Groundwater of the State of Kuwait (2003-1405-02)
E. Al-Awadi, M. Quinn, A. Mukhopadhyay and A. Akber Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The type and concentration of hydrocarbon compounds are important parameters for determining the quality of water that is used for different purposes. It is, therefore, important to have some knowledge about the nature and amount of hydrocarbon compounds in the ground water of Kuwait. In view of the close association of huge accumulations of natural petroleum hydrocarbons in the rock sequence of Kuwait and the possibility of contamination of the aquifers from the large oil spills that occurred on the ground during the 1991 Gulf War, the matter has gained added urgency. This study aimed at investigating the contents of hydrocarbons in the ground water of Kuwait in details through the use of various analytical techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infra red analysis technique (FT-IR), laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and total fluorescence scanning (TFS).
Project Progress The extensive fluorescence and analytical testing have pollutants. The bacterial analysis results of selected demonstrated that the groundwater of Kuwait is being groundwater wells have shown the presence of impacted by contamination, both anthropogenic and bacterial populations, including sulfate reducing biogenic. The greatest impact has been observed bacteria (SRB), fecal coliform, and salmonella in some in the northern areas of Kuwait, particularly in the of the wells. The nitrifying bacteria were, however, Umm Al-Aish and Raudhatain areas where a water- found in all the wells sampled. The importance of soluble fraction (WSF) of the crude oil surface these bacterial populations stems from their special contamination appears to be slowly leaching into the fluorescence characteristics that should enable their fresh water lenses. Hydrocarbon pollutants were, detection with relative ease and help to distinguish however, practically absent in the brackish water them from the hydrocarbon pollutants. The findings areas of central and southern Kuwait, except for a of this study will be used as the basis for adapting a few isolated sites. Significant efforts were made laser-induced fluorescence cone penetrometer system, to prepare a self-contained mobile laboratory to already under development by KISR’s Department of house an in-situ field probing system based on laser Advanced Systems. This system is intended for both induced fluorescence and fiber optic technology for site characterization and analysis of subsurface soil screening the groundwater aquifers for hydrocarbon contaminants as well as Kuwait’s aquifers. (Fig.1).
Fig. 1. Collecting groundwater samples and analyzing samples using Sampling Vehicle.
129 Mathematical Programming Models and Algorithms for Academic Class Scheduling at Kuwait University (2003-1409-01)
S. Al-Yakoob Kuwait University
Abstract This project is concerned with the class scheduling and timetabling problem faced at Kuwait University (KU). The principal focus is to design efficient class offering patterns while taking into consideration gender policies, faculty preferences in classes and time-slots, and parking and traffic congestions. We propose a two-stage approach for the problem, where in Stage I, time-slots for scheduling the various (male, female, and joint) sections of classes are determined, and in Stage II, faculty members are assigned to classes given the time-slots for classes as obtained from Stage I. Mixed-integer programming models and solution algorithms are developed for each stage, where we used CPLEX-9.0 as our optimization solver. Computational results are reported based on actual data for a number of terms.
Project Progress The research team has formulated mathematical programming models for assigning faculty members programming models and algorithms for the Stage I to classes including, among typical academic class and Stage II problems. For the Stage I problem, we scheduling issues, certain specialized central policies formulated a mathematical programming model that at Kuwait University. The time-slots for classes are assigns offered classes to time-slots and addresses assumed to be given and an integer programming gender issues by defining appropriate surrogate model is constructed to solve the resulting problem, constraints along with objective penalty terms. The which aims to minimize the individual and collective model aims to enhance existing manual scheduling dissatisfaction of faculty members in a fair fashion, and timetabling approaches that are often accompanied where dissatisfaction is measured by a function with arduous combinatorial tasks such as resolving of the assignment of faculty members to time- class conflicts, dealing with parking and traffic slots and specific classes. Gender-based modeling congestions, and ensuring an efficient utilization of considerations are also introduced in order to maintain facility and human resources. This modeling approach desirable class offering patterns. The class and emphasizes the generation of flexible class timetables faculty schedules generated via the proposed two- for students, and the efficient utilization of available stage modeling approach based on a number of case facility resources. Computational results based on a studies related to the Department of Mathematics and number of case studies related to Kuwait University Computer Science at Kuwait University reveal that reveal that this approach yields improved schedules this approach yields improved schedules in terms in terms of offering patterns and class conflicts. For of fairness and enhanced satisfaction levels among the Stage II problem, we formulated mathematical faculty members.
130 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Multispecies Bioassay for the Safety Evaluation of Oil Spill Dispersants (2003-1401-04)
M. U Beg Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The Arabian Gulf contains over 65% of the world oil reserves and 30 % of the world’s marine transporters of oil across the waters of the Gulf to load crude oil. Experience showed that accidental oil spill is a regular phenomenon that occurs in this region that requires a regional oil spill contingency planning. Chemical dispersant use has gained wide acceptance as a potentially useful and necessary tool in the oil spill response strategy. Considering that Regional Organization for the Protection of Marine Environment (ROPME) has provided a provisional approval to selected oil spill chemicals based on their approval in two of the three countries viz. UK, USA and France. However, generation of indigenous toxicity data for chemicals to be used in the environment is necessary to ensure protection of marine ecosystem of the region. Therefore, in the proposed project safety evaluation of the selected dispersants will be determined by multi-species bioassays using fish, sea-urchin, mysid, FGfalgal and bacterial toxicity bioassays. The project on execution will create a regional capability for the toxicity evaluation of chemicals to be used in the marine environment, provide safety data of chemical dispersants against multiple species as a representative of ecosystem and also indicate that tested dispersant do not cause severe toxicity by itself to significantly increase the toxicity of dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons.
Develop a Laser-Induced Fluorescence Cone Penetrometer System for Site Characterization and Analysis of Subsurface Contaminants (2004-1401-01)
M. Al-Rasheedi, A. Qabazard and M. F. Quinn
Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a technique that provides considerable sensitivity in the detection and quantification of classes of hydrocarbon compounds. For the technique to be used for monitoring and characterization of contaminated environmental sites, it is useful to combine it with a Cone Penetrometer Technique (CPT). Typical CPT system consists of a sensor probe that is advanced to the subsurface by using a hydraulic push ram to depth down to 50 m. This project focuses on developing an in situ LIF-CPT system that provides rapid site characterization and mapping of hydrocarbon contaminant distributions in the subsurface soil. It also, focuses on the relevant pre-calibration procedures and calibration data required for field applications of the technology in Kuwait.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Coastal Marine Sediment in the State of Kuwait (2004-1401-06)
B. Gevao Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are the subjects of concerted international effort to limit their production and use, as well as the control and disposal of no longer used substances. POPs are hydrophobic organic compounds with high lipid solubility leading to their high potential for bioaccumulation. They are semi-volatile and as such they have the propensity to enter the gas phase at ambient temperatures and are subject to long range transport. They are ubiquitous in the global environment and have been measured in remote areas for any known sources.
131 They have been measured in biota and humans and are known to be toxic at very low levels. POPs reach the aquatic environment in industrial and sewage effluents, surface runoff from land, deposition of airborne particulates, and spillage of petroleum and petroleum products. The proposed study will provide information on the spatial and temporal distribution of some important POP compounds in coastal marine sediment in Kuwait, and their levels in biota and wastewater reaching the marine environment. Several of the POP compounds in the proposed study have never before been reported in the Kuwaiti environment. This will serve as the first comprehensive dataset for their compounds which will be used to assess local and regional impacts of industries and other activities.
Coastline Evolution of Kuwait using Remote Sensing Techniques. (2004-1401-08)
S. Neelamani Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The sustainable coastal development is one of the main life-line for socio-economic progress in Kuwait. The coastal zone has evolved over a period of many years due to natural and man-made interruptions and forces. The geo-morphology of Bubiyan Island has undergone significant changes due to the periodical varying flow of water and sediments from Shatt Al-Arab River and disposal of marshes from Iraq. Most of the islands in Kuwait are undergoing geo-morphological changes but the extent of such change and reason are not clear till date. An understanding of the coastal evolution due to erosion and accretion in Kuwait is essential for holistic management of the existing coastal facilities and for the selection of suitable sites for future coastal activities. Remote sensing technique is the powerful tool to monitor and assess the extent of accretion/erosion at any spatial point of the Kuwait coast. LANSAT remote sensing data will be used for qualitative assessment of coastal morphological changes and for identification of hotspots, where erosion and/or accretion are dominant. IKONOS/QuickBird remote sensing data with spatial resolution of 1.0m/60 cm will be used to carryout the quantitative change detection of erosion and accretion at different parts of the Kuwaiti Coasts. Also, the available aerial photos will be sued and compared with the results of high-resolution remotely sensed data. Based on the temporal comparisons of these remote sensing data and aerial photos, a coastline evolution map will be prepared for Kuwait. The field survey measurements will be used to validate the results of both remotely sensed data and aerial photos. Remote sensing results will be used for validating the numerical modeling of shoreline changes and for prediction at hot spots. Analysis to identify the possible natural and man-made causes of erosion/accretion at different parts of Kuwaiti coast will be carried out. A hazard analysis will be carried using the magnitude of erosion and a hazard map for the Kuwaiti coast. The information gathered will be used for building a comprehensive geo-environmental database for the Kuwaiti coastal zone which will provide the user with the reason as to whether a coastal stretch in Kuwait is historically eroding or accreting or stable. The results of the study will be one of the important tools for strategic planning for the sustainable utilization of Kuwait’s marine and coastal environments.
Interactive Coastal Information System for Kuwait’s Territorial Waters Phase I: Hindcasting of Waves, Water Levels and Currents (2004-1401-09)
K. Rakha, S. Neelamani and K. Al-Salem Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Marinas, harbours, ports, power plants, and other projects are being constructed or planned along the shoreline of Kuwait. Such projects require data on the water levels, the currents, and the extreme wave conditions for the design of the coastal structures. The risk associated with different extreme wave conditions is also essential for the proper design of coastal structures. Warba Insurance Company and other National Insurance Companies provide
132 New Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate insurance protection for many coastal projects for local and international clients. Thus, it is essential to know the risk of failure for any coastal structures. Yearly average wave conditions are also important for the prediction of the wave induced currents and the littoral drift. There is a lack of reliable long-term hydrodynamic data in Kuwait. In this study a third-generation wind driven wave model (WAM) will be used to model the wind waves in the Arabian Gulf with emphasis on Kuwait’s territorial waters. The WAM model is a two dimensional model that uses non-stationary and non-homogeneous wind fields in predicting wind waves. A two dimensional hydrodynamic model will also be used for circulation and water level predictions over the Kuwaiti territorial waters. Both the WAM and the Hydrodynamic models will be used to generate hindcast data along Kuwait’s territorial waters for a period of ten years. Wave and current movements will be generated along the Kuwaiti shorelines and an atlas for waves, water levels, and currents will be generated. This atlas can be used in any future studies. All data will be stored in a digital database (Coastal Information System) to provide easy access to the data. Extreme wave analysis for the wave data will be performed to determine the design wave conditions and the risk along the Kuwaiti shorelines.
Review and Update of the Appendices of the “Convention on the Conservation of Wildlife and Natural Habitats in the Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council” (2005-1401-03)
F. Alsdirawi Kuwait Environment Protection Society
Abstract The main objective of this project is to review and update the current three appendices of the “Convention on the Conservation of Wildlife and Natural Habitats in the Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The project will build a database for all the wildlife species, including both animals and plants, ever reported from the six countries that are members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. These appendices will also include all the threatened and endangered wildlife species in these countries and their current status locally, regionally, and globally. The project will suggest a list of field investigations that should be carried out periodically by each country to help in the regular updating of these appendices.
133 Social Science and Humanities
Subject Areas
Anthropology and Archaeology Arts Communication Economics Education Geography History International Relations Language Literature Law Library Sciences Management and Business Studies Military Sciences Philosophy Political Sciences Psychology Religion Sociology and Social Work
Completed Projects 5
Ongoing Projects 7
New Projects 17 VITAL RESEARCH FOCUS ON THE ROLE OF INDIGENOUS SECTORS
A study in foreign language (English) usage by university students investigated and classified common erroneous lexical occurrences in essay writing. Endeavors also continued to progress on compiling a scientific documentation of the Quranic subjects for the purpose of public reference. During the fiscal year 2005, one of the financial surveys, carried out by academics, examined the loan/grant distribution scenario in order to determine the decision-making factors that influence the allocation of loans and grants by companies for economic development. Statistical and econometric analysis into one of the emerging trends in the financial arena, namely, the role, function, strategies and policies of the Islamic banks and its contribution to economy in the light of global developments posed to be a significant case of study for the investigators. Research in the industrial sector focused on seeking relationship between industrial activities and the environment. One of the research projects that conducted a comprehensive survey of the insurance market in the State of Kuwait, tried to probe the effects of global competitions on the insurance sector. In another research venture, theoretical and field investigations in business studies emphasized on scrutinizing the quality of human resource management and development at the Kuwait Oil Company. Management studies further endeavored to probe the economic growth of the Kuwaiti industrial sector with reference to its productivity and performance. Fresh attempts began on examining the diverse aspects that govern the workforce structure in the State of Kuwait so as to direct a re-structuring and re-organizing of the future policies in the labor sector. Nutritional growth of infants featured as a target study during the year, assessing the rate of breast-feeding in the country and understanding its influence on children's development. Research on traffic accidents occupied a place of importance this year, in a move to safeguard the public against driver negligence and road deaths. Additionally, there were also efforts to study the prevailing trends in land, air and water transport systems and the challenges and problems facing the specific sector. Education also received maximum attention during the fiscal year as the quality of service at educational institutions, the role of teacher-student contribution to the learning process, development of teaching materials and programs and E-learning in educational institutions significantly dominated project priorities. Familial concerns, such as heterogeneous marriage phenomena in the Kuwaiti society continued to be the center of some investigators' attention. Final conclusions were drawn on the impact of psychological shocks and the respondents' behavioral adaptation to it. A Study of the Coping Strategies Used by War Victims and Non-war Victims in the State of Kuwait (2002-1102-01)
O. A. Al-Asfour Amiri Diwan
Abstract This study aimed at identifying the psychological adaptation methods that are used by individuals who have suffered from physical wounds and associated with psychological disturbances. The study also aimed to identify sources of social support by comparing between victims of the Iraqi aggression and those of civil accidents. The study relied upon analyzing adaptation strategies in response to pressuring conditions and circumstances associated with intensive shock by describing the term “shock” in terms of the changes to the victims’ character and behavior from the individual and social perspectives, including their relationships with other individuals and their notion about themselves and the outside world. In the light of this, the study defined a strategy that aimed at protecting the Kuwaiti individuals from the psychological effects and wounds that are related to the “shock” resulting from the Iraqi aggression or civil accidents, in an attempt to come up with a constructive-developmental strategy that focuses on individual development principles and responses in order to rebuild the character.
Project Description It is a well established scientific fact that wars result in 2. The importance of i dentifying psychological various psychological shocks and affects individuals. problems of war victims in comparison with those In this regard, several studies indicate that physical of civil accidents. wounds that result from wars are generally associated with psychological disturbances and physiological 3. Ensuring the efficiency of adaptation measures. abnormalities as revealed by Dwidar, 2001, Al- 4. Designing general guidance programs for war Hammadi, Behbehani and Al-Tirkit, 1994. victims and victims of civil accidents and their On the second of August 1990, the State of Kuwait families that enable them to provide the needed was subjected to a total military occupation. This social support to those victims in order to positively occupation was associated with several shocking affect their behavior. incidents for a little less than 1500 Kuwaiti citizens. Those citizens currently suffer from work related Conclusion and Recommendations difficulties as well as problems in dealing with other individuals. The most important of these problems and Qualitative Analysis: The various interviews carried difficulties are manifested in their inability to adapt out by the author during the preliminary stage of with the real life following the liberation of Kuwait this study to investigate the specific psychological (Al-Hammadi and Behbehani, 1998). Apart from the symptoms of the victims revealed that the used Iraqi aggression and the liberation war shock, there measures, although characterized by an intensive level are other shock incidents that are described by the of shock, limited the interviewees to select a single local citizens. These include traffic accidents, fires answer in their response to “measures items” that and other incidents that are beyond the daily realm, reflect or conform to their conditions. However, the and can, therefore, have intensive psychological and shock experience of the interviewees and its impact physiological effects on the individuals. This, in turn, on their character and behavior may be much more necessitates that the physiological symptoms on this intense than what these quantitative measures can group of individuals be identified, including their really gauge. Thus, by using the qualitative analysis, it adaptation methods using the Horotiz Model of 1976. was obvious that the shock had a more intense impact on the characters and behavioral patterns of those who Based on the above, the importance of this study stems suffered from physical wounds and that the impact was from the following: even more pronounced in war victims as compared to 1. The importance of adaptation methods in monitoring victims of other accidents. It is a well established fact problems and lessening their effects as well as that disturbances are not only caused by individuals’ identifying the main factors that hinder their perceptions of war conditions but also by their wealth solutions. of knowledge and notions of the intensity and depth
136 Completed Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
of the damages that may be posed on them by deadly 1. To conduct regular investigative studies to weapons. Such impacts may render an individual who monitor and observe symptoms of psychological suffered from a minor wound to develop a negative disturbances among the victims in an effort to thinking that he is much closer to death than being provide protection for them in the future. alive. 2. To conduct in-depth studies of the confrontation Quantitative Analysis: The results of this study strategies among war victims and victims of civil were obtained through the implementation of tests accidents. and measures on both study groups. According to the 3. To provide integrated support and care for victims statistical analysis of the data, the following results of civil accidents and war victims, especially those were obtained: who suffered from physical disabilities as a result 1. The psychological disturbances (depression, worry, of their injury. fears, PTSD) are much higher in war victims 4. To ensure cooperation among psychological, social compared to victims of civil accidents. and information institutions. 2. There exist significant statistical differences 5. To provide training to physically disabled between war victims and those of civil accidents individuals on the confrontation strategies, with while using adaptation methods. special emphasis on their implementation. 3. There exist significant statistical differences 6. To diversify and intensify the use of confrontation between groups of victims of civil accidents and strategies. those of war victims in terms of their satisfaction of the social support provided to them. 7. To make available comparative studies at different levels among war victims and victims of civil 4. There exists a correlative relationship between accidents and also to intensify the scientific efforts the use of adaptation methods and worry, and design Arabic and Kuwaiti measures and tests depression, PTSD and fears. to identify the efficiency of adaptation strategies. 5. A numerical prediction can be made on the relationship between measures used to assess Acknowledgements psychological disturbances (depression, worry, fears, PTSD) and the level of social support of both The author would like to extend his appreciation to study groups according to the grades given by them Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences on measures of the adaptation methods. (KFAS) for funding this study. He would also like to express his gratitude to the Social Development Office The above results indicate that both groups of victims and the Psychology Department of the Social Sciences have varying degrees of psychological disturbances Faculty at Kuwait University for their cooperation and and they both use different adaptation strategies. support that brought this effort to fruition. Results of this study have also shown that the indicator degree of using adaptation methods is higher among victims of civil accidents compared to war victims. References The study, however, did not suggest any differences Al-Hammadi, A. Behbehani, M.J., Al-Tirkit, F. (1994). between both groups in terms of resorting to religion, Rehabilitation of War Victim, Hetero-Therapies drugs, emotions and acceptability as an adaptation Symposium No. 6. Social Development Office, method. This, in turn, reveals the ability of victims Amiri Diwan, State of Kuwait, March. of both groups to adapt using various adaptation methods. The diversity of the adaptation methods Al-Hammadi, A. and Behbehani, M.J., (1998). Glance in both groups can be attributed to the nature of the at Strategies for Rehabilitation of the Victims problem as explained by the psychological theory on of the Iraqi Aggression on the State of Kuwait, the one hand, and by the general guidance programs Symposium No. 9, Social Development Office, provided by the Kuwaiti society on the other hand. Amiri Diwan, State of Kuwait. The obtained results also indicate that war victims have a higher satisfaction level of the provided social Dwidar, S. (2001). Arabian Strategy for Confrontation support. of Shocks and Traumas: Comparison between Recommendations: According to the obtained results Kuwait and Lebanese Cases. Center for Studies on and based on the personal experience of the author, Physical Psychology, Tripoli, Lebanon. the study made several recommendations that can be summarized in the following:
136 Completed 137 Effects of Interactive Multimedia Instruction on Fifth Grade School Students’ Knowledge Acquisition and Retainment (2003-1109-05)
F. Al-Dhafeeri1 and S.F. Almahboob2 Kuwait University1 and Public Authority for Applied Education and Training2
Abstract Many studies propose that interactive hypermedia can enhance knowledge acquisition and retention. Several studies indicate a positive effect while some do not. Research examining the effect of interactive hypermedia on knowledge acquisition and retention has been scarce. This study was conducted to broaden the research base beyond examination of empirical research and to see whether findings can be generalized to elementary stage students. The current study proposed to investigate the effects of an interactive multimedia instruction versus standard instruction regarding knowledge acquisition and retention. The study adopted a quasi-experimental approach in which only post-test assessments were administered twice. The sample consisted of fifth grade elementary students (n = 198), who either received instruction via an interactive hypermedia course (n = 99) or attended standard instruction (n = 99) or equivalent computer paraphernalia. Both groups were tested by objective questions covering knowledge acquisition in the curriculum. A two-way ANOVA was carried out in order to check statistical difference between the two groups. The P – value was set at 0.05. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in knowledge acquisition between the groups. Likewise, the findings showed a statistically significant difference in knowledge retention between the groups. The interactive hypermedia instruction group scored significantly better in both knowledge acquisition and knowledge retention. However, no significant differences were seen between the two groups in relation to gender variable. The study concluded that the instructional interactive hypermedia program was found to be better than the standard computer curriculum for the fifth grade students. Project Description
The project deals with the issue of integrating Conclusions and Recommendations technology in the education process. This is considered to be one of the essential demands of many Results of the study conform with the findings of educators due to the various privileges and benefits it pervious studies regarding the effects of interconnected provides and, hence, contributes to the development interactive methods on gaining educational knowledge of both the education and learning processes. The and concepts, as well as enhancing the capacity of study aims to determine the effects of teaching using individuals to recall knowledge in a more efficient way interconnected interactive methods on gaining and as compared with traditional educational methods. retaining knowledge for students of the Fifth Grade at Results of the present study showed that teaching primary schools. The benefits of such integration can by interconnected interactive methods is better than be summarized in the following: teaching by traditional methods in terms of gaining and retaining knowledge. In light of the results of this 1. It provides educators with a scientific, educational study, the authors recommended the following: model using interconnected interactive methods. 1. To encourage teachers to use interconnected 2. It focuses the attention of curricula designers and interactive methods in primary schools, particularly experts for different educational methods and the for Fifth Grade students in order to increase their effects of using interconnected interactive methods educational knowledge and long-term retention in designing and teaching the prepared curricula. capacity. This, in turn, requires intensive efforts 3. It enriches the Arabic Library with studies that deal from the technical directorate and the curricula with the use of interconnected interactive methods and administrative departments, as well as the in the Gulf region in general and the State of cooperation of parents and teachers themselves. Kuwait in particular. It may also require establishing an integrated educational system supervised by the Ministry 4. It assists the educators in ensuring that students of Education in order to provide interconnected comprehend what they have been taught through specific interactive programs that conform to the objectives educational methods that can ensure attaining the set of the educational curricula of a particular educational objectives and long-term retention. educational stage.
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2. To develop local standards for the use of Acknowledgements interconnected interactive programs in the The authors would like to extend their gratitude educational process that could be referred to by and appreciation to Kuwait Foundation for the teachers during class if needed. This will enhance Advancement of Science for funding this study the effective use of these programs and will also prevent a negative impact on the students’ performance. References 3. To encourage the educational administrators to Ahmet M. E. & Danny, K. (2003). The ideal multimedia- conduct workshops or symposiums to discuss enabled classroom: perspectives from psychology, impacts of the use of technological advancements on education, and information science. Journal of teaching methods and ways of incorporating them Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 12(2), in the teaching curricula, as well as encouraging 199-222. teachers to participate in special training programs on the use of educational methods in teaching. Mayer R.E. (2003). The promise of multimedia Also, to encourage commercial institutions to learning: using the same instructional design provide the available interconnected interactive methods across different media. Learning and programs since this will positively enhance both Instruction, 13(2), 125-139. the education and learning processes. Roblyer, M.D, & Edwards, J. (2000). Integrating 4. To provide an electronic library that facilitates educational technology into teaching: second interconnected interactive programs that can edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. be accessed and used by teachers in school laboratories. Seel N.M. & Schenk, K.(2003). An evaluation report 5. To provide specialized training programs that of multimedia environments as cognitive learning equip teachers with the necessary skills to teach tools. Evaluation and Program Planning, 26(2), their students using interconnected interactive 215-224. programs. Weal, M., Michaelides, D., Thompson, M. & Roure, 6. To facilitate innovative thinking by teachers in D. (2003). Hypermedia in the ambient wood. New primary schools through the use of interconnected Review in Hypermedia and Multimedia, 9(1), 137- interactive programs. 156. 7. To conduct analytical studies of the present status of using interconnected interactive programs for students of primary schools in the State of Kuwait.
138 Completed 139 Lexical and Grammatical Collocations: A Formidable Problem in EFL Writing (2004-1109-01)
M. Farghal and M. Al-Hamly Kuwait University
Abstract The project dealt with collocations as a challenging feature of foreign language learning and as an integral component of communicative competence. Specifically, the study examined institutionalized lexical and grammatical collocations in Kuwait University (KU) EFL learners’ essay writing on familiar topics of general interest. The role of L1 (Arabic) in the production of unacceptable English lexical collocations was explored, in addition to creative construction. Equally found in the database was a lack of adequate awareness of fixed grammatical collocations involving verbs that subcategorize certain particles and clauses, e.g. adapt with instead of adapt to and help you fulfilling for help you fulfill/to fulfill. The study provided both quantitative and qualitative analyses ofstudent errors. Project Description The study aimed to examine essay writing by The total number of erroneous collocations in the prospective KU English majors for the purpose of corpus came to 744, of which 488 (65.59%) went for pinpointing the problems they may face in producing lexical collocations and 256 (34.41%) for grammatical lexical collocations that involve fixed and strong collocations (Fig. 1). This does not mean that errors combination. It also aimed to check the students’ in lexical collocations were more frequent in the performance in two areas of grammatical collocation: corpus than grammatical collocations. It only means (1) grammatical collocations that feature erroneous that the treatment of lexical collocations was more preposition/particle company and (2) grammatical comprehensive than that of grammatical collocations. collocations that involve erroneous part of speech It is important to note that the treatment of company. After collecting the errors, they were grammatical collocations in this study was restricted divided into general categories and subcategories. to prepositional/particle and word form errors to the For example, lexical collocations were first divided exclusion of more open collocations including, for into verbal, adjectival, nominal and prepositional example, article usage and word order.
collocations. Then, the collocational problems in each 60 0 category were classified into collocator-based and 488 collocate-based errors. The errors in each category 50 0 were then examined for L1 interference. An elaborate 40 0 quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data was
presented for general as well as fine categorization. 30 0 185
The learner database consists of a 100 essays (about 20 0 350 words each) written as final examinations for ENG 10 0 208 (Essay Writing). Due to the common complaint
made by KU instructors of subsequent subject-matter 0 courses about their students’ poor quality writing and Lexical Co llocations Gr amma tica l Col locations the claims in the existing literature (e.g. Farghal and Fig. 1. Lexical and grammatical collocations. Obeidat 1995; Nesselhauf 2003), it was hypothesized that KU English majors’ deficiency in collocational In this study, erroneous lexical collocations were competence would affect their performance in writing divided into four categories: verbal (where the tasks. In particular, it was expected that many EFL keywords consist of verbs), adjectival (where the students will show a weakness in middle ground keywords consist of adjectives), nominal (where the lexical collocations where errors stem from clusters of keywords consist of nouns), and prepositional (where overlapping collocations such as *arrange one’s time the keywords consist of prepositions). Erroneous instead of organize one’s time, and *gain a language grammatical collocations, however, were confined for learn/acquire a language. These collocations, to problems in prepositional/particle collocations which were not as fixed as dial a number or hazel eyes, and errors in word form, to the exclusion of article, seem to play a key role in the production of natural agreement, and verb form collocations, among other discourse in EFL writing. things.
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Conclusion and Recommendations cognitive synonyms, for example, pass, run and jump, which were not cognitive synonyms, can all collocate The project has shown that the majority KU prospective with ‘traffic light’ to denote the same illegal act. A English majors suffer from a range of mild to serious third important implication was to point out areas problems in the area of lexical collocations and two of convergence and divergence between L1 and L2 selected types of grammatical collocations, among collocations. Writing instructors should sensitize their other things. The problems were often aggravated students to the fact that collocations may or may not by the common practice that students were mainly correspond with the students’ mother tongue and the evaluated on the basis of content more than language foreign language. proficiency in subject matter courses. Therefore, the only guarantee to avoid this embarrassing situation is to institutionalize a strict system where ineligible Acknowledgments students were filtered before the stage of content This research paper was sponsored by Kuwait courses. Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences research The study had many implications for foreign language grant. writing courses. First, lexical collocations should be given their due attention, which should not be less References than that given to various grammatical collocations (which traditionally receive the most attention in Farghal, M. and H. Obeidat (1995). Collocations: A writing classes). Another implication was to bring Neglected Variable in EFL. IRAL 33(4):315-331. the problem of collocational restrictions to the consciousness of writing students. On one hand, Nesselhauf, N. (2003). The Use of Collocations foreign language students should be alerted to the fact by Advanced Learners of English and Some that cognitive synonyms may often fail to interchange Implications for Teaching. Applied Linguistics in lexical collocations. On the other hand, it should 24(2):223-242. be brought out to the learners that, in some cases, collocations may involve contextual rather than
140 Completed 141 Allocation of International Loans and Grants (2005-1103-01)
S.A. Al-Jassar Kuwait University
Abstract This research examines the record of the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED) in the light of changing trends regarding the proper role and management of such funds for economic development. The key questions addressed are whether its concessional aid is allocated according to Donor Interest (DI) or Recipient Needs (RN); what precisely is the grant element in KFAED loans, whether this grant allocation is consistent with the stated policy and if it is linked to one or more of the currently held views regarding how aid should be allocated in order to be most effective – to overcome the “two gaps,” to strengthen institutions and governance or to reward/ incentivize effective macroeconomic management.
Project Description The first chapter surveys the domain of theoretical and (α + β x + ...... + β x ) empirical development economics since World War e 1 1 k k Pr(Y=1/x)= II. 1+e (α + β1x1 + ...... + βkxk) Concessional Loan allocation: Studying the e (α + β1x1 + ...... + βkxk) determinants of KFAED aid allocation requires WherePr(Y=1/x)= Pr (Y = 1/x) is the probability of granting aid Logit Yt= α0 + β1 Arab + β2 Musl + β3 Africa clarifying the decision process that takes place conditional on independent1+e (α variable+ β1x1 + x ...... + βkxk) in deciding on extending a concessional loan to + β4 UNt-1 + β5 Tradet-1 + β6 LnPLQIt-1 (α + β1x1 + ...... + βkxk) particular recipient.e Therefore, to emulate the KFAED (α + β1x1 + ...... + βkxk) Logit Y = α+ β7β LnPopArabe t-1+ +β βMusl8 LnPerCapita + β Africat-1 Pr(Y=1/x)=decision making process, we assume the decision Pr(Y=1/x)=t 0 + 1 2 3 (α + β1x1 + ...... + βkxk) to be a two-stage1+e decision; the first step (Selection + β4 UNt-1 1+e + β 5(α Tr +ad βe1t-x11 + + β ...... 6 LnPLQI + βkxkt-1) Stage) is whether to select a country or not, and the Ln%AIDt= α0+ + β β1LnPop Arab + β +2 Muslβ LnPerCapita + β3 Africa second (Allocation Stage) involves how much aid to 7 t-1 8 t-1 Logit Yt= α0 + β1 Arab + β2 Musl + β3 Africa Logit +Y =β αUN β +Arab β Tr +ad βe Musl + β +LnPLQI β Africa commit. Then we tested what factors affect choosing t 4 0 + t-1 1 5 2t-1 6 3 t-1 + β4 UNt-1 + β5 Tradet-1 + β6 LnPLQIt-1 The second stage (Allocation) will determine the a recipient, and whether it is the same that affect the Ln%AID+ β= UNα+ + β 7β +LnPopArab β Tr t-1ad+ +βe βMusl 8+ PerLnCapita β +LnPLQI β Africat-1 factors influencingt 4 0 t-1 1 the5 amountt-21 6 of 3 aid t-1 allocated. loan size.+ β7 LnPopt-1 + β8 LnPerCapitat-1 Ordinary+ least β4 UN+ square βt-17 LnPop + (OLS) β5 Trt-1ad is+ eemployed: βt-18 +LnPerCapita β6 LnPLQIt-1t-1 A Logit model is a natural candidate for modeling this + β7 LnPopt-1 + β8 PerLnCapitat-1 dichotomous uncertain outcome. The Logit model Logit (Y)= α + β1x1 + ...... + βkxk Ln%AIDt= α0 + β1 Arab + β2 Musl + β3 Africa Ln%AID = α + β Arab + β Musl + β Africa points out that the true underlying relationship may t 0 1 2 3 + β4 UNt-1 + β5 Tradet-1 + β6 LnPLQIt-1 be represented as a conditional probability of group + β4 UNt-1 + β5 Tradet-1 + β6 LnPLQIt-1 Logit (Y)= α + β1x1 + ...... + βkxk membership+ β7 LnPop(no concessionalt-1 + β8 PerLnCapita loan or positivet-1 one) in + β7 LnPopt-1 + β8 PerLnCapitat-1 the form: Grant Element determination: We first re-estimate Logit (Y)= α + β1x1 + ...... + βkxk KFAED’s grant element based on a new and adjusted Logit (Y)= α + β1x1 + ...... + βkxk discount rate, by constructing the KIBOR’s (Kuwait where Y is the dependent variable representing Inter-Bank Offer Rate) yield overtime from 1983 until positive aid if equal to 1, and 0 for no aid. X’s are the 2003. We found significant difference between the explanatory variables that we are testing their effect published and the re-estimated grant element using on the decision to grant aid or not. It is known that Wilcoxon Two-tailed Statistics. Then, we turned to test the above Logit equation can be transformed into the difference in KFAED’s declared vs. actual policy conditional probabilities: in grant element allocation by using a fixed effect
142 Completed Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
General Linear Model, with repeated measurement. Acknowledgments Additionally, the present allocation is tested against The research was supported financially by Kuwait KFAED’s policy regarding the roles and strategy of Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS). aid as presented in the literature review. The author is grateful to Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED). Conclusions and Recommendations On the concessional loans side, the result showed that References nationality (Arab), religion (Muslim), and poverty Neumayer, E. (2003d) ‘What Factors Determine were the major considerations that influenced KFAED the Allocation of Aid by Arab Countries and loan polices. On the grant element side, the result Multilateral Agencies?’, Journal of Development showed the presence of possible misclassification of Studies, 39: 133-46. concessional loans, a case of a distorted picture on aid effectiveness. Furthermore, our result showed Hjertholm, P and White, H 2000. "Survey of Foreign that KFAED’s stated and actual grant policies differ Aid: History, Trends and Allocation," Discussion significantly and that KFAED’s allocation policy only Papers (004), University of Copenhagen. Institute conforms to the two-gap model as the role of aid. of Economics.
142 Completed 143 Kuwait Scientific Encyclopedia for Children
A.A. Al.Ahmad Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences
Abstract Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) aimed at providing scientific knowledge to children and young people by publishing an encyclopedia as an original source of Arabic reference dealing with different aspects of basic, applied and social sciences. The subjects are presented in a simple and attractive style for clearer understanding, using text and pictures. The encyclopedia will promote scientific culture in youth and develop the desire in them to explore and examine more information about the past, present and future, especially about the Arabian civilization, its sciences, literature and arts.
Project Description The encyclopedia will be a vital Arabic guide for In 2004, KFAS assigned a specialists team to prepare kids and young people using it at school and public the comprehensive index of contents to guide users libraries since it enhances knowledge and information. of its contents. The Explorer has been prepared Following are some of its advantages: alphabetically according to the list of subjects. Thus, the number of volumes of the encyclopedia • Facilitates Arab youth to discover the answers to reached seventeen, and the last volume which is the natural questions, heard, seen, read or experienced “Comprehensive Explorer” holds the number “17”. in their own environment.
• Enriches scientific culture of youth in different Conclusions and Recommendations aspects of human knowledge. Due to its comprehensive nature, this encyclopedia • Provides self-education opportunities and helps in addresses all aspects of knowledge in basic sciences, acquiring necessary skills to independently seek for humanities and social sciences in an effort to enhance needed information from the encyclopedia. the educational curriculum prepared for Arab children • Develops the abilities of the Arab youth to search, and to enrich the vocabulary of Arabic-speaking inquire and use scientific methods of analyzing children while considering the authentic nature of the situations and discussing the problems before scientific material. concluding their judgments. Every effort was made to ensure that this encyclopedia, • Helps kids and young people to be aware of their in its entire 17 volumes, would address information historical heritage and consider the role of the Arab related to scientists in general with particular and Moslem scientists in the advancement of human emphasis on contemporary and old Arab scientists civilization; encourages them to approach the future and with specific reference to their achievements in on firm scientific foundations, depending on their order to ascertain their role in mankind’s scientific belief in God, self confidence and trust in their development. It also focused on selecting the positive native country. sides of the Arab and Islamic heritage in such a way that it promoted the genuine Arab values, heightened • Reinforces intellectual and cultural relations among the sense of ‘belonging’ and intensified the civilized Arab communities. and humanitarian concepts among children. Work on editing the remaining volumes of the The specific results of this unprecedented scientific encyclopedia text, maps, drawings and related pictures work that was dedicated to children can be summarized has been completed as follows: in the following: • The sixteenth volume includes 214 topics from 1. The encyclopedia has enriched the sources of “Encyclopedia” to “UNESCO”; all topics in the scientific culture for Arabic speaking children in different volumes of Kuwait Scientific Encyclopedia all aspects of humanitarian knowledge. for children are arranged alphabetically.
144 Completed Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
2. It has provided self-learning opportunities, and has Acknowledgements also helped Arab children to acquire skills of using The project team would like to extend their deepest references as well as relying upon themselves in appreciation to the Kuwait Foundation for the obtaining simplified information in order to make Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) for its generous proper decisions. funding of the project. 3. It has provided a simplified reference that helps children to know better about their genuine References heritage and appreciate the role of Arab and Muslim scientists in the advancement of human Many Kuwaitis and Arabic Scientists participated in civilization. compiling the Encyclopedia: 4. It has helped Arab children obtain answers to their • Prof. Abdulrahman A. Al-Ahmad natural questions regarding what they hear, see or • Prof. Abdulhafez H. Mohammed read. It has also provided them with the opportunity • Prof. Fateh A. Al-Adeeb to comprehend their day-to-day incidents in the • Prof. Ajeel Al-Nashmi surrounding environment in such a way that would • Dr. Sadiqa Al-Awadi satisfy their interests and curiosity. • Prof. Ahmed M. Mukhtar • Prof. Hasan S. Abulaynain 5. It enhances the educational curriculum of the • Dr. Khalid A. Juma elementary level in Arab countries in their • Prof. Hayatt N. Al-Hajji curricular and co-curricular activities conducted • Prof. Zainuddin A. Ghunaimi by the teacher while explaining or ascertaining a • Prof. Muneer A. Al-Janzouri specific concept. • Prof. Fawzi I.Amer 6. It enriches the Arabic educational library for • Prof. Mohammed A. Al-Shehawi children with seventeen volumes that contain • Prof. Muna F. Abdulrahman subjects that are arranged alphabetically and target • Prof. Wajeeh E. Al-Saadawi all Arab children between the ages of six and • Dr. Muna M. Taqi twelve. • Mr. Abdulhamid M. Basyouni
Fig 1. Samples of Encyclopedia.
144 Completed 145 Comprehensive Analytical Study of the Direct and Indirect Effects for GATT Treaties on Insurance Market (2001-1103-03)
A. H. Al- Bahar Kuwait Insurance Company
Abstract The new global economic system and its different components and concepts are increasingly affected by the principles and requirements of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements. Consequently, these effects are regularly casting their shadows on the various economic aspects, in particular on the financial sector. There are many reasons to believe that insurance sector would be beneficial to open the market in Kuwait for foreign competition. Among these reasons is the fact that competition improves quality and lowers costs. Moreover, with high competition, less efficient companies will exit the market and others will try to merge together. However, in the absence of a formal study, the question on the likely effects of foreign competition on the insurance sector remains open.
Project Progress The progress achieved so far is as follows: The results indicate also that there is positive relationship between insurance company's size, equity, • Preparing, distributing, collecting and entering capital and their profit and performance on one side all the data derived from several questionnaires and internal and external environment on the other arranged for the study. side. • Examining several statistical and econometric The main policy implications that this study suggests models, then selecting the most appropriate ones are as follows: extending horizontal insurance products, such as: Stochastic Frontier Analysis and Non- increasing productivity efficiency and qualification of Parametric Model. employees, cooperation and coordination with foreign • Analysis of the questionnaires has been conducted companies by joint sharing and finally improving through the use of statistical models such as: factor competitive prices and production costs. analysis and discriminant analysis.
146 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
The Perceptions of the Private Sector Administrators Regarding Strategic Planning and its Relation to Citizens Recruitment (2002-1111-02)
F. Y. Al-Fadalah Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
Abstract This study addresses the administrative aspects in the various institutions of the private sector in Kuwait in terms of realization of the leadership of the strategic planning concept and its effects on their position regarding the government policy of recruiting the Kuwaiti citizens as well as encouraging them to engage in the private sector in an effort to emphasize the role of this sector as a center of attraction to the national workforce. The study was conducted on a sample of 155 Kuwaiti leaders representing 61 of the largest institutions in the private sector as listed in the Kuwait Stock Market. Extra care was taken to include in the study institutions that represent diversified economic activities. Additionally, an important criterion was included in this study that involved the size of the workforce in these institutions as an effective factor in the implementation of the recruitment policy of Kuwaiti citizens.
Project Progress The study aimed to provide specific information position was reflected in about 72.2% of the surveyed to the concerned agencies and institutions in the leaders and the obtained value was not affected by any country regarding the opportunities and challenges as of the previous variables. As a matter of fact, the study envisioned by the administrations of the private sector indicated that the position of the leaders in the private organizations in terms of the government policy that sector regarding the recruitment policy of the Kuwaiti aims at encouraging the national workforce to join citizens almost resembled that of the government. this sector as a complementary and integral part of the It is worth noting that the government position government plans to better utilize and distribute the regarding this issue stems from the important role of national workforce within the various sectors in the the private sector in engaging in policies that attract community. The study relied upon institutionalized the national workforce and, at the same time, conform measures in terms of consistency and integrity, and to the strategy of the country regarding the best ways it basically dealt with two main aspects. The first to deal with the disruptions and abnormalities that aspect is related to gauging the position of the leaders have resulted from the ill distribution of the national in the administrations of the private sector regarding workforce in the different work sectors in the country and its negative impacts on the social and national recruiting Kuwaiti citizens. The second aspect is security. This importance is even more underscored related to the level of knowledge of the leaders of the by the fact that the country envisions the private sector strategic planning aspects in the country in light of the as a reservoir that can accommodate the new national practiced procedures that are relevant to the study. workforce in light of indications that suggest that the The study results indicate that leaders of the government will not be able to meet its obligations to private sector hold a positive position regarding the provide every Kuwaiti citizen with a job opportunity recruitment policy of the Kuwaiti citizens. This in the future.
147 Qualification Inflation of Technical Education Outcomes in Kuwait (2003-1109-04)
A.A.M. Taqi Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
Abstract Job match with education attracted the attention of various investigators from different countries of the world in general, and particularly as related to higher education. The studies reported that there are signs of deficiencies in the labour force working on the lower echelon of technical craftsmanship and recorded significant in balance of the infrastructure of the labour market, with the result of insufficiency of supplying the demands of the labour market, and the needs for development in many countries including countries of the Arabian Gulf. The resulting phenomenon was alternatively termed: Over-schooling, over-education (Genuine and Apparent), over-qualification, or qualification inflation. Due to the importance of the ramifications of this phenomenon the presented study aimed to gain an insight of the possible causes, effects and results through analysis of primary and secondary sources, and collecting information from graduates working in the private and public sectors, as well as supervisors and employers, and decision makers, as stakeholders.
Project Progress A representative clustered sample was selected. One advancement, leave and vacations are inappropriate, thousand questionnaires were distributed among unsecure pension. All these factors culminated in low PAAET graduates and the retrieval ratio reached levels of job security. 83.8%. Questionnaires for supervisors at the work Criteria and indicators of job satisfaction among place and the employers covered all working sectors graduates showed that it is low level. Employees (Governmental, Defense and security, oil sector, and supervisors confirmed this by indicating that Joint and private sector), 400 questionnaires were graduates complain and express their will to leave the distributed and the retrieval ratio research 94% (279 job frequently. questionnaires retrieved). It appeared clear from this study that qualification The results of statistical analysis showed that early inflation as expressed by mismatch between signs of qualification inflation appear with varying the qualification of the graduate and his/her job degrees among graduates of the PAAET. Graduates responsibilities and tasks is evident and therefore showed that they would seek to leave for other jobs there is a need to explore the possibilities stud of if available. Group of motives were mentioned course development, syllabi and study plans to match among which: low salary, unfit job conditions, unclear between the efforts of education and development and promotion system, limited opportunities for career market needs.
Production Specialization Specialization Cars
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning
Marine Engineering
Welding Electrical Instruments Power Transportation 9 and Distribution 8 Pharmacology Communication 35.00 7 Environment Health Industrial Electronics 30.00 Medical Equipment 6 % Food Sciences and Nutrition 25.00 % Building Construction 5 Medical Records 20.00 Road Construction 4 15.00 Power 3 General Nursing Survey 2 10.00 Oral Health Chemical Industry 1 5.00 Petroleum Industry 0 0.00 Applied Physics
Applied Chemistry Faculty of Technological Studies Faculty of Health Sciences
Fig 1. Fields of specialization at different colleges.
148 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Application of the Principles and Techniques of Total Quality Management on Human Resources Management - Analytical Study of Kuwait Oil Companies (2003-1111- 04)
M. Ashkanani State Audit Bureau
Abstract Total quality management has a great deal of impact on several managerial aspects especially on human resources management. This occurs through building team work, developing and improving the performance, participation and cooperation among employees in the organization, which are necessary to achieve their goals and objectives (Kline, 1989). Some other procedures include reclassification and job description, training, evaluation and performance appraisal. The literature indicates that there is a necessity for reviewing activities and jobs in the human resources management on the basis of total quality management. For Kuwait, human resources and information technology are vital to its economic development both in the public as well as the private sectors. Therefore, the use of total quality management should constitute a solid basis in any strategic and development plan in Kuwait.
Project Progress Given these considerations, this study proposes to of TQM. Moreover, knowledge of the different carry out theoretical and field investigations in order to managerial aspects, social and economic aspects, to the explore and evaluate the extent to which total quality difficulties faced in this sector will allow us to propose management is used in one of the most essential and solutions to overcome these aspects and improve the important sectors in Kuwait (Kuwait Oil Company). human resources management. The purpose of selecting KOC is because it is already implementing TQM. Therefore, it would be important The study has already prepared questionnaires for this to explore and assess the extent to which human study. These questionnaires will be disseminated and resources development and total quality management then be analyzed using several advanced statistical are employed. On the other hand, it is of interest to techniques, including non- parametric analysis, factor understand the trends, techniques, and approaches analysis, discriminant analysis, and logistic analysis.
149 Long Term Effects of the Gulf Crisis Experience of Kuwaiti Adolescents (2003-1112-01)
F.A. Al-Hadi Kuwait University
Abstract The goal of this investigation is to assess psychological and health related consequences of the Gulf crisis experience of 1990-1991 over a 12 year period. From 151 participants (initially aged 7-10) attempts were made to identify varying levels of exposure to war-related trauma and stressful life events of those children between 1993 and present, and current measures of stress and war-related exposures, psychological distress and health-related symptoms from data collected in 2003-2004.
Project Progress The study identified 116 participants out of 151 from A battery of 11 scales was administered to both the original 1993 study where their ages ranged from children and their parents in the second data collection 19-23 years old and that of their parents. The primary to measure psychological and physiological related statistics showed that the study was able to retrieve 76, symptoms. Internal consistency reliability was 82% of the original participants and 56, 29% of their estimated for the measures of the study and ranged parents to involve in the second study after 12 years from 78 to 92. Analysis of the statistics for the collected of the first data collection. Literature indicated that data was conducted to estimate correlation coefficient retrieving 30% of the original study would be powerful between total score of scales and its consistency. and suitable statistically for the follow-up study.
150 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Sociological Explanation of Heterogamous Marriages in Kuwait (2003-1112-02)
F. A. Al-Nasser Kuwait University
Abstract This study aims to provide a sociological explanation of the heterogeneous marriage based on citizenship in the Kuwaiti society by soliciting the opinions of a sample of Kuwaiti citizens regarding this phenomenon. The study attempts to provide answers to the following questions: What is the general opinion of the Kuwaiti citizens regarding heterogeneous marriage? What are the factors that lead to heterogeneous marriage among males and females? What are the “branching” impacts of such a marriage? As regards the methodology used, the study consisted of theoretical study as well as field survey. The theoretical part comprises of defining the concept of heterogeneous marriage, its patterns and its roots from the sociological point of view. This part also addressed the magnitude of the phenomenon, its causes and factors through an overview of the previous research efforts and studies as well as some of the theories and schools of thought regarding this issue. The field framework of the study comprised of a description of its procedures where a random sample of 500 Kuwaiti individuals representing all areas of Kuwait. SPSS was employed in the analytical process.
Project Progress In an attempt to answer the questions that this study analyzed and the obtained results are being assessed. addresses, a questionnaire that included a number of Also, collection of data and information regarding the questions was prepared. Three specialized referees first part of the study that included an overview of the were employed to test the integrity, consistency and previous research efforts and studies was completed. implementation of the questionnaire on a random In this regard, emphasis was placed on collecting sample comprising of 500 Kuwaiti citizens. The all relevant studies that addressed the marriage questionnaire was then revised and a final version was phenomenon in general and heterogeneous marriage prepared. The collection of responses lasted for six in particular in the Kuwaiti Society. Preparation of months inspite of the fact that work was discontinued this chapter is currently in progress. It is worth noting several times due to the summer vacation, public that the obtained results will be published in one of the holidays and examination periods. Four hundred refereed journals at Kuwait University. eighty responses have so far been collected, statistically
151 The Dictionary of the Holy Qur'an
A. Y Al-Ghunaim Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences
Abstract The Dictionary of the Holy Qur’an aims to acquaint people with the different terms of the Holy Book according to a scientific approach. The Dictionary is divided to a number of volumes, in which every one deals with a certain subject. As an introduction of these volumes, a cluster of approaches were issued to define the history of the Holy Qur’an, its language and legislative laws. Four main volumes have been published till now: botany, medicine, animal, and civilization respectively, in addition to three specialized books related to the Holy Qur’an contents about faith, prophethood, ethics, universe, deducing laws, and Qur’an Language.
Project Progress The task force followed up three main subjects: Future Projects: • Astronomy and Geology volume has been compiled, • Printing of ‘Astronomy and Geology’ volume in and the review process is ongoing. Arabic, and ‘Medicine’ and ‘Animal’ volumes in English. • The English translation of the volume on Medicine was completed and printing will be initiated. • Finalizing the introduction of ‘Ethics' volume. • ‘Animal’ volume translation into English has been • Work on ‘Information’ volume is being undertaken completed; technical revision, correcting errata, by a specialized committee. concluding photos, and design via computer are • Follow-up of the translation of the volumes that were going on. not translated into English and French continued. • The second edition of the Arabic version is ongoing. • Completion of other volumes.
Fig. 1. Samples of Dictionary of the Holy Qur’an.
152 Ongoing Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
The Labour Market in Kuwait: Policies, Estimations and Predictions (2000-1103-01)
H.I. Hamdy and R. Faras Civil Service Comission
Abstract The labor market imbalance constitutes one of the major structural imbalances that weaken the economy of the State of Kuwait. The Kuwaiti government has taken several measures to deal with this problem in an efficient manner by issuing the National Workforce Support and Freedom Legislation, and through efforts to substitute the expatriate workforce with the national workforce in the government sector at a percentage of 10% annually. However, the persistence and escalated nature of this problem necessitates conducting further studies in an attempt to understand the dynamics of the labor market and analyze its legislative and procedural aspects. This study will cover the following objectives: 1. Determining the various aspects of the labor workforce problem in the State of Kuwait. 2. Identifying a model of the various needs of the labor workforce in both the government and private sectors. 3. Identifying a supply and demand database of the labor market in the State of Kuwait. The expected output of this study will be an electronic database of the workforce. Additionally, a statistical model will be developed to assess and predict the supply and demand policies of the labor market in the State of Kuwait. The obtained results will be utilized to direct the future policies of the country in order to revise the workforce structure in the State of Kuwait.
Study of the Feeding Behaviour and its Relation to a Child’s Physical and Psychological Development from Birth till the End of the Second Year (2002-1102-02)
F. Kontar and M. Ahmad Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
Abstract
Feeding behaviour is one of the most important forms of behaviour that enables the individual to survive, grow and keep active. This behaviour is specially significant during the initial phase of growth. On the other hand it is influenced by a group of social, economic and cultural factors. Recent research showed significant change in children’s feeding techniques, specially those related to mothers’ breast-feeding behaviour. The percentage of mothers, who breast-feed their children is declining in the Kuwaiti society, as compared to some other Arab societies, as Kuwaiti mothers tend to adopt other new techniques in feeding her child. The negative impacts of unnatural feeding aren’t limited to nutritional or health aspects but also impact the psychological and social nature of children. Decrease of natural feeding percentage, and decrease of its duration in some modern societies reflect a deep biological-cultural crisis. In Arab countries, little is known about the development of breast feeding behaviour in mothers, due to lack of research in this field. In Arab Gulf countries, breast feeding tends to disappear. A major alteration in feeding behaviour has taken place due to recent economic and social changes, as breast-feeding duration has decreased, and most children are served unnatural milk in very early stages of their growth.
153 Identifying child’s nutrition behaviour in young mothers has become an urgent necessity in the light of the many changes occurring in that behaviour. The current research aims at following child’s growth, through longitudinal study, since birth and until the end of second year of life, concentrating on the following sides: • Studying the development of child’s nutrition behaviour since birth and until end of the second year, specially that related to natural breast feeding, its duration and its percentage in the child’s total nutrition, specifying the starting point for interfering additional nutrition, its type and percentage. • Studying the child’s physical growth regularly, specifying the growth rate in height and weight, and identifying the diseases and health problems which children might develop. • Studying the development of the child’s psychological status, as regards mood, mother-child relationship, and sleeping characteristics.
Standardization of the Wechsler Pre-School and Primary Scale of Intelligence – Phase II (2002-1109-02)
F.A. Al-Hadi Kuwait University
Abstract Many educators and parents focus their attention on the causes of children’s failure in schools as a result of their inability to facilitate children’s skills and capacities. Solving this problem can be achieved through its early detection, designing early intervention programs and safeguarding children from failure experiences. Early intervention relies upon the idea that the skills, capacities and mental abilities of children are not static and, therefore, can be developed and enhanced through introducing proper programs. Research studies have proven the possibility of changing developmental skills and capacities of vulnerable children during the first years of their lives (Meisels, 1992, p. 3) This project is an extension of the First Phase that was also funded by Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) and it aims to prepare an assessment test for children in the various mental and psychological fields to be used for identifying children of special needs in order to provide them with the necessary remedial and substitute programs that can assist in their development and learning processes. This phase of the study aims at conducting a comprehensive assessment of children to identify the nature and intensity of their problems using the Arabised Wechsler Scale that will be codified according to the Kuwaiti environment.
Measuring and Predicting the Productivity and Economic Performance of the Industrial Sector in Kuwait Using Input – Output CGE Models (2003-1103-01)
B. E. Alsalemi Amiri Diwan
Abstract According to literature review of economic theory concerning growth and productivity issues, there are four approaches that can be applied in the field of productivity analysis. These are the general theoretical approach, the economic growth approach, the applied and econometric approach. The literature review indicates that the new classical economic model is more relevant than the traditional one. It is also worth noticing that factors affecting productivity and economic growth are different from one country to another. The main purpose of this study is to establish a detailed map of the main elements and factors contributing to productivity and growth in the industrial sector of Kuwait. In particular, the study will pose a strategic approach
154 New Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate for improving the productivity and performance of the industrial sector in light of the recent international and regional developments (International Trade Agreements). The study will employ several economic and statistical models and cover different levels, including the micro, sectoral and macro levels. The study will estimate these models based on two digit data classifications by the Ministry of Planning of Kuwait and the United Nations. Moreover, a questionnaire will be used to investigate the opinions and views of those who are at the management level in the industrial sector of Kuwait.
The Impact of Financial Liberalization on the Islamic Banking Industry (2003-1103-02)
F. Jabsheh Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract The steady expansion of Islamic banks has been the hallmark of the Muslim financial landscape in the 1980s and 1990s. With a network that covers more than 60 countries and an asset base of over $166 billion, Islamic banks are currently playing an increasingly significant role in their respective economies. Islamic banking services and products are currently offered by ‘non-Islamic’ organizations that include names like Citibank. Islamic banking has gained increased attention in the G.C.C. (Gulf Cooperation Council) and the world at large over the past number of years. The fundamental financial and accounting premises of Islamic banking differ from that of traditional banks in numerous ways that will be explored throughout this study. Traditional banks, even in Western economies, are providing Islamic banking services to an ever-increasing customer base. This shift in banking strategies will be explored quantitatively, using banking indicators and evaluated vis-à-vis the deregulated, liberal environment prevalent in financial markets. The focus of this study is unique and unprecedented because it aims to do the following: analyze the Islamic financial system as an alternative and budding, emerging financial model using statistical and econometric analyses; investigate and evaluate its prospects of growth and diversification, vis-à-vis its traditional competitors; and hence, evaluate the value-added capacity for capital creation for its respective economies. However, most importantly, this study will explore the impact of financial liberalization, embodied in the GATS Agreement under the guise of the WTO, on Islamic banks, especially those in the GCC region. In addition, this study aims to specifically address the effects of liberalization of international capital flows on Islamic financial markets in the G.C.C, with special emphasis on the case of Kuwait’s emerging capital market and the role of Islamic banking in it.
Educational and Daily Needs of Kuwaiti Minors Under the State’s Custody (2003-1112-03)
F.Y.Al-Fadalah Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
Abstract The State of Kuwait represented by the Public Authority for Minor Affairs (PAMA) exemplifies a successful model for nurturing and caring for orphans that should be followed by all communities. When considering the objectives and activities of the PAMA, one comes to realize the positive and active undertaking that it assumes in the community through administering, preserving and developing the financial resources of the Kuwaiti minors who have no guardian, in such a way that conforms to the Islamic laws, and social norms while analyzing the services and programs offered by the PAMA, it becomes clear that they include a wide array of consulting, social, educational and legal services. The most important of these services are the social and educational services since they directly
155 impact families of the minors and, hence, are considered to be one of the main pillars of welfare and family care programs provided by civilized countries all over the world. This study deals with the section of the community that is under the custody of PAMA. The main emphasis here is on a particular aspect that has its own nature and specific characteristics, and is scientifically termed as the “Single Parent Families”. This term refers to families that have lost their main supporter. It is scientifically proven that the psychological harmony of members of single parent families depends on the psychological harmony of their custodian. Thus, there is an urgent need to expand the range of guidance services that may be of therapeutic, preventive or developmental nature. In all cases, providing such services to the minors in single parent families is considered to be an educational and psychological demand that enriches their character and protects them.
Lifestyle, Accident Risk and Traffic Violations among Drivers in Kuwait (2003-1112-04)
A. Alhemoud Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Abstract Among developing countries, Kuwait has one of the highest rates of traffic accidents and fatalities. According to recent research and reports from the United Nations, Kuwait has the highest traffic deaths per population among the six Gulf Cooperation Countries. A close look at the local accident and traffic records reveals that accidents are increasing since the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. Moreover, the number of traffic deaths have been increasing since 1992. Deaths on the highways should decline by 1% per year for many reasons, including safer manufactured vehicles, better roads and maintenance, stricter enforcement and better driver awareness and education. Unfortunately, this is not true in the case of Kuwait. The objective of this research is to identify, evaluate and analyze lifestyle factors (social, economic, cultural) that affect traffic accidents and deaths. The goal is to pinpoint what specific lifestyle factors characterize those drivers, causing most accident on highways. The Pareto principle (80:20) rule states that 80% of the events are caused by 20% of items, the same rule applied here. It is postulated that 80% of road accidents are caused by a small percentage of drivers (20%) who possess certain lifestyle characteristics. Our aim is to identify such characteristics and thus target those drivers.
The Existing Situation for Land Transport Sector in the State of Kuwait: Obstacles, Challenges, Suggestions, Support and Development (2004-1103-02)
M.K. Hasan Kuwait University
Abstract In this study a comprehensive evaluation is performed on the existing local and international land transport sector for passengers and goods in the State of Kuwait. Moreover, the role of the Kuwaiti Union for Land Transport is illustrated and highlighted. The study also provides a complete description of the characteristics and the constituents of the land transport system in Kuwait. Moreover, the existing demands for local and international passengers and goods transport is given in detail. The regulations, rules and legislations that control the land transport market and the role of the ministries and authorities that are responsible for organizing the land transport are browsed. Many of the obstacles, challenges and problems that face the land transport sector in general and Kuwaiti Union for Land transport specially are investigated and analyzed.
156 New Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
The study provides prediction for future demand based on future changes in the local economic and social factors, and local political reforms in addition to the regional developments. To overcome the obstacles and problems that face the land transport sector, the study provides some suggestions, recommendations and strategies that may be used to promote the land transport sector. It also gave some particular suggestions that can help in the development and implementation of the Kuwaiti Union for Land Transport activities and duties. Finally, the study proposed a new scientific methodology to study the Kuwaiti land, sea and air transport systems. This methodology includes the main steps for transportation planning and transportation system analysis. This methodology can be formulated as a decision support system that helps the transport system decision-makers to the right decision, based on a scientific approach to solve many complicated transport problems that are very hard to solve by the traditional approaches.
The Expectation and Perception of Students in Kuwait University, PAAET and Private Universities Toward Service Quality (2004-1109-03)
A. A. Taqi Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
Abstract Kuwait is facing a new era in the higher education field. Annual increase pervades in the number of students accepted in Kuwait University (KU), The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET) and private universities and new branches of international universities in Kuwait. Hence, higher education possesses all the characteristics of service industry, i.e. intangible, heterogeneous, inseparability, variability, perishable and the customer (student) participates in the process. Service quality has become a predominant part of all advanced organization strategic plans. Increased attention to service quality has resulted in more progress in (public) and profit (private) organizations. In fact, service quality will have the distinct advantage of being able to meet whatever challenges that may still lie ahead. The purpose of the present study is to examine students’ expectations, perceptions and disapproval towards service quality delivered by public and private colleges in Kuwait. The service quality disapproval paradigm to be used in this study is a modified version of SERVQUAL as a measure. Data will be collected from full-time and part-time students in Kuwait University, PAAET and three private universities.
A National Survey of Kuwaiti Personal Comfort – Phase I: In the International Trauma Resiliency Program of Cross-Cultural Research in the Wake of National Trauma (2004-1112-01)
H.M. Ridha Kuwait University
Abstract In the history of any country certain national, traumatic events mark a generations’ experience. Most often these events are sudden, catastrophic and horrific. Like rings of a tree trunk indicating the seasons, national traumatic events leave an emotional mark on its citizens. The event is captured in annual memorials and slogans. These events are historical dividing lines that characterize life before the event and life after the event. The recent traumatic event in Madrid on March 11, 2004 will forever change the family and friends of the 200 or more who
157 died and more than 1500 injured as innocent passengers on commuter train cards destroyed by 10 terrorist bombs. So also September 11, 2001 was then and will always be a national traumatic event for Americans. Similarly August 2, 1990 and the seven months that followed was then and will always be a national traumatic event for Kuwaitis. There are several known accounts about the negative consequences of such extraordinary traumatic events. Madrid, New York and Kuwait suffer from their unique traumatic stressors. The sufferings are manifested in increased mental disorders, especially Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), panic, phobia and other anxiety disorders. Post Traumatic stressors lead also to increased incidents of depression, substance use and abuse, marital and family discord and abuse, and related problems. However, all of the reports of these consequences report but few emphasize the fact that only a minority of citizens suffer from these post-traumatic reactions. Rarely are studies conducted to document the extent and contributing factors for post-traumatic resiliency and ‘raha’ (i.e. personal comfort). The focus of this study is to evaluate the citizens of Kuwait in the shadows of the Iraqi invasion and occupation. Our aim is to determine the lingering effects – positive or negative – of this national traumatic event that ended more than 13 years ago. Our purpose is to understand the psychology of post-traumatic resiliency. Our objective is to determine the percentage of Kuwaiti citizens who experience ‘raha’ and to discover the factors that either help or hinder this positive mental state. In so doing, we will not only help determine the secrets of the thriving as well as surviving a national traumatic event and in so doing help design programs that facilitate ‘raha’, which will also help other countries. We will help countries like Spain and the US whose national traumatic event happened far more recently. We will help by sharing with them our discoveries about resiliency and ‘raha’ in the shadows of national trauma. In doing so perhaps, reduce the negative traumatic consequences and increase both resiliency and ‘raha’.
Estimating the Costs and Distribution of Industrial Sectoral Pollution (2005-1101-01)
M.H. Al-Salman Kuwait University
Abstract The continuing concern regarding the major environment, energy and economic growth emphasize the importance of analyzing the relationship between industrial activity, waste, waste treatment and the quality of the environment. In a paper submitted by Cumberland in “The fifth international conference for the techniques of inputs-outputs”, an inter-industry model was developed. This model was extended to find the relationships between environmental coefficients and those of industrial ones. That paper emphasized the importance of: a) studying the flow of waste; b) development of environmental-industrial models based on materials-balance; and c) use of an extended system approach to define major environmental-industrial relationships. This research will apply this model to the Kuwaiti environment and will study the resulting effects on the environment and the related costs.
Allocations of International Loans and Grants (2005-1103-01)
S. Al-Jassar Kuwait University
Abstract The research reviews both the theoretical and empirical aid allocation literature and build as econometric model explaining how the allocation of financing process takes place, The paper will use a two-stage model, the first is whether to select a recipient or not, and the second involves how much finance to commit. The empirical analysis
158 New Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate will test whether poorer, ethnic and religious factors and African countries are more likely to receive some positive amount of financing (eligibility stage). The same will be tested for countries with voting patterns in the United Nations General Assembly similar to the donor. More populous countries will also be investigated to test whether they receive a higher share of the total aid allocated (allocation stage). The research is directed toward the determinants of grant element level embedded in debt concessional finance loans. The first part will lay the theoretical model for grant/loan allocation from an economic efficiency side. We will start with the analysis of grant element, and then we will extend Schmidt charity model to include project economic rate of return as a determinant of the loan/grant mix. We conclude that loan grant decision should be based on individual project real rates of return, as opposed to the recipient overall uniform rate of return. This paper will be a continuation of the first paper, in which the decision of grant allocation is the third step of donor decision making; where the first relates to whom to give the loan while the second relates to how much to give. The second part of this paper empirically models how developmental institutions decide on its grant/loan mix. Unlike the majority of the prior empirical research, that used gross development finance loads to determine the factors influencing allocation process, this research will only utilize the grant part of the load as the parameter in determining the factors influencing the allocation. The research utilizes the most influential modern finance theory in pricing Sovereign debt. A contingent claim theory will be applied to build a framework that treats sovereign debt as an option. The proposed framework will extend Claessensn and Wijnbergern (1990) model to price sovereign debt using binomial model. The framework will be used to gain insight into the risk embedded in the loan and can help clarify and offer the possibilities of lowering the cost of capital thus promoting development and growth. Furthermore, it will test the Bulaw-Ragoff critique against conducting debt buybacks with gratis money at existing market prices. It will further the debate into the official sector toward the interest rate policy on their exchange offerings
The Legislative Framework of Utilizing the Oil Fields of North Kuwait (2005-1103-02)
M.F. Al-Saeed Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
Abstract The important role that oil plays as the pillar of Kuwait’s economy constituted the driving force for legislators to pay attention to this deserving sector since the oil exploration efforts started in the country. This attention was reflected in a number of legislations that aimed at emphasizing the importance of the oil sector. However, inspite of the fact that oil constitutes more than 90% of Kuwait’s income, excluding foreign investments, many of us lack oil related legislative culture. This, in turn, underscores the importance of gaining the basic legislative information in the area of oil investments in general, and investment in the northern oil fields of Kuwait in particular in order to realize the importance of this strategic commodity over which the international community competes. This study aims to identify efforts exerted by Kuwaiti legislators to protect the oil wealth in the country by shedding light over the constitutional legislations in the area of preserving the oil sector. The study also attempts to identify legislations that are necessary for protecting sources of wealth in the country by identifying the nature of contractual agreements between the Kuwaiti government and various international oil companies, the main characteristics of such companies and the actual need for them. Furthermore, the study assesses the repercussions of these contractual agreements on the profit margin of the oil companies, their national economic cost and the real need to retain foreign international companies based on previous experiences. Finally, the study aims to arrive at a unified legislative version that ends the dispute between the Kuwaiti government and the parliament since resolving such a dispute is of vital importance to the future of Kuwait’s economy.
159 Industrial Productivity Analysis: 1992 – 2002 Using V-RAS Model (2005-1106-01)
M.H. Al-Salman Kuwait University
Abstract In applying input-output analysis to the industrial dynamics that involve structural changes, it is mandatory to determine empirically the technological parameters of the industry production function and to find systematic changes in the technology along with concomitant changes in labor and capital requirements, confining this analysis to the manufacturing sector in Kuwait from 1992 to 2002 by using V-RAS and taking into consideration price changes, labor, capital and other elements in the production function. The outcome of this study has great policy implications in this field for the Kuwaiti industrial sector.
The Role of the Non-Native Teacher in Students’ Achievement and Learning Outcomes (2005-1109-03)
M. A. Al-Hamly Kuwait University
Abstract There is surprisingly little research to-date conducted on non-native teacher expertise and its relationship to learning outcomes. The scarcity of research is partly due to the popular assumption that the target language is best taught by native speakers. The present project seeks to investigate the relationship between non-native teachers’ expertise vis-à-vis students’ achievement or learning outcomes, which may include students’ English proficiency and/or their achievement in other subjects taught in English.
Decision-Makers and Faculty Members’ Perception of E-Learning in Kuwait University (2005-1109-04)
S.M.S. Al-Fadhli Globalization E-Commerce Company
Abstract E-learning becomes a trend in higher education institutions. A great number of universities around the world are adopting E-learning model in their educational systems. There are many factors that determine the success of embedding E-learning to the educational system. Acceptability of decision-makers and faculty members to the proposed model play an important role for the success of E-learning. This project set Kuwait University as a case study for this research. It aims at exploring decision-makers and faculty members’ attitudes toward adopting E- learning.
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Developing Teaching Materials for Management Development Programs at Kuwait University (2005-1109-06)
C.P. Rao Kuwait University
Abstract To make the management education in the academic degree and executive education programs at the College of Business Administration, Kuwait University, there is an urgent need to develop indigenous teaching material in the form of case and industry profile studies. All over the world case studies are effectively used to make management education context specific and more effective. From these perspectives, it is proposed that the Case Research and Teaching Unit at the Center of Excellence in Management, Kuwait University be funded to develop twenty case and/or industry profile studies based on Kuwait socio-economic environment. The research project involves twenty faculty at the College of Business Administration over a two year period to develop the twenty case studies. At the end of the first year of the project, ten case studies will be completed and another ten studies at the end of the second year. Policies were formulated to ensure the quality of these case studies so that they can be published and widely disseminated both in Kuwait and in the GCC region.
161 List of Research Projects Biological Sciences (BS)
Completed 2 Ongoing 19 New 9
Engineering Sciences and Technology (ES)
Completed 7 Ongoing 13 New 7
Medical Sciences (MS)
Completed 1 Ongoing 7 New 2
Natural Sciences (NS)
Completed 0 Ongoing 11 New 6
Social Sciences and Humanities (SS)
Completed 5 Ongoing 7 New 17 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Biological Sciences (BS)
Completed Projects Application of By-catch Reduction Devices to Kuwait's Shrimp Fishery 44 (Project Code: 2000-1207-03) Project Leader: S. A. Al-Ayoub Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aquaculture Fisheries and Marine Environmental Department
Field and Laboratory Investigation of Calf Mortality in the State of Kuwait - Phase II: Factors Affecting Calf and Heifer Performance 46 (Project Code: 2001-1207-01) Project Leader: M.A. Razzaque Mohammed Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aridland Agriculture and Greenery Department
Ongoing Projects Characterization of Losses in Selected Perishable Foods in the State of Kuwait 48 (Project Code: 1998-1207-01) Project Leader: H. M. Al-Mazeedi Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Bio-Technology Department
The Biology of Marine Turtles and their Environment in the State of Kuwait - Phase II 49 (Project Code: 1999-1207-02) Project Leader: S.Y. Al-Muhanna Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, College of Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences
An Investigation to Improve Kuwait's Demersal Trap Fishery 50 (Project Code: 1999-1207-05) Project Leader: A.F. Al-Baz Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aquaculture, Fisheries & Marine Environmental Department
Pilot Scale Production of Seed Potato Via Tissue Culture 51 (Project Code: 2001-1207-03) Project Leader: C. Sudhersan Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Bio-Technology Department
Testing of Closed Production Systems for Controlled Environment Agriculture 52 (Project Code: 2001-1207-04) Project Leader: M.S. AlBaho Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aridland Agriculture and Greenery Department
164 Stock Assessment of Zobaidy, Pampus argenteus, in the Northern Arabian Gulf 53 (Project Code: 2001-1207-05) Project Leader: M. Al-Husaini Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aquaculture, Fisheries & Marine Environmental Department & Khoozestan Fisheries Research Centre, Iranian Fisheries Research Institute, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Soil Fertility Trials for Crop Production in the State of Kuwait 54 (Project Code: 2001-1207-07) Project Leader: M. S. Abdal Affiliation: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aridland Agriculture and Greenery Department Beneficiary: Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources
Toxic Effects and Bioaccumulation of Selected Marine Pollutants to Mullet (Liza Macrolepis) and Brine Shrimp (Artemia Salina) in Kuwait Bay 55 (Project Code: 2002-1207-01) Project Leader: A.H. Bu-Olyan Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry Department
Evaluation of New Ornamental Plant for Use in Kuwait's Landscape and Demonstration Gardens 56 (Project Code: 2002-1207-02) Project Leader: M.K. Suleiman Affiliation: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aridland Agriculture and Greenery Department Beneficiary: Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources
Evaluation of Different Methods for Reducing Salmonella in Broilers in Kuwait 57 (Project Code: 2002-1207-03) Project Leader: S. F. Al-Zenki Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Bio-Technology Department
Survey of Multi-Residues of Antibiotics in Food Products of Animal Origin in the State of Kuwait 58 (Project Code: 2002-1207-04) Project Leader: H. M. Al-Mazeedi Affiliation: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Bio-Technology Department Beneficiary: Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources.
Establishment of Seed Bank Unit for Native Plants of Kuwait 59 (Project Code: 2002-1207-06) Project Leader: S. M. Zaman Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aridland Agriculture and Greenery Department
165 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Stability Assessment of Four Vitamins and Iron Fortified to Wheat Flour and Baked Products 60 (Project Code: 2003-1202-01) Project Leader: S.Al-Houti Affiliation: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Bio-Technology Department Beneficiary: Kuwait Flour Mills and Bakeries Company
Evaluation of Genetic Integrity of the KISR - Tissue Cultured Date Palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Under Field Conditions 61 (Project Code: 2003-1207-01) Project Leader: S. H. Al-Amad Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Bio-Technology Department
Use of Hydrophilic Polymers and Mulches for Water Conservation in Greenery Projects in Kuwait 62 (Project Code: 2003-1207-02) Project Leader: N.R. Bhat Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aridland Agriculture and Greenery Department
Development of Salt-Tolerant Date Palm Cultivars Via Tissue Culture Technology - Phase I: Induction and Selection 63 (Project Code: 2003-1207-03) Project Leader: M. Abou Neil Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Bio-Technology Department
Introduction, Evaluation and Propagation of the Argan Tree for Greenery and Oil Production in Kuwait - Phase I: Introduction and Propagation 64 (Project Code: 2003-1207-04) Project Leader: H. Al-Menaie Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Bio-Technology Department
Introduction, Propagation and Evaluation of Male Date Palm Pollinators - Phase I: Introduction and Propagation 65 (Project Code: 2003-1207-06) Project Leader: M. Abou Neil Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Bio-Technology Department
Multi-Biomarkers Response in Fish from Kuwait Sea Area 66 (Project Code: 2003-1207-07) Project Leader: M.U. Beg Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Environmental Sciences Department
166 New Projects Development of Salt-Tolerant Plants. Phase II: Characterization and Analyses of Salt-Induced Genes of Mangrove Plant 67 (Project Code: 2002-1207-05) Project Leader: M. Saleem Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Bio-Technology Department
Comparative Study of Ancient and Modern Otoliths of Ariidae (Sea Catfish) from Kuwait's Waters 67 (Project Code: 2002-1207-07) Project Leader: M. S. M. H. Al-Husaini Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aquaculture, Fisheries & Marine Environment Department
A Comparative Study on Production Efficiency of Four Strains of Brown and White Egg Laying Hens 68 (Project Code: 2003-1207-09) Project Leader: M.M. Mashaly Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aridland Agriculture and Greenery Department
Poultry Biosecurity : A Case Study at Kuwait United Poultry Company (KUPCO) 68 (Project Code: 2003-1207-10) Project Leader: A. Al-Saffar Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aridland Agriculture and Greenery Department
Assessment of Acrylamide Levels in Heat-Processed Foodstuffs Consumed by Kuwaitis 69 (Project Code: 2003-1207-11) Project Leader: H.F. Alomirah Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Bio-Technology Department
In VitroScreening and Development of Salt Tolerant Potato via Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Technology 69 (Project Code: 2004-1207-03) Project Leader: C. Sudershan Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Bio-Technology Department
Reproductive Performance, Monosex Culture and Hybridization Studies of the Improved Strain of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) 70 (Project Code: 2004-1207-08) Project Leader: M.M.T. Ridha Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aquaculture, Fisheries & Marine Environment Department
167 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Developing and Application of DNA Fingerprinting in Zobaidy (Pampus Argenteus) in the Northern Arabian Gulf 70 (Project Code: 2004-1207-10) Project leader: S.H.Al-Momin Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Bio-Technology Department
Selection of Olive Varieties for Greenery and Fruit Production in Kuwait - Phase I 71 (Project Code: 2005-1207-02) Project leader: N.R. Bhat Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aridland Agriculture and Greenery Department
Engineering Sciences and Technology (ES)
Completed Projects Non-Destructive Evaluation of Anodized Aluminum Alloy in Aqueous Solutions by Optical Interferometry 74 (Project Code: 1999-1506-02) Project Leader: K. J. Habib Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Department of Advanced Systems
Assessment of Corrosion in Air-Conditioning Units for Buildings in the State of Kuwait 76 (Project Code: 2001-1508-03) Project Leader: A. A. M. Husain Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Building and Energy Technologies Department
Development of a Process for the Preparation of an Active Hydrodemetallization Catalyst from Spent Catalysts 78 (Project Code: 2002-1504-02) Project Leader: M. A. Marafi Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Petroleum Research and Studies Center, Petroleum Refining Department
Compositional Analysis of Kerosene and Diesel Fractions from Kuwaiti Crude 80 (Project Code: 2002-1504-05) Project Leader: G. Michael Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Petroleum Research and Studies Center, Petroleum Refining Department
Enhancement of Tertiary Treated Waste Water Using a Soil Aquifer Treatment System in Kuwait 82 (Project Code: 2002-1505-02) Project Leader: A.J. Al-Haddad Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research,Water Resources Division, Hydrology Department
168 Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Polymer-Modified Concrete 84 (Project Code: 2002-1508-02) Project Leader: M. M. El-Hawary Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Building and Energy Technologies Department
Development of Arabic Alphabetic Sign Language Program 86 (Project Code: 2004-1509-01) Project Leader: N.J. Al-Ghurair Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Department of Advanced Systems
Ongoing Projects Multistage Flash Distillation Plants: Evaluation of Materials Performance in Heat Recovery Section 88 (Project Code: 2001-1505-01) Project Leader: A. A. Al-Odwani Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Water Resources Division, Water Technologies Department
Chemical and Microbiological Evaluation of Household (Tap) and Commercial Bottled Drinking Water in Kuwait 89 (Project Code: 2001-1505-03) Project Leader: H. F. Al-Mudhaf Affiliation/Beneficiary: Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
Flow Dependent Corrosion of Petrochemical and Refinery Alloys Utilized in Seawater Application 90 (Project Code: 2002-1504-01) Project Leader: A. Al-Hashem Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Petroleum Research and Studies Center, Petroleum Refining Department
Investigations on Distribution of Nitrogen Compounds in the Ground Water of Kuwait 91 (Project Code: 2002-1505-01) Project Leader: A. A. Akber Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Water Resources Division, Hydrology Department
Technical Feasibility of Long-term Wastewater Treatment Using a Natural Aquifer 92 (Project Code: 2002-1505-04) Project Leader: A. A. Akbar Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Water Resources Division, Hydrology Department
Feasibility of Using Fiber Reinforced Plastics Reinforcement in Concrete Constructions in the State of Kuwait 93 (Project Code: 2002-1508-03) Project Leader: A. W. Sadek Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Building and Energy Technologies Department
169 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Polymer Mortar as a Building Material 94 (Project Code: 2002-1508-04) Project Leader: M. M. El-Hawary Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Building and Energy Technologies Department
Development of a Polymer Composition and a Method for Sand Consolidation in Oil Wells 95 (Project Code: 2003-1504-01) Project Leader: S.M. Lahalil Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Petroleum Research and Studies Center, Petrochemicals Processes
Development of Polymer - Based Treatment for Water Shutoff in Oil Wells 96 (Project Code: 2003-1504-03) Project Leader: S.M. Lahalil Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Petroleum Research and Studies Center, Petrochemicals Process
Application of Microfiltration Techniques for Primary and Secondary Treated Wastewater 97 (Project Code: 2003-1505-01) Project Leader: S. I. Bou Hamad Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Water Resources Division, Water Technologies Department
Cost Effective Kuwaiti Houses 98 (Project Code: 2003-1508-01) Project Leader: S. F. Al-Otaibi Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Building and Energy Technologies Department
Optimization of Cooling Production in KISR's Main Building 99 (Project Code: 2003-1508-02) Project Leader: A.E. Hajiah Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Building and Energy Technologies Department
Electric Load Forecasting by the Year 2025: A/C Units Factor Effects 100 (Project Code: 2003-1508-04) Project Leader: O. A. Al-Sayegh Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Department of Advanced Systems
170 New Projects Synergistic Effect of UV-Stabilizers and Light Transforming Additives on Polyethylene and Polypropylene Under Kuwait Environmental Conditions 101 (Project Code: 2003-1504-02) Project Leader: M.M.M. Al-Samahn Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Petroleum Research and Studies Center, Petrochemicals Processes
Optimization of Water and Electricity Consumption of Cooling Towers: Phase 1 101 (Project Code: 2003-1508-03) Project Leader: E.A. R. Al-Bassam Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Building and Energy Technologies Department
The Future of Kuwait's Domestic Energy Demand 102 (Project Code: 2003-1508-05) Project Leader: M.A. Al-Awadi Affiliation/Beneficiary: Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
Nonlinear Predictive Control and Applications for an Industrial-Scale Pilot Plant 102 (Project Code: 2004-1506-01) Project Leader: M.I. Al-Juraidan Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Department of Advanced Systems
Thermal Comfort Study of Air-Conditioned Kuwaiti Buildings 103 (Project Code: 2004-1508-02) Project Leader: F. F. S. Al-Ajmi Affiliation/Beneficiary: Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, The College of Technological Studies, Department of Civil Engineering.
Recycling of Concrete and Masonry 103 (Project Code: 2004-1508-03) Project Leader: M.M.El-Hawary Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Building and Energy Technologies Department
Exploration and Evaluation of New Locations for Oolitic Sand in the State of Kuwait 104 (Project Code: 2004-1508-05) Project Leader: S.K. Al-Bahar Affiliation: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Building and Energy Technologies Department Beneficiary: National Industries Company (NIC)
171 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Medical Sciences (MS)
Completed Projects
Predicting a Metastatic Behavior in Early Colorectal Cancer Using a Genetic Approach 108 (Project Code: 1999-1302-07) Project Leader: F.R. Al-Mulla Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology
Ongoing Projects Treatment of Renal Calculi by Lithotripsy: Minimizing Shock Wave Induced Renal Damage by Using Antioxidants 110 (Project Code: 2000-1302-05) Project Leader: K. A. Al-Awadi Affiliation/Beneficiary: Ministry of Health, Mubarak Al Kabeer Hospital, Urology Unit
Biopsychosocial Health Problems in the Population of the State of Kuwait after the Gulf War - Phase II 111 (Project Code: 2001-1302-04) Project Leader: M.J. Behbehani Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Behavioural Sciences
Hyperfractionated Radiotherapy with Concurrent Chemotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer 112 (Project Code: 2002-1302-03) Project Leader: K. A. Al-Saleh Affiliation/Beneficiary: Ministry of Health, Kuwait Cancer Control Centre
Immunological Reactivity of Proteins/Peptides Encoded by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis-Specific Genome Regions 113 (Project Code: 2002-1302-04) Project Leader: R. J. Al-Attiyah Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology
The Role of Oxidative Stress and Hypercortisolemia in the Pathogenesis of Impaired Wound Healing in Diabetes Mellitus 114 (Project Code: 2002-1302-06) Project Leader: M. Bitar Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Antihypertensive Effects of Zygophyllum qatarense and Tribulus Terrestris in Rats 115 (Project Code: 2002-1302-07) Project Leader: M. Oriowo Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
172 Psychosocial Health Status, Disability and Networks of Social Support Among Older Kuwaiti Men and Women 116 (Project Code: 2003-1302-02) Project Leader: N. Shah Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Department of Community Medicine and Behavioural Sciences
New Projects Determinants of Micro and Macrovascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Kuwaiti Patients- Genotypic, Phenotypic and Biochemical Charecterisation 117 (Project Code: 2004-1302-03) Project Leader: N.A. Abdella Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine
LDL Subfractions in Hypothyroidism : Effect of Thyroxine replacement therapy 117 (Project Code: 2005-1302-01) Project Leader: J.M.K.Abbas Affiliation/Beneficiary: Ministry of Health, Kuwait
Natural Sciences (NS)
Ongoing Projects Development, Analysis and Integration of Hydrogeological Data in the State of Kuwait 120 (Project Code: 1999-1405-02) Project Leader: A. Mukhopadya Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research,Water Resources Division, Hydrology Department
Assessment of the Effects of the Shatt Al-Arab's Altered Discharge Regimes on the Ecology of the Northern Arabian Gulf - Phase II 121 (Project Code: 2000-1401-04) Project Leader: F. Y. Al-Yamani Affiliation/ Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Aquaculture, Fisheries & Marine Environmental Department
Source of Rock Evaluation of the Mauddud Formation in the State of Kuwait 122 (Project Code: 2000-1404-01) Project Leader: F.H. Abdullah Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, Faculty of Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Sedimentomorphic Mapping of some Selected Areas in the State of Kuwait Using Remote Sensing and GIS Applications 123 (Project Code: 2001-1401-02) Project Leader: A. I. Al-Hurban Affiliation/ Beneficiary: Kuwait University, Faculty of Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
173 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Assessment of the Seismic Hazard for the State of Kuwait 124 (Project Code: 2002-1401-01) Project Leader: A. Al-Enezi/J.Al-Awadhi Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Coastal & Air Pollution Department/Kuwait University, Faculty of Science, Earth Environment Sciences Department
A Short-Term Study of Indoor Radon Levels in Dwellings in the State of Kuwait - Phase 1 125 (Project Code: 2002-1401-02) Project Leader: D. S. Al-Azmi Affiliation: Public Authority for Applied Education and Training Beneficiary: Environment Public Authority
Vapour-Liquid Equilibria for Mixtures Containing Halogenated Hydrocarbons 126 (Project Code: 2002-1401-03) Project Leader: M. N. Al-Hayan Affiliation/Beneficiary: Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, College of Technological Studies, Department of Chemical Engineering Technology
A Radiological Atlas for the State of Kuwait 127 (Project Code: 2003-1401-03) Project Leader: J. Jakes Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Department of Advanced Systems
Optimum Utilization Strategy for the Fresh Groundwater Lenses in the Raudhatain Field 128 (Project Code: 2003-1405-01) Project Leader: M. M. Al-Otaibi Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Water Resources Division, Hydrology Department
Identification and Quantification of Different Hydrocarbon Groups in the Groundwater of the Stateof Kuwait 129 (Project Code: 2003-1405-02) Project Leader: E. A. Al-Awadi Affiliation: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Water Resources Division, Hydrology Department Beneficiary: Environment Public Authority
Mathematical Programming Models and Algorithms for Academic Class Scheduling at Kuwait University 130 (Project Code: 2003-1409-01) Project Leader: S. M. Al-Yakoob Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, College of Sciences, Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences
174 New Projects
Multispecies Bioassay for the Safety Evaluation of Oil-Spill Dispersants 131 (Project Code: 2003-1401-04) Project Leader: M.U. Beg Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Environmental Sciences Department
Development of a Laser-Induced Fluorescence Cone Penetrometer System for Site Characterization and Analysis of Subsurface Contaminants 131 (Project Code: 2004-1401-01) Project Leader: M. Al-Rasheedi Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Department of Advanced Systems
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Coastal Marine Sediments in the State of Kuwait 131 (Project Code: 2004-1401-06) Project Leader: B. Gevao Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Environmental Sciences Department
Coastline Evolution of Kuwait using Remote Sensing Techniques 132 (Project Code: 2004-1401-08) Project Leader: S. Neelamani Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Coastal and Air Pollution Department
Interactive Coastal Information System for Kuwait's Territorial Waters - Phase 1: Hindcasting of Waves, Water Levels and Currents 132 (Project Code: 2004-1401-09) Project Leader: K. Rakha Affiliation: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Environment and Urban Development Division, Coastal and Air Pollution Department Beneficiary: Warba Insurance Company
Review and Update of the Appendices of the "Convention on the Conservation of Wildlife and Natural Habitats in the Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council” 133 (Project Code: 2005-1401-03) Project Leader: F. Alsdirawi Affiliation: Environment Public Authority Beneficiary: Kuwait Environment Protection Society
175 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
Social Sciences and Humanities (SS)
Completed Projects A Study of the Coping Strategies Used by War Victims and Non-War Victims in the State of Kuwait 136 (Project Code: 2002-1102-01) Project Leader: O. A. Al-Asfour Affiliation/Beneficiary: Amiri Diwan - Social Development Office
Effects of Interactive Multimedia Instruction on Middle School Students' Knowledge Acquisition and Retainment 138 (Project Code: 2003-1109-05) Project Leader: F. M. Al-Zafiri Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, College of Education
Lexical and Grammatical Collocations: A Formidable Problem in EFL Writing 140 (Project Code: 2004-1109-01) Project Leader: M.A. Alhamly Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, College of Arts, Department of English Language and Literature
Allocation of International Loans and Grants 142 (Project Code: 2005-1103-01) Project Leader: S. Al-Jassar Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, College of Business Administration, Department of Finance and Financial Institutions
Kuwait Scientific Encyclopedia for Children 144 Project Leader: A. A. Al-Ahmad Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences
Ongoing Projects Comprehensive Analytical Study of the Direct and Indirect Effects for GATT Treaties on Insurance Market in the State of Kuwait and the GCC Countries 146 (Project Code: 2001-1103-03) Project Leader: A. H. Al-Bahar Affiliation/ Beneficiary: Kuwait Insurance Company,
Concept of Strategic Planning of Leaders in the Kuwaiti Private Sector in Relation to Recruitment of Kuwaiti Citizens 147 (Project Code: 2002-1111-02) Project Leader: F. Y. Al-Fadallah Affiliation/Beneficiary: Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
Qualification Inflation of Technical Education Outcomes in the State of Kuwait 148 (Project Code: 2003-1109-04) Project Leader: A. A. Taqi Affiliation/Beneficiary: Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, College of Basic Education
176 Application of the Principles and Techniques of Total Quality Management on Human Resources Management Analytical Study of Kuwait Oil Company 149 (Project Code: 2003-1111-04) Project Leader: M. I. Ashkanani Affiliation/Beneficiary: State Audit Bureau
Long Term Effect of the Gulf Crisis Experience of Kuwaiti Adolescents 150 (Project Code: 2003-1112-01) Project Leader: F. A. Hadi Affiliation: Kuwait University, College of Education, Department of Psychology Beneficiary: Kuwait Society for Advancement of Arab Children
Sociological Explanation of Heterogamous Marriages in the State of Kuwait 151 (Project Code: 2003-1112-02) Project Leader: F. A. Al-Naser Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, College of Social Sciences
The Dictionary of the Holy Qur'an 152 Project Leader: A. Y. Al-Ghunaim Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences
New Projects The Labour Market in Kuwait Policies, Estimations and Predictions 153 (Project Code: 2000-1103-01) Project Leader: H.I. Hamdy Affiliation/Beneficiary: Civil Service Commission, Kuwait.
Study of the Feeding Behaviour and its Relation to a Child's Physical and Psychological Development from Birth till the End of the Second Year 153 (Project Code: 2002-1102-02) Project Leader: F. N. Al-Kantar Affiliation/Beneficiary: Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, College of Basic Education, Psychology Department
Standardization of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (Phase II) 154 (Project Code: 2002-1109-02) Project Leader: F. A. Al-Hadi Affiliation: Kuwait University Beneficiary: Kuwait Society for the Advancement of Arab Children
Measuring and Predicting the Productivity and Economic Performance of the Industrial Sector in Kuwait Using Input – Output CGE Models 154 (Project Code: 2003-1103-01) Project Leader: B. E. Alsalemi Affiliation/Beneficiary: Amiri Diwan
177 Annual Report 2005 Research Directorate
The Impact of Financial Liberalization on the Islamic Banking Industry 155 (Project Code: 2003-1103-02) Project Leader: F.Y. Jabsheh Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Techno-Economics Division, Quantitative Methods and Modeling Department
Educational and Daily Needs of Kuwaiti Minors Under the State’s Custody 155 (Project Code: 2003-1112-03) Project Leader: F.Y.Al-Fadalah Affiliation: Public Authority for Applied Education and Training Beneficiary: Public Authority for Minor Affairs
Lifestyle, Accident Risk and Traffic Violations among Drivers in the State of Kuwait 156 (Project Code: 2003-1112-04) Project Leader: A. Al-Hemoud Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research,Techno-Economics Division,
The Existing Situation for Land Transport Sector in the State of Kuwait : Obstacles and Challenges- Suggestions- Support and Development 156 (Project Code: 2004-1103-02) Project Leader: M.K. Hasan Affiliation: Kuwait University, College of Business Administration, Center of Excellence in Management Beneficiary: Kuwait Overland Transport Union
The Expectations and Perceptions of Students in Kuwait University, PAAET and Private Universities Toward Service Quality 157 (Project Code: 2004-1109-03) Project Leader: A.A. Taqi Affiliation/Beneficiary: Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, College of Basic Education
A National Survey of Kuwaiti Personal Well-Being - Phase 1: In the International Trauma Resiliency Program of Cross-cultural Research in the Wake of National Trauma 157 (Project Code: 2004-1112-01) Project Leader: H.M. Ridha Affiliation: Kuwait University, College of Social Sciences, Beneficiary: Association of Social Workers
Estimating the Costs and Distribution of Industrial Sectoral Pollution 158 (Project Code: 2005-1101-01) Project Leader: M.H. Al-Salman Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, College of Administrative Sciences, Center of Excellence in Management
Allocation of International Loans and Grants 158 (Project Code: 2005-1103-01) Project Leader: S. Al-Jassar Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, College of Business Administration, Department of Finance and Financial Institutions
178 The Legislative Framework of Utilizing the Oil Fields of North Kuwait 159 (Project Code: 2005-1103-02) Project Leader: M.F. Al-Saeed Affiliation/Beneficiary: Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, College of Commercial Studies, Department of Law
Industrial Productivity Analysis: 1992 – 2002 Using V-RAS Model 160 (Project Code: 2005-1106-01) Project Leader: M.H. Al-Salman Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, College of Administrative Sciences, Center of Excellence in Management
The Role of the Non-Native Teacher in Students' Achievement and Learning Outcomes 160 (Project Code: 2005-1109-03) Project Leader: M.A. Al-Hamly Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, Faculty of Arts, Department of English Language and Literature
Decision Makers and Faculty Member's Perception of E-learning in Kuwait University 160 (Project Code: 2005-1109-04) Project Leader: S.M. S. Al-Fadhli Affiliation/Beneficiary: Globalization E-Commerce Company
Developing Teaching Materials for Management Development Programs at Kuwait University 161 (Project Code: 2005-1109-06) Project Leader: C.P. Rao Affiliation/Beneficiary: Kuwait University, College of Business Administration, Center of Excellence in Management
179 Partners in Development Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) Private non-profit organization established in 1976 by a decree issued by the Late Amir, His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
Financial Sustenance for Scientific Research: 2002-1508-02 • KFAS funded 584 research projects in different areas of Biological Sciences, Engineering Sciences and Technology, Medical Sciences, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences and Humanities, with a total contribution of K.D. 16,631,552. • A total of 17 projects assigned by KFAS' Board of Trustees, in the area of Biological Sciences, Engineering Sciences and Technology and Social Sciences and Humanities, were funded with a total contribution of K.D. 3,272,907.
Awards for Excellence in Sciences: • The Islamic Organization of Medical Sciences Prize - 2003-1207-03 25 Prizes. • The Kuwait Prize – 83 Prizes. • Agriculture Prize – 92 Prizes • The Best Research Paper Prize - 57 Prizes • Prizes for Scientific Achievements - 96 Prizes • Prize for Research and Studies on the Repercussions of the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait - 23 Awards • The Arabian Gulf and Arab Peninsula Research Prize - 2 Prizes • KFAS Prize - 2 Prizes • Arabic Book Fair Prizes – 107 Prizes • An amount of K.D. 275,000 was set aside as “Waqf” with Kuwait Awqaf Public Foundation for use as awards for Quran Recitation Competitions. • Upon the instruction of His Highness the Late Amir, Chairman of the Foundation’s Board, four Arab scientists who received Kuwait’s Award during the past years were invited to Kuwait to boost scientific cooperation with their Kuwaiti peers and other scientists.
180 Contribution Towards National Scientific Infrastructure: • Establishment of: The Scientific Center – K.D. 25,000,000. • Purchase of land adjacent to The Scientific Center for KD 9,000,000. • Establishment of the Dasman Center for Research and Treatment of Diabetes (DCRTD) – ongoing, K.D. 11,201,990. • Financial support for the establishment of the Center for Excellence at Kuwait University – K.D. 200,000. • Financial support to establish the new building for the Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry – K.D. 3,500,000. • Establishment of the Administrative Building at Qurain Dump for the Environment Public Authority (EPA) – K.D. 200,000. • Computer Education Program for 170 intermediate schools – K.D. 5,000,000 • Financial support to set up a documentary film archive for the Ministry of Information – K.D. 3,000,000. • High Rate Transmission Electronic Microscope (HRTEM) for the Science Laboratory at the College of Science, Kuwait University – K.D. 425,000. • Establishment of the Star Dome – K.D. 90,000 and Scientific Acoustic and Optical Library at the Science Club – K.D. 265,000. • Support for children with special needs, Ministry of Education, in collaboration with KISR – K.D. 300,000. • Contribution towards the renovation and furnishing (repair and maintenance) of the palace of Sheikh Abdullah Salem Al-Sabah in Failaka Island – K.D. 150,000. • Furnishing and equipping libraries for the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET) - K.D. 100,000. • Financial support towards upgrading computers at the Ministry of Education – K.D. 70,000. • Contribution towards the purchase of special equipment for Deaf Children in Al-Noor and Al-Amal School for boys and girls – K.D. 55,600. • Establishment of the Kuwaiti Inventors Bureau at the Kuwait Science Club – K.D. 20,000.
181 • The Oscar of Invention (2005) - Six gold medals, five silver medals and six bronze medals were won at international exhibitions. • Financial support towards the Intellectual Educational School for Girls and Boys with Special Needs – K.D. 17,840. • Support towards upgrading computers for the Summer Clubs – K.D. 12,000. • Supporting a project on e-Education in Schools in Kuwait – K.D. 35,177. • Setting up a Library for Children with Special Needs at Al-Rajaa School for boys and girls – K.D. 4,425.
Support for National and Regional Scientific Initiatives: • Support towards the GCC Environmental Prize – Saudi Riyals 200,000. • National Council for Culture, Arts and Literature (NCCAL) for the 1st and 2nd Qurain Festival, 1994 and 1995 respectively - K.D. 500,000. • To furnish and equip five public libraries in the five provinces of Kuwait – K.D. 350,000. • Contribution of £168,500 to prepare a historical documentary book on the Late Sheikh Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, in collaboration with the Diplomatic Center for Strategic Studies and the Center for Reasearch and Studies on Kuwait. • ‘Dixon House’ renovation reflecting Kuwaiti British relations – K.D. 100,000. • National Council for Culture, Arts and Literature (NCCAL) for the Abdulaziz Hussain Cultural Center in Mishref - K.D. 100,000. • Production of ‘SEDRA’ documentary film in celebration of the 40th Anniversary since independence – K.D. 100,000. • Production of thirteen TV Series on the “Environment and its Weak Balance” in collaboration with the Environment Public Authority. • Purchasing and renovation of the 'Fateh Al-Kheir’ dhow, built by Kuwaitis in 1938, currently located at The Scientific Center – K.D. 80,839.
182 • Public Authority for Assessment of Compensation resulting from the Iraqi Aggression (PAAC) to produce a documentary film on the Impact of Iraqi Aggression on Kuwait’s Environment - U.S. $ 300,000. • Contribution to the ceremony to honour teachers in 1997 – K.D. 10,000. • Providing financial support for the Gulf Symposium entitled “How to Protect our Children from Harm”. • Financial support to the Kuwaiti Obesity Society during the Awareness Day on Obesity, its Effects and Prevention Measures - K.D 4,000 . • Investigating and follow-up of the activities to be supported by (MLST) Organization of the Kuwaiti UNESCO Committee during 2006. • Contribution towards the production of the television serial “Road of Hope” as part of the media campaign to fight against drugs and addiction - K.D. 15,000. • Completing the television documentary, “The Palm” in cooperation with the Private Theatre Institute for Technical Production and Distribution in the Kingdom of Bahrain. • Funds for Downs Syndrome project for children - K.D. 60,000. • Contribution to Kuwait’s Scuba Diving team - KD 30,000. • Kuwait Red Crescent – K.D. 20,000. • Women’s Cultural Social Society for Deaf Children - K.D. 25,000 and Psychologically Disturbed patients – K.D. 15,000. • Annual support towards the Kuwait Science Club Activities – K.D. 50,000. • Re-establishment of the Kuwait Zoo by the Public Authority for Agricultural Affairs and Fish Resources - K.D. 43,000. • Financial support to the Library of the College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University - K.D. 25,000. • Contribution towards the International Islamic Charitable Organization to set-up an automated system - KD 50,000 and a new building – K.D. 50,000. • Kuwait National Scientific Museum - K.D. 77,000. • Refurbishment of the public libraries of Al-Qurain, Al- Ayoun and Jaber Al-Ali. - K.D. 70,000.
183 • Islamic Dar Al-Athar to produce a film on Kuwait’s interest for Islamic Culture - K.D. 50,000. • Kuwaiti Volunteers Committee - K.D. 30,000. • Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour for Social Care and Housing - K.D. 8,000. • Support to Kuwait Heart Foundation to fund the Mobile Unit - K.D. 40,000. • Ministry of Information to produce a documentary film on the tragedy of Children of the Kuwaiti hostages - K.D. 40,000. • Kuwait Writer’s Association - K.D. 10,000. • Kuwait Geographic Society for research - K.D. 18,000. • Contribution to Kuwait Medical Association to publish the Kuwaiti Medical Magazine (from 1996 to 2005) - K.D. 30,000. • Support to the Kuwaiti Society for Fighting Smoking and Cancer for the Awareness Media Campaign on fighting smoking under the slogan, “A Smoke-Free Kuwaiti Environment” - K.D. 2,000. • Support to the “Hadhoodi” Club for kids organized by Environment Public Authority in the summer of 2005. • Publication of a special magazine on childhood for Kuwait Society for Advancement of Arab Child (for five years starting 1996) - K.D. 35,000. • Purchase of Kuwaiti Dhow “Qetaa” from UAE - K.D. 25,000. • Arab League for Arabization of Documents for Medical Sciences till 2005 - K.D. 20,000. • Financial support for publication of Al-Boom (English version) - K.D. 11,000. • Support for a seminar conducted by the Arabian Magazine in celebration of its 40th anniversary - K.D. 18,000. • Diplomatic Centre for Strategic Studies - K.D. 4,500. • Fund towards the Ministry of Planning for the awareness of the Millennium problem - K.D. 10,000. • Financial support towards the ‘Greatest Prophet’s’ Public Library - K.D. 8,200. • Support for awareness program on Traffic and Safety for the Ministry of Interior - K.D. 10,000. • Financial support to the Kuwait’s Handicapped Club towards the establishment of a photo editing centre.
184 • Contribution towards a special play center for children with special needs and down syndrome at Al-Wafaa Girls School - K.D. 11,145. • Contribution towards the purchase of equipment for the treatment of speech difficulties at Al-Rajaa Special Needs School - K.D. 3,800. • Support for the 18th Youth Summer Training Program on the use of Computer in cooperation with Kuwait Society for Information Technology. • Support to Patient Helping Society to set up ‘Al-Qasr’ Health Centre in Jahra. - K.D. 500,000 • Support for maintenance and exhibiting “Dar Al-Athar Islamiah” artifacts at the Kuwait National Museum - Phase I. • Support to establish the Center for Voluntary Work and its activities for five years from 2005 – KD 50,000.
Cultural Activities: • Scientific books - 207 books, including Dictionary of the Holy Quran (8 issues) and children’s encyclopedia (17 issues). • Publication of the Dictionary of the Holy Qur’an - Introduction using Braille, in collaboration with the Kuwait Blind Society. • Contribution for scientific camps that include contests, workshops training courses and scientific gatherings. • Participation in the activities of the Technological Innovation Center organized by the National Company for Technological Projects at the Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry. • Support to researchers attending conference and workshops – 1,272 persons. • Grant to organize training courses in collaboration with scientific institutes for private and public sector and Kuwaiti youth – KD 58,034. • Participation in supporting and organizing scientific meetings, seminars, conferences, workshops to encourage technology transfer - 331 meetings. • Participation in eight local exhibitions and eleven international exhibitions. • Twenty Eighth Summer training program in collaboration with KISR for secondary school/university students.
185 • Production of scientific films - 20 films. • Inauguration of the Film Library at Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences. The Library contains scientific and educational films in Arabic and English. • Al-Oloom Magazine (Scientific American) – 210 issues and Al-Takadom El Elmi Magazine (The Scientific Advancement) - 51 issues. • Release of the annual journal and compressed disks (CDs) of Issues # 43-47 of the Science Journal. • Conference held in Washington DC by the Public Authority for Assessment of Compensation Resulting from Iraqi Aggression (PAAC) - U.S. $ 200,000 • Support to Kuwait Projects Company for training courses for managers - K.D. 150,000. • Publication of a book to commemorate the 25th Anniversary of Kuwait University- K.D. 15,000 • Support to staff of Kuwaiti Shareholding Companies to attend conferences, workshops and training – 2,943 persons. • Financial and Administrative support for participants of the National Olympiad Competition on Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Mathematics and Computers, in cooperation with the Ministry of Education - 21 students in 2005. • Contribution towards the 5th Physics Competition, Arab Educational Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council – K.D. 10,000 • Grant for the Pioneer (Reyada) Competition winners- K.D. 2,250. • Financial support to various organizations (12) to conduct training courses. • Financial support to “The NASA International Space Week” contest that was held at the Scientific Center where both students and the general public participated. • Participation in the Supervisory Training Program for Public and Private Youth Institutions belonging to the Regional Office of Asia (MLST). • Funds for programs and activitis of the International Organization for Investing Leisure time in Science and Technology (MLST) - KD 34,350.
186 • Financial support for the 4th Environment Competition for High School Students in collaboration with Environment Public Authority. • KFAS films exhibition at the 30th Book Exhibition. • Contribution towards prizes for (Ikrah) Competition - K.D. 2,700. • Research Competition for High School Students during the Gulf Water Week in collaboration with the Ministry of Energy. • Annual contribution towards National and Liberation Day competitions - K.D. 10,000. • Distribution of KFAS publications and encyclopedia to public libraries and Government School Libraries. • Support for the London International Youth Science Forum - 11 participants. • Partial support towards the Finalists of Seventh Regional Computer Programming at University level, College of Science, Kuwait University. • Organization of local training programs for shareholding companies - 259 participants. • Organization of quality improvenence training courses for KFAS employees - 7 employees. • Two training courses held at KFAS for 25 employees. • Scientific presentations by 160 Kuwaiti researchers and 24 non-Kuwaiti researchers at International conferences. • Supervising issuance of proceedings for conferences and scientific activities that KFAS supports to be used as refereed references. • Participation in the Gulf TV and Radio Production Festival, 10th Cairo TV and Radio Festival and attending the 10th International Scientific Meet (MLST) under the Scientific Festivals Programs . • Contribution of K.D. 10,000 for the 3rd Scientific and Educational Festival to encourage creative and talented students. • Contribution towards the commemoration of the National Day for Weather Forecasting and the Ozone Layer , UNESCO Club at Fintas Secondary School for Girls - K.D. 2,000.
187 • The International Civil Protection Day and the Civil Defence Week held in Kuwait - K.D. 3,000. • Financial support to the First Contest on “Robot Technology”. • Contribution towards a Workshop on Robotics held by Ministry of Education in collaboration with the UNESCO International Organization for Utilizing Leisure Time on Science and Technology (MLST) - K.D. 3,000. • Contribution towards the “Thank You Teacher” Festival held by Kuwait Teachers Society in Honour of His Highness the Late Amir as the Pioneer Teacher of Kuwait – K.D. 4,000. • Contribution to “The Ideal Mother” Competition - K.D. 3,000. • Support for scientific research by High School Students under the auspices of the Ministry of Energy. • Support for Kuwaiti-French Scientific Exhibition entitled, “When Sciences Speak in Arabic” in cooperation with the Regional Office of Asia (MLST) in Kuwait. • Contribution towards the Golden Jubilee of the Shuwaikh High School - K.D. 15,000. • Contribution towards producing 2000 CD copies of the film on “Corrosion” (Arabic and English). • Funding the visit of a British consultant for the Sadu Society to establish the new building and to present a lecture on museums. • Production of radio serials entitled, “Towards an Efficient Management” that emphasizes on the role of schools in developing student skills. • Contribution towards the Seventh Regional Olympiad for the Arab countries and North Africa for establishing programs at Kuwait University. • Documentation and archival of radio program series “Takadom Al-Elmi” .
International Programs: • Kuwait Program at Harvard University, USA for ten years since 2001 - total contribution U.S. $ 820,000. • Fellowship in Math at Cambridge University - annual contribution of £ 150,000 for ten years, (since 1999).
188 • Oxford Center for Islamic Studies since 1997 for ten years - £ 2,500,000 (Kuwaiti Fellowship and scholarship programs for Kuwait University graduates). • STEMARN Program Phase II by UNESCO, Egypt and Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain - U.S. $ 125,000 established in 1997. • The Arab School for Science and Technology Project in cooperation with Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Kuwait University (KU), Environment Public Authority and the Board of Private Universities in Kuwait, the Center for Studies and Scientific Research, Higher College for Applied Sciences and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority of the Republic of Syria, National Council for Scientific Research and the Lebanese University in Lebanon. The activities of this program cover a wide spectrum, including intensive symposiums, lectures and workshops. • Program for Studies on the Arabian Gulf by the Council of American Foreign Affairs - U.S. $ 1,500,000. • President George Bush Library in Texas University, U.S.A. - U.S. $ 1,000,000. • James Baker Institute in Rice University, U.S.A. - U.S. $ 500,000. • Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) - U.S. $ 500,000 and U.S. $ 50,000 for the Newsletter. • Kuwait Research Fund for organizing exchange visit programs for researchers at Harvard University and officials at Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS). • Funds to support programs at Abdul-Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (ASICTP), Trieste, Italy - U.S. $ 50,000. Thirteen persons were nominated in 2005 to attend the programs. • Establishment of the Department of General Policies at Rice University, Houstan, Texas - U.S. $ 200,000. • Membership since 1983 with the International Council of Associations for Science Education (ICASE). • Membership in the Federation of Asian Scientific Academies and Societies (FASAS).
189 • Support towards organizing two training programs for executive managers from private Kuwaiti Share-holding companies in cooperation with Business Studies College at Harvard University (HBS) - 20 persons attended . • Financial support towards the Kuwait Week in Japan in 1998 – K.D. 250,000. • Contribution to the American Geological Society for the Farouk Al-Baz Prize– U.S. $ 60,000. • Annual funding to Kuwait–American Foundation for ten years since 2001 for program on "Do the Write Thing" – K.D. 300,000. • Annual financial support for three years to the Institution of Arabian and Islamic Sciences, Frankfurt University, Germany – DM 100,000. • Support towards training 44 Kuwaiti and GCC Executive Managers at John F. Kennedy's College Harvard University, USA. • Funds towards a program for researchers from Kuwait and GCC countries at different colleges at Harvard University - 34 researchers. • Financial support towards establishing three prizes for research projects on heart and vascular diseases, cancer and diabetes at the WHO Middle East Regional Office - US $ 200,000. • Scientific Cooperation Agreement with the Massachusetts Institute for Technology (MIT) to establish the Kuwait- MIT Center for Natural and Environmental Resources - U.S. $ 1,000,000 annually for the next ten years starting from 2005. • Endowment of US $ 3,300,000 to establish the “Kuwait Chair for Studies of the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula” in Elite College for International Relations at George Washington University starting from September 2005. • Endowment of US $ 2,000,000 - 2,500,000 to fund the Chair of the Late Amir, His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al- Ahmad Al-Sabah at the Arabian Gulf University in the Kingdom of Bahrain.
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