O Ocaso De Outubro

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

O Ocaso De Outubro O ocaso de Outubro: o construtivismo russo, a Oposição de Esquerda e a reestruturação do modo de vida Thyago Marão Villela O ocaso de Outubro: o construtivismo russo, a Oposição de Esquerda e a reestruturação do modo de vida dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao programa de pós-graduação em Artes Visuais, área de concentração “teoria, ensino e aprendizagem da arte”, linha de pesquisa “história, crítica e teoria da arte”, da Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de mestre em artes, sob a orientação do prof. Dr. Luiz Renato Martins. São Paulo, 2014. 2 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, desde que citada a fonte. email: [email protected] 3 nome| Thyago Marão Villela título| O ocaso de Outubro : o construtivismo russo, a Oposição de Esquerda e a reestruturação do modo de vida dissertação apresentada à Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Artes Visuais aprovado em banca examinadora Prof. Dr.____________________________ Instituição _______________________________ Julgamento ________________________ Assinatura ________________________________ Prof. Dr.____________________________ Instituição _______________________________ Julgamento ________________________ Assinatura ________________________________ Prof. Dr.____________________________ Instituição _______________________________ Julgamento ________________________ Assinatura ________________________________ 4 agradecimentos a ao orientador Luiz Renato Martins e a todos que contribuíram para a elaboração deste trabalho: Afonso Machado, Alexandra Santos, Ana Sotratto, André Acier, Clara Figueiredo, Francisco Pontes, Gabriel Fardin, Gabriela Salomé, Gustavo Motta, Iuri Tonelo, João de Regina, Júlia Abdalla, Leonardo Coutinho, Mônica Lopes, Natália Mantovan, Pollyana Rosa e Rita Frau. Agradeço especialmente meus pais, por todo o incentivo dado ao longo destes dois anos e meio, e Karlene de Oliveira, por toda a paciência e doçura. 5 RESUMO| A presente dissertação tem como objeto um debate que se desenvolveu durante o processo revolucionário russo, entre os anos de 1923 e 1928. Tal debate envolveu dois grupos: a Oposição de Esquerda, liderada por Leon Trotsky, e a Frente de Esquerda das Artes (LEF), movimento que aglutinou os artistas construtivistas. Ambos os grupos estavam interessados na reestruturação do modo de vida do proletariado russo como uma das dimensões do combate à burocratização do regime soviético e ao processo de modernização iniciado com a promulgação da Nova Política Econômica. A pesquisa examina, assim, as distintas posições e estratégias formuladas pela Oposição de Esquerda (e, posteriormente, Oposição Unificada) e pela LEF para o combate nos campos da cultura e do psiquismo. Palavras-chave: Construtivismo russo; Oposição de Esquerda; Revolução de Outubro; Nova Política Econômica 6 ABSTRACT | This dissertation is about a debate that developed during the Russian revolutionary process, between the years 1923 and 1928. This debate involved two groups: the Left Opposition – led by Leon Trotsky – and the Left Front of Arts (LEF), a movement that brought the constructivist artists together. Both groups were interested in restructuring the way of life of the Russian proletariat as a crucial part of the fight against bureaucratization of the Soviet regime and the process of modernization, started with the enactment of the New Economic Politcy. The research thus examines the different positions and strategies formulated by the Left Opposition (and, later, the United Opposition) and the LEF for the combat in the fields of culture and psychism. Keywords: Russian Constructivism; Left Opposition; October Revolution; New Economic Policy 7 | SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO 12 PREÂMBULO: o fetiche da mercadoria no mundo da NEP 20 CAPÍTULO I: o combate pelo novo byt: o “permanentismo” contra o “etapismo” (1923) 1 | A LEF contra a NEP 31 1.1| “A arte na revolução e a revolução na arte” 32 1.1.1. a “arte emigrada” 33 1.1.2. as escolas figurativistas 36 1.1.3. a estética contemplativa da AKhRR 37 1.1.4. a manutenção do fetichismo na URSS 39 1.1.5. da estética contemplativa ao psiquismo contemplativo 41 1.1.6. a burocratização da revolução 42 1.1.7. o trabalho alienado e o taylorismo 43 1.1.8. a crítica de Tretiakov ao governo bolchevique 44 1.1.9. Tretiakov e o produtivismo 45 1.1.10. a “encomenda social” 46 1.1.11. o estranhamento e a reelaboração da linguagem 47 1.1.12. a reestruturação da produção 48 1.1.13. a “encomenda social” e o permanentismo 50 1.2.| O perigo do mercado nepista: Pro Eto, de Rodchenko 54 1.2.1. “em quem finca seus dentes a LEF?” 55 1.2.2. Pro Eto, de Rodchenko 57 1.2.3. o byt dos nepmen 65 1.2.4. o proletariado e as mercadorias 70 1.2.5. a interpelação de Maiakóvski 72 1.2.6. o capital privado versus o capital estatal 75 2| O front cultural: a Oposição de Esquerda e a centralidade estratégica das “questões do modo de vida” 78 2.1| A “atenção aos detalhes”: a construção da nova cultura material 78 8 2.1.1. o processo de produção de “Questões do modo de vida” e o silêncio de Trotsky 79 2.1.2. os “homens do aparato” 81 2.1.3. a racionalização do byt e a “teatralidade ritual” 83 2.1.4. a circulação do livro e a radicalização do combate” 85 2.2.| O “novo curso” e o combate ao psiquismo contemplativo 86 CAPÍTULO II: as estratégias para a reorganização do byt (1923-1925) 1 | O debate entre Trotsky e Arvatov 95 1.1| Trotsky e a necessidade da apropriação da “cultura universal”: a construção da hegemonia proletária no processo revolucionário 97 1.1.1. o debate no Pravda sobre o Proletkult 97 1.1.2. Trotsky e a cultura proletária 99 1.1.3. a apropriação crítica da cultura pré-Outubro 101 1.1.4. as análises posteriores sobre o artigo de Trotsky 103 1.1.5. a posição de Bogdanov sobre a “cultura proletária” 104 1.1.6. contra quem argumentou Trotsky? 106 1.1.7. o psiquismo “revolucionário” 109 1.1.8. a derrota da Oposição de Esquerda e a publicação de “Literatura e Revolução” 110 1.1.9. a recepção crítica bolchevique de “A cultura e a arte proletárias” 113 1.1.10. o discurso “imobilista” da burocracia e o “socialismo em um só país” 114 1.1.11. a “heroicização” do Partido 116 1.1.12. o permanentismo cultural de Trotsky e a luta pela hegemonia proletária 118 1.2| Bóris Arvatov e a materialidade da ideologia: o “Sistema dos Objetos” e a construção da “cultura proletária” 120 1.2.1. a LEF contra Trotsky 120 1.2.2. Arvatov e o conceito de “Objeto” 121 1.2.3. a construção de um novo “Sistema dos Objetos” 122 1.2.4. o “Objeto-mercadoria” na sociedade burguesa 123 1.2.5. o “Objeto” socialista 125 1.2.6. o “americanismo” e os “artistas-engenheiros” 126 1.3| As estratégias distintas entre a Oposição de Esquerda e a LEF para a reestruturação do byt 127 9 2 | O “Clube de trabalhadores” de Rodchenko: a reorganização espacial como determinante da atividade política crítica 131 2.1| o “clube de trabalhadores” de Rodchenko 134 2.2| o “culto materialista” a Lênin 143 2.3| a exposição em Paris e o conflito entre o “Objeto” socialista e o “Objeto” oficial 145 2.4| o retorno do Clube a Moscou e a radicalização da NEP 148 CAPÍTULO III: o “termidor” soviético e o triunfo do velho byt (1926-1928) 1 | “Teses sobre revolução e contra-revolução”: o triunfo do velho byt 152 1.1| a Oposição Unificada 152 1.2| a reação termidoriana 154 1.3| os fatores do Termidor 157 1.3.1. A ambiguidade política dos mujiques 158 1.3.2. a “desilusão das massas” e a dialética da passividade 158 1.3.3. o campo da “lei e da ordem” 160 1.4| o ataque à perspectiva “permanentista” 163 1.5| a manutenção das conquistas revolucionárias 164 1.6| que fazer? 166 2 | A Novy LEF, a factografia e o combate ao avanço da AKhRR 168 2.1| o “revolucionário como discurso”: a ascensão da AKhRR 168 2.2| a Novy LEF e a proposta factográfica 172 2.2.1. o “Tolstói coletivo”: das belas letras à imprensa 172 2.2.2. os correspondentes operários 175 2.2.3. o “fetichismo do fato” 179 2.3| a tensão entre o permanentismo e o economicismo no movimento construtivista 181 2.3.1. o “Décimo primeiro ano” e a celebração da economia 181 2.3.1.1. decupagem dos fragmentos de “O décimo primeiro ano” 182 2.3.1.2. a representação das forças produtivas e a representação do trabalho 188 2.3.1.3. decupagem dos fragmentos de “A sexta parte do mundo” 192 2.3.1.4. as forças produtivas versus as relações de produção 193 10 2.3.2. o surgimento do “Bonaparte” 196 2.3.2.1. o “esgotamento” da Nova Política Econômica 196 2.3.2.2. a derrota da Oposição de Esquerda 197 2.3.2.3. a derrota da Oposição de direita e a construção do domínio stalinista 197 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS 200 TÁBUA CRONOLÓGICA 203 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 207 11 | INTRODUÇÃO Esta dissertação tem como objeto um debate histórico ainda pouco estudado. Tal debate desenvolveu-se durante o processo revolucionário russo, entre os anos de 1923 e 1928, e envolveu dois grupos: a Oposição de Esquerda (posteriormente, Oposição Unificada), liderada por Leon Trotsky (1879-1940), e a Frente de Esquerda das Artes (LEF), movimento que aglutinou os artistas construtivistas. Ambos os grupos estavam interessados na reestruturação do modo de vida (byt 1) do proletariado russo como uma das dimensões do combate à burocratização do regime soviético e de crítica ao processo de modernização iniciado com a promulgação da NEP (em 1921).
Recommended publications
  • Kisah Pilu Realisme Sosialis
    Kisah Pilu Realisme Sosialis Anna Sungkar [email protected] Keywords: Realisme Sosialis, Russian Avant-garde, Stalin, Zhdanov, Lenin, Khrushchev, Peredvizhniki. Maxim Gorky, Repin, Brodsky, Stakhanovite. Abstrak Pada tahun 1934, Realisme Sosialis dinyatakan sebagai satu-satunya gaya seni yang diakui. Aliran seni lain seperti seni lukis abstrak yang diciptakan kelompok Russian Avant-garde, harus dilenyapkan. Karya-karya abstrak seperti itu dianggap elitis dan tidak menggambarkan kenyataan hidup. Sebaliknya, doktrin Realisme Sosialis digunakan sebagai alat propaganda Pemerintah Komunis yang baru berkuasa. Anna Sungkar Lahir di Jakarta, 5 Februari 1960. Adalah seorang perupa, pengamat seni dan Doktor lulusan Institut Seni Indonesia Surakarta. 1. Pendahuluan Andrei Zhdanov selalu mengatur kumis tebalnya tetap rapi. Dengan rambut belah pinggir, di usia yang 38 tahun itu, tubuhnya terlihat tambun. Balutan seragam warna gelap yang kerap terkancing sampai kerah leher, memperlihatkan sikap tegas tanpa kompromi. Zhdanov adalah seorang pemimpin tentara Uni Soviet yang dihormati selama Perang Dunia II. Sepanjang tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an, ia merupakan seorang tokoh terkemuka dalam pemerintahan Uni Soviet. Sebelum perang, Zhdanov mendapatkan bintang kesetiaan Stalin, yang menugaskannya untuk membangun kontrol politik atas seniman dan intelektual. Setelah perang dia ditugaskan kembali ke bidang ini. Pada tahun 1934, Zhdanov mengadakan Kongres Pengarang Soviet dan dengan bantuan penulis Maxim Gorky, ia mendeklarasikan doktrin "realisme sosialis" dalam pidatonya di Kongres tersebut. 1 Gambar 1 - Berdiri dari kiri ke kanan adalah Andrei Zhdanov, Klim Voroshilov, Joseph Stalin dan Otto Kuusinen; Vyacheslav Molotov duduk (1939). 2. Andrei Zhdanov Mendefinisikan Realisme Sosialis (1934) Pagi itu, Andrei Zhdanov (1896–1948) berpidato di depan seluruh pengarang dan seniman Uni Soviet, dan mulai saat itu doktrin Zhdanov menjadi satu-satunya model yang dapat diterima untuk penulis Soviet: “Kepada semua para penulis Uni Soviet ….
    [Show full text]
  • 27 Сентября 2008, Суббота, 15.00 25 Октября 2008
    АУКЦИОН №73 CЛЕДУЮЩИЕ АУКЦИОНЫ: 27 сентября 2008, суббота, 15.00 25 октября 2008, суббота, 15.00 Для заочного участия или покупки на аукционе по телефону свяжитесь заранее с менеджерами галереи AUCTION # 73 NEXT AUCTIONS: September 27, 2008, Saturday, 3 P.M. October 25, 2008, Saturday, 3 P.M. For absentee bids, or telephone bids, please contact the gallery managers in advance Галерея Леонида Шишкина Основана в 1989 www.shishkingallery.ru Одна из первых частных One of the oldest and most галерей Москвы с безуп" respectable galleries with речной 20"летней репута" 20 years of reputable цией, специализируется excellence. Specializes in на Русской живописи XX Russian Art of the XX cen" века tury. С 2000 года проводит ре" Holds regular auctions of гулярные аукционы. soviet painting starting from 2000. Экспертиза, обрамление, вывоз за рубеж, консуль" Expertise, framing, delivery тации по вопросам инвес" worldwide, “investment in тирования в искусство. art” consultancy. Директор галереи и аукционист: Gallery director and auctioneer Ëåîíèä Øèøêèí Leonid Shishkin Арт"директор: Art"director: Åêàòåðèíà Áàòîãîâà Ekaterina Batogova Финансовый директор: Commercial Director: Ëþäìèëà Êîñàðåâà Liudmila Kosareva Менеджеры: Managers: Íàòàëüÿ Êîñàðåâà Natalia Kosareva Àëåêñåé Øèøêèí Alexey Shishkin Àíàñòàñèÿ Øèøêèíà Anastasia Shishkina Искусствовед: Art"historian: Òàòüÿíà Àñàóëîâà Òatiyana Asaulova Новые проекты: New projects: Åëåíà Ðóäåíêî Elena Rudenko Выпускающий редактор: Editor: Ãàëèíà Ôàéíãîëüä Galina Finegold Логистика и разрешения на вывоз: Export licenses and shipping: Ìèõàèë Äî÷âèðè Mikhail Dochviry Галерея открыта ежедневно: The gallery is opened daily: Понедельник"пятница 12.00 " 20.00 Monday"Friday 12 00 — 20 00 Суббота, воскресенье 12.00 " 17.00 Saturday, Sunday 12 00 — 17 00 Россия, Москва, 127051, Неглинная улица, д.
    [Show full text]
  • Regatul Romaniei
    RegatulRomaniei file:///C:/Programele%20Mele/IstorieRomania1/RegatulRomaniei/Regat... Regatul României Visul unirii tuturor românilor sub un singur steag a frământat mințile conducătorilor încă din cele mai vechi timpuri, dar alianțele militare și interesele de ordin comercial nu au fost în favoarea simplificării relațiilor dintre diferitele formațiuni statale. În vechime, țările românești au negociat protecția celor două mari imperii ale romanilor, apoi începând cu secolul al XIII-lea au întreținut legături de prietenie și ajutor mutual cu Polonia și Lituania. Din secolul al XV-lea, ca state vasale Imperiului Otoman dar sub protecția directă a Hanatului Crimeei, s-a pus problema formării unui eyalat turcesc comun. Proiectul a fost însă refuzat cu dârzenie, ca urmare a divergențelor de ordin religios. Ca o soluție de compromis, sultanii au permis independența religioasă a celor trei principate, în schimbul dependenței economice. Situația de criză a intervenit o dată cu revoluția și apoi războiul de independență purtat de greci și sârbi. Sub aripa ocrotitoare a Bisericii Ortodoxe Răsăritene, creștinii din toate țările Balcanice au ridicat la început glasul, apoi armele, cerând vehement ieșirea din situația de compromis religios. Ca rezultat, boierii și dragomanii greci au fost maziliți, iar mănăstirile filiale ale celor de la Muntele Athos au fost secularizate. În urma grecilor au rămas nenumăratele lor rude născute din alianțe cu casele boierești autohtone, practic aproape toată crema boierimii. Pentru a umple vidul administrativ rămas s-a hotărât instituirea unei locotenențe domnești, ajutată de o Adunare Constituantă a fruntașilor celor două țări. În ambele principate, toate sufragiile au fost întrunite în anul 1859 de Colonelul Alexandru Ioan Cuza, cu funcția de Ministru de Război, fost deputat de Galați și fost șef al Miliției de la Dunărea de Jos.
    [Show full text]
  • QUEST DESCRIPTION and RULES Moscow Quest Is a Sight-Seeing Tour in the Form of a Game That Will Allow You to Be Acquainted with the Russian Сapital
    QUEST DESCRIPTION AND RULES Moscow Quest is a sight-seeing tour in the form of a game that will allow you to be acquainted with the Russian Сapital. Each route point talks about the key moments of Moscow history, about the great men, whose lives have been associated with the city, about Russian culture and traditions. You will find a list of route points, location descriptions, a task list and an answer sheet in the notebooks that have been given to you. During the Quest you will need to visit a certain number of points, where you will have to perform various tasks. You can visit route points randomly. A member of the Organizing Committee, who will be wearing a T-shirt with the symbol of the International Olympiad of Metropolises, will be waiting for you at every location. We recommend to visit all the points, because you will not only get acquainted with the chapters of Moscow history, but also get a fragment of the puzzle. Having collected all the pieces of the puzzle, you will be able to put together a picture with a view of Moscow. You will find the address of each point, the description of the location and the task in your notebook. Questions or descriptions for some of the route points may not be available in a notebook, which means that you will get them from a member of the Organizing Committee in the specified location. Answers should be entered on the answer sheet, that you will need to hand in at the finish line.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Social Realism in the 1930S
    AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL REALISM IN THE 1930S Summary of Social Realism. The Social Realist political movement and artistic explorations flourished primarily during the s and s. Euston Road School Formed in , this was a left-wing modern realist group of artists who taught at or graduated from the School of Painting and Drawing in Euston Road, London. To what degree was representation itself understood to be a matter of ideological struggle, so that the work of art conveyed not only the truth of everyday life but also the mechanisms of truth telling? It is sure to set the direction for future studies of this kind. Much of this work was produced by talented painters such as Isaac Brodsky, who in the late s and s composed several paintings of Lenin during key phases of the Russian Revolution, such as Vladimir Lenin 1 May Linden, and Jonathan Weinberg The Social and the Real is the first anthology to deal with the painting, sculpture, graphic arts, and photography of the s in a hemispheric context. The decline of Social Realism came with fall of the Soviet Union in This, of course, was another paradox at the heart of Socialist Realism: that the establishment of a collectivist society was seen to require a quasi-religious veneration of the individual. Members of the school included in Italy Giorgio de Chirico eg. The ideology behind Social Realism by depicting the heroism of the working class was to promote and spark revolutionary actions and to spread the image of optimism and the importance of productiveness.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Июля 2008, Четверг, 19.00 27 Сентября 2008
    АУКЦИОН №72 Cледующие аукционы: 3 июля 2008, четверг, 19.00 27 сентября 2008, суббота, 15.00 25 октября 2008, суббота, 15.00 Для заочного участия или покупки на аукционе по телефону свяжитесь заранее с менеджерами галереи aucTiOn # 72 Next auCtioNs: July 3, 2008, Thursday,7 PM September 27, 2008, Saturday, 3 P.M. October 25, 2008, Saturday, 3 P.M. For absentee bids, or telephone bids, please contact the gallery managers in advance Галерея Леонида Шишкина Основана в 1989 www.shishkingallery.ru Од на из пер вых ча ст ных One of the oldest and most га ле рей Мос к вы с без уп­ respectable galleries with реч ной 20лет ней ре пу та­ 20 years of reputable excel­ ци ей, спе ци а ли зи ру ет ся lence. Specializes in Russian на Рус с кой жи во пи си XX art of the XX century. ве ка Holds regular auctions of С 2000 го да про во дит ре гу­ soviet painting starting ляр ные аук ци о ны. from 2000. Экс пер ти за, об рам ле ние, Expertise, framing, delivery вы воз за ру беж, кон суль­ worldwide, “investment in та ции по во про сам ин ве с­ art” consultancy. ти ро ва ния в ис кус ство. Директор галереи и аукционист: Gallery director and auctioneer Ëåîíèä Øèøêèí Leonid Shishkin Артдиректор: artdirector: Åêàòåðèíà Áàòîãîâà Ekaterina Batogova Финансовый директор: commercial Director: Ëþäìèëà Êîñàðåâà Liudmila Kosareva Менеджеры: Managers: Íàòàëüÿ Êîñàðåâà Natalia Kosareva Àëåêñåé Øèøêèí Alexey Shishkin Àíàñòàñèÿ Øèøêèíà Anastasia Shishkina Искусствовед: arthistorian: Òàòüÿíà Àñàóëîâà Òatiyana Asaulova Новые проекты: new projects: Åëåíà Ðóäåíêî Elena Rudenko Выпускающий редактор: Editor: Ãàëèíà Ôàéíãîëüä Galina Finegold Логистика и разрешения на вывоз: Export licenses and shipping: Ìèõàèë Äî÷âèðè Mikhail Dochviry Галерея открыта ежедневно: the gallery is opened daily: Понедельникпятница 12.00 20.00 MondayFriday 12 00 — 20 00 Суббота, воскресенье 12.00 17.00 Saturday, Sunday 12 00 — 17 00 Россия Москва, 127051, Неглинная улица, д.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Formatting and Preparation
    Copyright reserved © J.Mech.Cont.& Math. Sci., Special Issue-1, March (2019) pp 509-517 Development of design education in Russia: history and contemporary problems 1Anna V. Solovieva, Tatiana S. Semichevskaya, Oleg V. Bik, Elizaveta S. Terekhina 1 Department of Architecture and civil engineering at Peoples’ friendship university of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia; 2Department of Architecture and civil engineering at RUDN University, Moscow, Russia; 3Department of Architecture and civil engineering at RUDN University, Moscow, Russia; 4Department of Architecture and civil engineering at RUDN University, Moscow, Russia; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2019.03.00051 Abstract The article discusses particularities of the development of design education in modern Russia. The necessity of interrelation between classical art and design, academic art and engineering education, traditional craft and applied art was identified and represented by variety of opinions of Russian and foreign researchers. It shows the evolution of opinions on the methods of formation a creative vision in the process of professional training of future designers. Article contains a detailed analysis of the history of educational activities and creative concepts of innovative design trends and activities. It shows the specific place and role of art universities, as well as the contribution of individual masters in the development of modern design education. Today in Russia, the graduate preparation of designers is determined by the federal state standard, but the alternative system of design education on the basis of non-state private educational institutions is becoming more competitive.
    [Show full text]
  • АУКЦИОН №77 Auction # 77
    АУКЦИОН №77 Для заочного участия или покупки на аукционе по телефону свяжитесь заранее с менеджерами галереи auction # 77 For absentee bids, or telephone bids, please contact the gallery managers in advance Галерея Леонида Шишкина Основана в 1989 www.shishkingallery.ru Од на из пер вых ча ст ных one of the oldest and most га ле рей Мос к вы с без уп­ respectable galleries with реч ной 20лет ней ре пу та­ 20 years of reputable excel­ ци ей, спе ци а ли зи ру ет ся lence. Specializes in Russian на Рус с кой жи во пи си XX art of the XX century. ве ка Holds regular auctions of С 2000 го да про во дит ре гу­ soviet painting starting ляр ные аук ци о ны. from 2000. Экс пер ти за, об рам ле ние, Expertise, framing, delivery вы воз за ру беж, кон суль­ worldwide, “investment in та ции по во про сам ин ве с­ art” consultancy. ти ро ва ния в ис кус ство. Директор галереи и аукционист: Gallery director and auctioneer Леонид Шишкин Leonid Shishkin Артдиректор: artdirector: Екатерина Батогова Ekaterina Batogova Финансовый директор: commercial Director: Людмила Косарева Liudmila Kosareva Менеджеры: Managers: Наталья Косарева Natalia Kosareva Алексей Шишкин Alexey Shishkin Анастасия Шишкина Anastasia Shishkina Искусствовед: arthistorian: Татьяна Асаулова Тatiyana Asaulova Новые проекты: new projects: Елена Руденко Elena Rudenko Выпускающий редактор: Editor: Галина Файнгольд Galina Finegold Логистика и разрешения на вывоз: Export licenses and shipping: Михаил Посадский Mikhail Posadskiy Галерея открыта ежедневно: The gallery is opened daily: Понедельникпятница 12.00 20.00 MondayFriday 12 00 — 20 00 Суббота, воскресенье 12.00 17.00 Saturday, Sunday 12 00 — 17 00 Россия, Москва, 127051, Неглинная улица, д.
    [Show full text]
  • A Semiotic Reading of Hyperrealism in the Soviet Union
    A SEMIOTIC READING OF HYPERREALISM IN THE SOVIET UNION: REPRESENTATIONS OF THE SOVIET URBANSCAPE IN THE 1970S AND 1980S AS A NEW FORM OF CRITICAL REALISM by MARIA CRISTINA MORANDI A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School – New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Art History written under the direction of Professor Jane A. Sharp New Brunswick, New Jersey October 2019 ©2019 Maria Cristina Morandi ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION A Semiotic Reading of Hyperrealism in the Soviet Union: the Representation of Soviet Urbanscape in the 1970s and 1980s as a New Form of Critical Realism By MARIA CRISTINA MORANDI Dissertation Director: Jane A. Sharp In the 1950s and 1960s, the Western-established dichotomy between style and ideology, embodied by modernism and realism, was dominant. This dichotomy tended to suppress, marginalize or ostracize realism in the Soviet Union by reducing it to the leftist political project. This dissertation presents a critical reassessment of realism in the Soviet Union by challenging its representation as a monolithic phenomenon through the analysis of hyperrealism in the 1970s and 1980s. My analyses of Ando Keskküla, Jaan Elken, Semyon Faibisovich and Sergei Sherstiuk’s hyperrealist artworks, based on Yuri Lotman's semiotic theory of culture, show the influence on their artistic production of the social and cultural system of signs of the Soviet society, as displayed in architecture, means of transport, and housing, along with the artist’s personal agenda. Rather than the idealized conditions promoted by official doctrine, these artists adopted a unique strategy to subvert the predominant Socialist realist political rhetoric by representing the actual ii conditions of decay and collapse of Tallinn and Moscow’s urban environment as a powerful metaphor for the existential condition of alienation and seclusion experienced by the population in the last years of the Soviet era.
    [Show full text]