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A Comparison of Themes Between Watershed Management and Ecosystem Management

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A Comparison of Themes Between Watershed Management and Ecosystem Management A COMPARISON OF THEMES BETWEEN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT by Patrick O'Hara Goggin A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE- Natural Resources College of Natural Resources UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-STEVENS POINT Stevens Point, Wisconsin August-1998 Copyright 1998 by Patrick O'Hara Goggin. All Rights Reserved. 2 A., ~-; :-·····:::.~- Goggin, Patrick 0. A COMPARISON OF THEMES BETWEEN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT. M. S., College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, August 1998. Since Tansley coined the term "ecosystem" in 1935, an ecosystem approach for managing ecological systems has been evolving in resource management. The ecosystem has become the unit for natural resource planning and management activities. Central to the concept of the ecosystem as a management unit has been the consideration of the relationship among all organisms (including humans) and their environment. This study compared two management approaches that use the ecosystem approach: watershed management and ecosystem management. Ten themes identified as dominant concepts within ecosystem management were examined and used as a framework for the comparison. Watershed management projects reviewed from the literature (n = 29) and watershed management projects reviewed by a mail survey (n = 17) were compared. The ecosystem management themes revealed in watershed management projects were analyzed. This analysis of themes of ecosystem management showed little difference between the two management approaches. One reason why no difference exists between the two management approaches may be that each approach evolved from a similar set of historic events. Further, because resource managers have used these two management approaches to address a related set of problems, their answers to management questions have employed shared themes as part of management initiatives. The comparison revealed themes shared between the management approaches; specifically, three pairs of themes summarized the important concepts: 1) data collection/ monitoring; 2) ecological boundaries/ organizational change; and 3) humans embedded 4 in nature/ values. Management implications of these key themes for natural resource management in Wisconsin were examined showing various tools available to resource managers for data collection and monitoring. The problem of data consolidation relating to endangered / threatened / special concern plant species was investigated. Other problems associated with applying the key themes to watershed management projects were analyzed. These problems included the difficulties of using ecological boundaries for management, the distinction between a fine-filter and coarse­ filter approach, the need for institutional change, and the obstacles to incorporating human dimensions of resource management into the decision-making process. Remedies to these problems were identified including increased communication between data collectors, emphasis on partnerships and collaboration between stakeholders, and early planning for mechanisms of conflict resolution / consensus. To avoid being overly broad in scope, goals and objectives of ecosystem management projects using an ecological approach must be developed by focusing on specific questions. The intent of the ecological approach is to redirect resource management efforts away from only producing utilitarian outputs and towards maintaining ecosystem health and ecological processes. The intent to integrate and sustain ecosystems is sound, but to that extent implementing the idea has been problematic for resource managers. Grumbine's ten themes of ecosystem management shared by the watershed management projects reviewed in this study offer a methodology for implementing an ecological approach to resource management. In addition, using the ecological unit of the watershed as the basis for making management decisions has been proven to work effectively for achieving an ecological approach to management. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research could not have been accomplished without the aid of numerous organizations and people. Financial support was provided through graduate research assistantships by means of N. Earl Spangenberg and Evie Merrill from the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, College ofNatural Resources Water Resources and Wildlife Disciplines, respectively. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Winnebago County (Illinois) Forest Preserve District, and Applied Ecological Services, Incorporated also provided valuable assistance. Many individuals also helped with this project. Specifically, I thank Jim Lorman, Elizabeth Spencer, John Pohlman, Steve Fix, Randy Hoffman, Mark Martin, Betty Les, and Bruce Folley with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; Victoria Nuzzo; Eric Anderson, Dale Christiansen (and the other brothers), Bob Freckman, Alan Haney, Dave Hillier, Evie Merrill, N. Earl Spangenberg, Ron Zimmerman, and my fellow graduate students of the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point; the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Interlibrary Loan Department, especially Carole Van Hom; and the Daniel and Jeannine Goggin family. The members of my committee were generous with their time, guidance, and advice. Their expertise strengthened my research and the presentation of my findings. I thank N. Earl Spangenberg, Steve Apfelbaum, Gary Meyer, and Christine Thomas for all their efforts. I had the good fortune to have an advisor who showed extreme patience and gave continual support throughout the entire process ofmy research. N. Earl Spangenberg helped me design and initiate my research. Also, through weekly meetings and 6 discussions, he helped keep me on task, and gave me encouragement and direction. Most important, he remained reserved at times, allowing me to grow as a professional and to learn things experientially. Finally, I thank my partner Mariquita Ingrid Sheehan, whose steady support and empathy gave me inspiration and confidence. I thank my good friend Wrex, whose carefreeness helped me relax and take time out now and again; he also joined me in the field on numerous occasions. Thanks to each and everyone. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE .................................................................................... ,........................ 1 COPYRIGHT PAGE .................................................................................................. 2 COMMITTEE SIGNATURE PAGE ........................................................................... 3 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... 8 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 12 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 13 A Statement of purpose .................................................................. 13 -Examining a focus in resource management toward an ecosystem approach .............................................................. 13 -Popularity of the ecosystem approach ......................................... 13 B. Scope of study .......................................................................... 15 -A comparison of two management approaches that use an ecosystem approach ............................................................................ 15 C. Key findings / project summary ...................................................... 15 BACKGROUND INFORMATION .............................................................. 17 A The ecosystem approach to resource management .................................. 17 B. Reasons behind the focus in resource management.. ....................................... 20 -Loss ofbiodiversity, environmental degradation, and increased ecological knowledge ............................................20 C. Management: a response by resource professionals to biodiversity loss ....... 21 D. Two management approaches: watershed management and ecosystem management ............................................................... 23 E. Why the comparison? .................................................................. 23 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT .................................................................................... 24 A. Definitions ........................................................................................................ 24 B. Evolution of watershed management.. .......................................................... 26 C. Elements of watershed management ................................................ 31 D. Pros and cons ofa watershed approach ............................................. 34 ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT ................................................................. 38 A. Definitions ........................................................................................................ 38 B. Evolution of ecosystem management ............................................................... 38
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