Running Head: PEER-TO-PEER DECENTRALIZED PLATFORMS
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Prospectus, Which Is in the Swedish-Language, and Which Was Approved by the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority on 17 May 2019
NB: This English-language document is an unofficial translation of XBT Provider AB's base prospectus, which is in the Swedish-language, and which was approved by the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority on 17 May 2019. In the case of any discrepancies between the base prospectus and this English translation, the Swedish-language base prospectus shall prevail. BASE PROSPECTUS Dated 17 May 2019 for the issuance of BITCOIN TRACKER CERTIFICATES, BITCOIN CASH TRACKER CERTIFICATES, ETHEREUM TRACKER CERTIFICATES, ETHEREUM CLASSIC TRACKER CERTIFICATES, LITECOIN TRACKER CERTIFICATES, XRP TRACKER CERTIFICATES, NEO TRACKER CERTIFICATES & BASKET CERTIFICATES under the Issuance programme of XBT Provider AB (publ) (a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of Sweden) The Certificates are guaranteed by CoinShares (Jersey) Limited ______________________________________ IMPORTANT INFORMATION This base prospectus (the "Base Prospectus") contains information relating to Certificates (as defined below) to be issued under the programme (the "Programme"). Under the Base Prospectus, XBT Provider AB (publ) (the "Issuer" or "XBT Provider") may, from time to time, issue Certificates and apply for such Certificates to be admitted to trading on one or more regulated markets or multilateral trading facilities ("MTF’s") in Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom or, subject to completion of relevant notification measures, any other Member State within the European Economic Area ("EEA"). The correct performance of the Issuer's payment obligations regarding the Certificates under the Programme are guaranteed by CoinShares (Jersey) Limited (the "Guarantor"). The Certificates are not principal-protected and do not bear interest. Consequently, the value of, and any amounts payable under, the Certificates will be strongly influenced by the performance of the Tracked Digital Currencies (as defined herein) and, unless the certificates are denominated in USD, the USD-SEK exchange rate or, as the case may be, the USD-EUR exchange rate. -
Segwit2x –
SegWit2x – A New Statement The Overwhelming power of SegWit2x In order to safeguard the community from an undesired chain split, the upgrade should be overwhelming, but it’s not enough. It should also ‘appear’ as overwhelming. People, businesses and services needs to be certain about what is going to happen and the risks if they won’t follow. My impression is that still too many speaking english people in the western world think the upgrade will be abandoned before or immediately after block 494784 is mined, thus they are going to simply ignore it. That could lead to unprepared patch up and confusion, while naïve users risk to harm themselves. For this reason and for the sake of the Bitcoin community as a whole, we need to show again, clearly and publicly the extent of the support to SegWit2x. We also need to commit ourselves in a widespread communication campaign. I know this is not a strict technical matter, but it could help a lot avoiding technical issues in the future. What we have to do First, we need a new statement from the original NYA signers and all the business, firms and individuals who joined the cause later. That statement should be slightly different from the original NYA though, and I am explaining why. We all know that what Bitcoin is will be ultimately determined by market forces, comprehensive of all the stakeholders involved: businesses, miners, users, developers, traders, investors, holders etc. Each category has its own weight in the process, and everybody has incentives in following the market. -
Combining Bittorrent with Darknets for P2P Privacy
Combining Bittorrent with Darknets for P2P privacy Öznur Altintas Niclas Axelsson Abstract Over the last few years, traditional downloading of programs and application from a website has been replaced by another medium - peer to peer file sharing networks and programs. Peer- to-peer sharing has grown to tremendous level with many networks having more then millions of users to share softwareʼs, music files, videos and programs etc. However, this rapid growth leaves privacy concerns in its awake. P2P applications disable clients to limit the sharing of documents to a specific set of users and maintain their anonymity. Using P2P applications like BitTorrent exposes clientsʼ information to the other people. OneSwarm is designed to overcome this privacy problem. OneSwarm is a new P2P data sharing system that provides users with explicit, configurable control over their data. In this report, we will discuss briefly Darknets and privacy terms, and mainly how OneSwarm solves privacy problem while providing good performance. Introduction For a better understanding of this report, we begin with the explanation of some terms such as Darknets and privacy and brief background information underlies the idea of OneSwarm. Darknet—a collection of networks and technologies used to share digital content. The darknet is not a separate physical network but an application and protocol layer riding on existing networks. Examples of Darknets are peer-to-peer file sharing, CD and DVD copying and key or password sharing on email and newsgroups. When used to describe a file sharing network, the term is often used as a synonym for "friend-to-friend", both describing networks where direct connections are only established between trusted friends. -
The Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA) 2015
The Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA) 2015 2 THE INTERNET ORGANISED CRIME THREAT ASSESSMENT (IOCTA) 2015 THE INTERNET ORGANISED CRIME THREAT ASSESSMENT (IOCTA) 2015 3 TABLE OF FOREWORD 5 CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 KEY FINDINGS 10 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 12 SUGGESTED OPERATIONAL PRIORITIES 15 INTRODUCTION 16 MALWARE 18 ONLINE CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION 29 PAYMENT FRAUD 33 SOCIAL ENGINEERING 37 DATA BREACHES AND NETWORK ATTACKS 40 ATTACKS ON CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE 44 CRIMINAL FINANCES ONLINE 46 CRIMINAL COMMUNICATIONS ONLINE 50 DARKNETS 52 BIG DATA, IOT AND THE CLOUD 54 THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CYBERCRIME 57 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 62 APPENDICES 67 A1. THE ENCRYPTION DEBATE 67 A2. AN UPDATE ON CYBER LEGISLATION 70 A3. COMPUTER CRIME, FOLLOWED BY CYBERCRIME FOLLOWED BY …. ROBOT AND AI CRIME? 72 4 THE INTERNET ORGANISED CRIME THREAT ASSESSMENT (IOCTA) 2015 FOREWORD These include concrete actions under the three main mandated Threat Assessment (IOCTA), the annual presentation of the areas – child sexual exploitation, cyber attacks, and payment I am pleased to present the 2015 Internet Organised Crime fraud – such as targeting certain key services and products Centre (EC3). offered as part of the Crime-as-a-Service model, addressing the cybercrime threat landscape by Europol’s European Cybercrime growing phenomenon of live-streaming of on-demand abuse of children, or targeted actions with relevant private sector partners ofUsing cybercrime the 2014 for report the asperiod a baseline, under this consideration. assessment Itcovers offers the a cross-cutting crime enablers such as bulletproof hosting, illegal viewkey developments, predominantly changes from a lawand enforcement emerging threats perspective in the based field tradingagainst onlinesites on payment Darknets fraud. -
Viacoin Whitepaper
Viacoin Whitepaper Viacoin Dev Team September 12, 2017 Last updated on September 22, 2017 Abstract Viacoin is an open source crypto-currency created in 2014, derived from the [6]Bitcoin protocol that supports embedded consensus with an extended OP_RETURN of 120 byte. Viacoin features Scrypt Merged mining, also called Auxiliary proof of work or AuxPoW, and 25x faster transactions than Bitcoin. Viacoin mining reward halving takes place every 6 months and has a total supply of 23,000,000 coins. The inflation rate of Viacoin is low due to minimal mining reward. As the block reward of Viacoin is low, miners are given incentive to mine Viacoin through Merged mining (AuxPoW). Viacoin is currently mined by one of the biggest mining pools (F2Pool) with a very high hashrate. Other features include a mining difficulty adjustment algorithm to address flaws in Kimoto’s Gravity Well (DarkGravityWave), Versionbits to allow for 29 simultaneous Soft Fork changes to be implemented at a time, Segwit and the Lightning Network Note: The whitepaper, documentation, designs are in research and development phase and subject to change. 1 1 Scrypt In cryptography, [7]Scrypt is a password based key derivation function created by Colin Percival. The al- gorithm was designed to make it costly to perform large-scale custom hardware attacks by requiring large amounts of memory. In 2012, the algorithm was published by the IETF as an internet draft intended to become an informational RFC, but a version of Scrypt is now used as a proof of work scheme by cryptocur- rencies like Viacoin. Scrypt is a memory hard key derivation function, it requires a reasonably large amount of Random Ac- cess Memory to be evaluated. -
A Survey on Consensus Mechanisms and Mining Strategy Management
1 A Survey on Consensus Mechanisms and Mining Strategy Management in Blockchain Networks Wenbo Wang, Member, IEEE, Dinh Thai Hoang, Member, IEEE, Peizhao Hu, Member, IEEE, Zehui Xiong, Student Member, IEEE, Dusit Niyato, Fellow, IEEE, Ping Wang, Senior Member, IEEE Yonggang Wen, Senior Member, IEEE and Dong In Kim, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—The past decade has witnessed the rapid evolution digital tokens between Peer-to-Peer (P2P) users. Blockchain in blockchain technologies, which has attracted tremendous networks, especially those adopting open-access policies, are interests from both the research communities and industries. The distinguished by their inherent characteristics of disinterme- blockchain network was originated from the Internet financial sector as a decentralized, immutable ledger system for transac- diation, public accessibility of network functionalities (e.g., tional data ordering. Nowadays, it is envisioned as a powerful data transparency) and tamper-resilience [2]. Therefore, they backbone/framework for decentralized data processing and data- have been hailed as the foundation of various spotlight Fin- driven self-organization in flat, open-access networks. In partic- Tech applications that impose critical requirement on data ular, the plausible characteristics of decentralization, immutabil- security and integrity (e.g., cryptocurrencies [3], [4]). Further- ity and self-organization are primarily owing to the unique decentralized consensus mechanisms introduced by blockchain more, with the distributed consensus provided by blockchain networks. This survey is motivated by the lack of a comprehensive networks, blockchains are fundamental to orchestrating the literature review on the development of decentralized consensus global state machine1 for general-purpose bytecode execution. mechanisms in blockchain networks. In this survey, we provide a Therefore, blockchains are also envisaged as the backbone systematic vision of the organization of blockchain networks. -
Darknet As a Source of Cyber Threat Intelligence: Investigating Distributed and Reflection Denial of Service Attacks
Darknet as a Source of Cyber Threat Intelligence: Investigating Distributed and Reflection Denial of Service Attacks Claude Fachkha A Thesis in The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada November 2015 c Claude Fachkha, 2015 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Claude Fachkha Darknet as a Source of Cyber Threat Intelligence: Entitled: Investigating Distributed and Reflection Denial of Service Attacks and submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: 'U'HERUDK'\VDUW*DOH Chair 'U0RKDPPDG=XONHUQLQH External Examiner 'U-RH\3DTXHW External to Program 'U5DFKLGD'VVRXOL Examiner 'U5RFK+*OLWKR Examiner 'U0RXUDG'HEEDEL Thesis Supervisor Approved by 'U$EGHO5D]LN6HEDN Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director 'U$PLU$VLI Dean of Faculty ABSTRACT Cyberspace has become a massive battlefield between computer criminals and com- puter security experts. In addition, large-scale cyber attacks have enormously ma- tured and became capable to generate, in a prompt manner, significant interruptions and damage to Internet resources and infrastructure. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are perhaps the most prominent and severe types of such large-scale cyber attacks. Furthermore, the existence of widely available encryption and anonymity techniques greatly increases the difficulty of the surveillance and investigation of cyber attacks. In this context, the availability of relevant cyber monitoring is of paramount im- portance. -
Unveiling the I2P Web Structure: a Connectivity Analysis
Unveiling the I2P web structure: a connectivity analysis Roberto Magan-Carri´ on,´ Alberto Abellan-Galera,´ Gabriel Macia-Fern´ andez´ and Pedro Garc´ıa-Teodoro Network Engineering & Security Group Dpt. of Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications - CITIC University of Granada - Spain Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Web is a primary and essential service to share the literature have analyzed the content and services offered information among users and organizations at present all over through this kind of technologies [6], [7], [2], as well as the world. Despite the current significance of such a kind of other relevant aspects like site popularity [8], topology and traffic on the Internet, the so-called Surface Web traffic has been estimated in just about 5% of the total. The rest of the dimensions [9], or classifying network traffic and darknet volume of this type of traffic corresponds to the portion of applications [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]. Web known as Deep Web. These contents are not accessible Two of the most popular darknets at present are The Onion by search engines because they are authentication protected Router (TOR; https://www.torproject.org/) and The Invisible contents or pages that are only reachable through the well Internet Project (I2P;https://geti2p.net/en/). This paper is fo- known as darknets. To browse through darknets websites special authorization or specific software and configurations are needed. cused on exploring and investigating the contents and structure Despite TOR is the most used darknet nowadays, there are of the websites in I2P, the so-called eepsites. -
P2P Mixing and Unlinkable Bitcoin Transactions Anonymity of the People, by the People, and for the People
P2P Mixing and Unlinkable Bitcoin Transactions Anonymity of the people, by the people, and for the people Tim Ruffing Pedro Moreno-Sanchez Aniket Kate CISPA, Saarland University Purdue University Purdue University tim.ruffi[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—Starting with Dining Cryptographers networks Starting with the dining cryptographers network (DC-net) (DC-net), several peer-to-peer (P2P) anonymous communication protocol [14], another line of ACNs research emerged, where protocols have been proposed. Despite their strong anonymity users (or peers) do not employ any third party proxies and guarantees none of those has been employed in practice so instead communicate with each other to send their messages far: Most fail to simultaneously handle the crucial problems anonymously. While the DC-net protocol can guarantee suc- of slot collisions and malicious peers, while the remaining ones cessful termination and anonymity against honest-but-curious handle those with a significant increased latency (communication rounds) linear in the number of participating peers in the best adversary controlling a subset of users (or peers), it is easily case, and quadratic in the worst case. We conceptualize these prone to disruption by a single malicious peer who sends P2P anonymous communication protocols as P2P mixing, and invalid protocol messages (active disruption) or omits protocol present a novel P2P mixing protocol, DiceMix, that only requires messages entirely (crash). Moreover, a DC-net protects the constant (i.e., four) communication rounds in the best case, and anonymity of the involved malicious peers and subsequently 4 + 2f rounds in the worst case of f malicious peers. -
A Policymaker's Guide to Blockchain Technology Implementation And
Background paper to the preparation of the 24th CSTD priority theme on Harnessing Blockchain for sustainable development Author: Rasim A Policymaker’s Guide to Alam, MPP, Harvard Kennedy School Blockchain Technology Implementation and Innovation Abstract: As Blockchain technology matures and applications of the technology become more widespread, policymakers will need to assess their country’s ability to harness Blockchain technology and recognize the best pathway to Blockchain adoption. This research paper presents a country-level assessment framework for Blockchain implementation and recommends pathways to improve the rate of learning. The assessment framework can be used to identify the stages of Blockchain development, the steps towards full Blockchain adoption, and the opportunities and challenges in the implementation process. Keywords: Blockchain, Assessment Framework The findings, interpretations, and conclusions herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its official Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, cities, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. This paper represents the personal views of the author(s) only, not the views of the CSTD, UNCTAD secretariat or member States. The author accepts full responsibility for -
Blockchain and the Future of the Internet: a Comprehensive Review
1 Blockchain and the Future of the Internet: A Comprehensive Review Fakhar ul Hassan1, Anwaar Ali2, Mohamed Rahouti3, Siddique Latif4, Salil Kanhere5, Jatinder Singh6, Ala Al-Fuqaha7, Umar Janjua8, Adnan Noor Mian9, Junaid Qadir10, and Jon Crowcroft11 1,8,9,10Information Technology University (ITU), Punjab, Pakistan 2,6,11Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom 3Computer & Information Science Dept., Fordham University, NY USA 4University of Southern Queensland, Australia 5University of New South Wales, Australia 7Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar; Western Michigan University, USA Abstract—Blockchain is challenging the status quo of the can benefit from blockchain as it creates transparency and trust central trust infrastructure currently prevalent in the Internet in interactions among the stakeholders without involving any towards a design principle that is underscored by decentral- third party. That is the reason why industries such as transport, ization, transparency, and trusted auditability. In ideal terms, blockchain advocates a decentralized, transparent, and more energy sector, insurance, finance, and logistics have started to democratic version of the Internet. Essentially being a trusted and show their interest in blockchain technology to automate their decentralized database, blockchain finds its applications in fields solutions [2]–[5]. as varied as the energy sector, forestry, fisheries, mining, material It can be observed that although the onset of the Internet recycling, air pollution monitoring, supply -
Bittorrent Darknets Chao Zhang, Prithula Dhungel, Di Wu, Zhengye Liu and Keith W
BitTorrent Darknets Chao Zhang, Prithula Dhungel, Di Wu, Zhengye Liu and Keith W. Ross Woonhak Kang 2010. 11. 04 VLDB Lab. [email protected] Contents • Introduction • BitTorrent (Background) § Architecture and Term. § Public and Private torrent sites • Overview of BitTorrent Darknets Operation • Analysis § Macroscopic § Medium-scopic § Microscopic • Conclusion 2 SKKU VLDB Lab. Introduction • Darknet § 비공개 토런트 사이트(private torrent sites) § 가입자에게만 공개 § 초대(inviatation), 사이트 임시 가입기간에 가입 § 사용자의 upload, download 크기를 기록 - up/down 비율을 통해 사용자의 이용제한 - up/down 비율이 높은 유저에게 혜택 • Motivation § 연구분야에서 큰 주목을 받지 못했다. § 독특한 정책 때문에 공개 토런트와 특성이 다르다. § 토런트 전체 시스템의 이해를 위해서는 공개/비공개 모두를 고려할 필요 가 있다 3 SKKU VLDB Lab. Introduction • Analysis § Macroscopic - 800개 이상의 비공개 토런트 분석 - Sharky list 와 Alexa rank 이용 - 전체 토런트 파일, 유저, 피어(peer) 정보 분석 § Medium-scopic - 4개의 인기 비공개 토런트 분석 - 트랙커(trackers), 피어(peer), 유저, 실제 공유파일 분석 - 공개 사이트와 비공개 사이트간의 상관관계 § Microscopic - HDChina 분석 - 유저의 up/down 기록, 활동시간 조사 4 SKKU VLDB Lab. Contents • Introduction • BitTorrent (Background) § Architecture and Term. § Public and Private torrent sites • Overview of BitTorrent Darknets Operation • Analysis § Macroscopic § Medium-scopic § Microscopic • Conclusion 5 SKKU VLDB Lab. BitTorrent (Background) • Bittorrent is a system for efficient and scalable replication of large amounts of static data § Scalable - the throughput increases with the number of downloaders § Efficient - it utilises a large amount of available network bandwidth • The file to be distributed is split up in pieces and an SHA-1 hash is calculated for each piece 6 SKKU VLDB Lab. BitTorrent (Background) • A metadata file (.torrent) is distributed to all peers § Usually via HTTP • The metadata contains: § The SHA-1 hashes of all pieces § A mapping of the pieces to files § trackers reference 7 SKKU VLDB Lab.