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A Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis of Alpine Skiing in Moguls

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A Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis of Alpine Skiing in Moguls University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 1992 A three-dimensional kinematic analysis of Alpine skiing in moguls Anton N. Arndt University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Arndt, Anton N., A three-dimensional kinematic analysis of Alpine skiing in moguls, Master of Science (Hons.) thesis, Department of Human Movement Science, University of Wollongong, 1992. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/2838 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] NOTE This online version of the thesis may have different page formatting and pagination from the paper copy held in the University of Wollongong Library. UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG COPYRIGHT WARNING You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. A THREE-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ALPINE SKIING IN MOGULS A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of HONOURS MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG from LIBRARY THE UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by ANTON N. ARNDT, BSc. DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN MOVEMENT SCIENCE 1992 1 ABSTRACT The alpine skiing freestyle discipline of mogul skiing received full medal status at the 1992 Winter Olympic Games, resulting in a demand for expert coaching which would benefit from a detailed kinematic analysis. General alpine skiing injury mechanisms and the epidemiology thereof are well documented in scientific literature, however no studies have been conducted on injury mechanisms occurring specifically in mogul skiing. The dynamic nature of mogul skiing, in which impacts of the lower limb with moguls up to 1.5 m high occur at a high frequency, places considerable stress on the joints of the lower limbs. Personal correspondence with a number of mogul skiing World Cup competitors indicated a high proportion of elite competitive mogul skiers suffering from injuries at the knee joint. This study was an initial attempt at providing a detailed kinematic analysis of mogul skiing to be of technical assistance for coaching purposes and also to identify potential injury mechanisms encountered in this sport. Three elite competitive mogul skiers skied a set course of moguls with the turn executed on the final mogul being filmed for subsequent analysis. Data was collected by two LOCAM high­ speed cameras operating at a nominal frame rate of 200 Hz. The Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) technique was used to obtain the x, y and z coordinates of the markers positioned on the subjects. These were combined with manually obtained transformation measurements of the distances of these markers from previously defined local coordinate systems as input to the Motion Analysis Corporation (MAC) software package; KinTrak. This then defined the position of the subjects' segments in three-dimensions. Rotations of these segments about Joint Coordinate System (JCS) axes then permitted the calculation of angles of rotation of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and intemal/external rotation about the ankle, knee and hip joints. The analysis was a descriptive analysis treating each subject as a case study. Results showed that the subjects skied over the mogul with flexion/extension motions correlating with those described in the literature as most effective in terms of aesthetics and force absorption. The results are applicable for coaching puiposes by using the idea of a 'template' of specific variables to be compared between skiers. Two postures associated with injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knees were identified by a combination of variables in a number of trials. The most commonly described alpine skiing injury mechanism in the literature concerning the medial collateral ligament (MCL) was not identified in any of the trials in this study. It is recommended that specific variables relating to injury be examined in further studies and that the quantifiable benefits of kinematic analysis to competitive coaching be continued. U ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank the people without whose assistance this study would not have been possible. Sincere thanks are extended to Dr. Peter Milburn for his expert guidance, knowledge and support throughout the duration of this study. Invaluable support was also provided by the other biomechanists of the Department of Human Movement Science, especially Julie Steele. Thank you for the technical help provided by Mark Andrews in the development of software and Mario Solitro in the construction of the cube. Thank you also to the research assistants who helped with this project. For their endless enthusiasm as subjects and advice on mogul skiing a big thank you to Simon Blundell and the Thredbo Freestyle Ski team. Thank you also to Thredbo Alpine Village for their mountainous support in providing facilities for data collection. Finally, in appreciation of everything, thankyou to my family and friends. Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures...................................................................................................................vii List of Tables.......................................................................... jx C hapter 1. Introduction................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Context of the Problem............................................................................ 2 1.2 Significance of this Study........................................................................2 1.3 The Research Aims............................................................................................ 3 1.4 Limitations and Delimitations.................................................................. 3 1.4.1 Limitations............................ 3 1.4.2 Delimitations..................................... 4 1.5 Definitions.......................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Glossary of Alpine Skiing Terms...................................................................... 11 Chapter 2. A Review of Related Literature...............................................................13 2.1 Kinematic Studies of General Alpine Skiing................................................... 14 2.1.1 Skier Mass Composition......................................................................14 2.1.2 Standard Stance....................................................................................15 2.1.3 T urning................................................................................................15 2.1.4 Application to Skiing M oguls............................................................. 17 IV 2.2 Kinetic Studies in General Alpine Skiing......................................................23 2.2.1 Skiing Forces................................................................................23 2.2.2 Forces on the Lower Limb....................................................... 28 2.3 Epidemiology of Skiing Injuries....................................................................31 2.4 Three-Dimensional Kinematics..............................................................32 2.4.1 Direction Cosines...............................................................................32 2.4.2 Euler Angles....................................................................................... 34 2.5 The DLT Filming Technique........................................................................
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