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In the City I Long For”

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In the City I Long For” “IN THE CITY I LONG FOR” i “IN THE CITY I LONG FOR”: DISCOVERING AND ENFOLDING URBAN NATURE IN ONTARIO LITERATURE By MATTHEW ZANTINGH, B.A., M.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University © Copyright by Matthew Zantingh, July 2014. ii McMaster University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2014) Hamilton, Ontario (English & Cultural Studies) TITLE: “In the City I Long For”: Discovering and Enfolding Urban Nature in Ontario Literature AUTHOR: Matthew Zantingh, B.A. (The King’s University College), M.A. (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Professor Daniel Coleman NUMBER OF PAGES: viii, 307. iii Abstract This dissertation examines the literary archives of three Ontario cities – Windsor, Hamilton, and Toronto – to discover and enfold urban nature in our everyday lives. Beginning with a refusal to accept the popular notion that there is no nature in the city or that the city is separate from the natural world, I seek to engage with writers in these three cities to find representations of and engagements with the natural world in an urban setting. In the light of a growing environmental crisis marked by fossil fuel shortages, climate change, biodiversity decline, and habitat loss, this project is an attempt to craft a meaningful response from an ecocritical perspective. Central to this response are two key contentions: one, that the natural world is in the city, but we need to find ways to recognize it there; and, two, that the most efficacious and ethical way to respond to environmental crisis is to make this urban nature a part of our everyday lives by fostering attachments to it and protecting it, or, to put it differently, enfolding it into our human lives. Using literature, my project shows how the natural world is present in three Ontario cities and how writers like Di Brandt, John Terpstra, Phyllis Brett Young, and others are already including urban nature in their work. This work also addresses significant gaps in Canadian literary discourse which has tended to focus on wilderness or rural spaces and in ecocritical discourse which has also tended to eschew urban locations. This project adopts an interdisciplinary perspective to read a wide range of texts including fiction, poetry, creative non-fiction, educational material, scientific publications, and others in order to encourage readers and citizens of Windsor, Hamilton, and Toronto to discover and enfold the urban nature present in those cities. iv Acknowledgements This dissertation is dedicated to all the residents of Windsor, Hamilton, and Toronto, especially those who have come to discover and enfold the urban nature that each city has. Following the worthy example of Rachel Carson, it is my belief that environmental scholarship needs to be oriented towards a wider reading public. My hope is that this project has been written in such a way that it will be accessible to all readers, particularly residents of these cities outside of the university. I acknowledge the support of the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities for an Ontario Graduate Scholarship in my third year of study and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for granting a Doctoral award in my final year of study. McMaster University also generously funded my work through a Dalley Prestige Scholarship and Graduate Scholarships over the last four years. I would also like to acknowledge the Haudenosaunee and Nishnaabeg peoples on whose territories the three cities examined in this study were built. It would never have been possible to complete this degree in such a timely fashion without the support of a vast community of people. At the many moments when I felt the alienation and isolation of working in a field that demands large amounts of solitary activity, these people have always been a source of inspiration, hope, and encouragement. There are many more who I have not named here but played a role in the development of both this project and my own scholarly career. To the office women (Antoinette Somo, Ilona Forgo-Smith, Bianca James, and Aurelia Gatto) whose careful attention to detail and helpfulness made the day-to-day management of being a graduate student possible, my deepest thanks! To my fellow graduate students who have walked with me on this journey, listened to my complaints and tangled thoughts, read versions of work, and have made the last five years incredibly rewarding, thanks. In particular, I want to recognize Phanuel Antwi, Erin Aspenlieder, Jessica Marion Barr, Nick Buffo, Patrick Byrne, Kaitlin Debicki, Matthew Dorrell, Jessie Forsyth, Michael Hemmingsen, Emily Hill, Nick Holm, Paul Huebener, Pam Ingleton, Erin Julian, Geoff Martin, Kyle Malashewski, Mike Mikulak, Simon Orpana, Michelle Peek, Ben Prus, Shar Reimer, Jocelyn Sakal-Froese, and Emily West. To the members of ALECC whose important work, feedback at conferences, and, most of all, friendship has shown me that being an ecocritic in Canada is not only possible but also deeply enjoyable, thank you all. To Briercrest College for not only offering me a job while I was mired in the writing process, but graciously allowing me to stay in Hamilton for a year to finish this project. I v look forward to many years of repaying that faith through my teaching and scholarship in Caronport. Special thanks to Jacqueline Langille who put up with my complaints, singing, yelling, tapping, and any of the various other noises that emanated from my office. She was also a willing listener and indulged my love of board games. To Andrew Hibma, the staff, volunteers, and Board of New Hope Community Bikes, a big thank you for giving me a space to get my hands dirty and pretend like I know what I’m doing with a bicycle. To Darren and Jessica Brouwer and Justin and Rachel Cook (and all their children), who have taken Lynn and I in for the last 3 years and made it easy for us to call Hamilton home while we were here, thank you so much. To my parents, Harry and Wilma Zantingh, who encouraged me in schooling, reading, and helped make the dream of getting paid to read come to fruition, I owe a debt I can never repay. To Lorraine York, who provided timely and insightful feedback throughout my time at McMaster while also being an exemplar for how to be an academic and still be human, thank you. To Susie O’Brien, who somehow found time to take on another PhD student while she was swamped with other work, I owe much. Her expertise, humility, and willingness to entertain my project have resulted in a much more thorough and engaged dissertation. To my supervisor, Daniel Coleman, whose careful reading, patient listening, and wise comments helped to get this project started, kept it on the rails in moments when I threatened to derail it, and gently but firmly pushed me right to the end, I owe a deep debt of gratitude. To Joe Frank who talked me through comprehensive exams, provided a critical eye for both research and creative writing, and introduced me to comic books and American literature, thank you. To Lisa Kabesh without whose questions and thoughts this project would not have come to a timely completion, I owe a debt of thanks and more than a few bottles of wine. Most of all, I owe everything to my loving partner and wife, Lynn Klingenberg. She has stood by me through all of the ups and downs of graduate school, patiently listened to long and convoluted stories (and more than a generous helping of complaint), given me space to work at home, and sacrificed more than I could know all while remaining compassionate and loving. Je t’aime. vi Table of Contents 1 Walking the Hidden Country: Getting Back to Nature in the City · 1 2 Encountering Ambiguity and Ambivalence: Windsor · 34 Tracking Ambivalence in the Landscapes of John Richardson’s Historical Fiction · 47 Windsor’s Emergence as a City: A Historical Interlude · 59 Surveying the Conflicting Images of the Detroit River · 64 Ambivalent Experiences in the City: The Age of the Cities and “Zone: <le Détroit>” · 86 3 Finding and Understanding Resilience: Hamilton · 110 Understanding Resilience Thinking · 116 Building Resilience on a Broad Scale: Saga of a City · 130 Communities on the Water: The Fishers of Paradise and Beach Strip · 142 Is This Sandbar a Place?: Falling Into Place · 175 4 Building Inclusive Belonging: Toronto · 192 Historical Contexts for Reading Toronto ·201 Finding Place in the Suburbs: The Torontonians and “Shale” · 205 What of Those Without a Home?: Free Reign · 235 Racial Belonging: Listening to Marginalised Voices · 250 Urban Nature as a Meeting Point: Dionne Brand’s thirsty · 272 5 Growing Into Alternative Futures: The Role of the Arts in the City · 282 Works Cited · 289 vii “This is a poem about the world that is ours, or could be.” - Mary Oliver “Five A.M. in the Pinewoods” viii Ph.D. Thesis – Matthew Zantingh; McMaster University – English & Cultural Studies Walking the Hidden Country, or Getting Back to Nature in the City. “One day in desperation, tired beyond measure of walking the endless paved roadways of suburbia, I cut across an overgrown field and almost fell into a green, riverine land. I remember even now how I felt my chest expand, breathing in the oxygen from the trees. There was water down below, rushing over stones and darting through rapids. It sounded like water, looked like water, smelled like water. And though there was not a cloud in the sky, my cheek was wet. I had not died and gone to heaven. I’d just found the secret, the real world that has always existed beneath the concrete and glass of the exhaust-fumed, deafening city.
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