DOCSLIB.ORG

Threats to the Evergreen Forests of Southern Malawi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Threats to the Evergreen Forests of Southern Malawi Threats to the evergreen forests of southern Malawi F. Dowsett-Lemaire and R. J. Dowsett Malawi has a large number of isolated highland forests on either side of the Rift Valley. While those in the north do not at present suffer from serious degradation, in the south several have been much encroached upon for fuel wood and land for cultivation. As a result localized birds, reptiles, butterflies and plant species are threatened. In a two-year exploration of the evergreen forests of the country conducted for the Forestry Department, the authors surveyed the distribu- tion and status of the flora and fauna, and identified threats to the survival of the rarer taxa. Malawi is a small country of enchanting and on the slopes of Mt Mulanje are (or were) most varied landscapes, with the greatest number extensive; 123 species of trees and woody (more than 40) of isolated mountain or hill forests shrubs have been recorded (Dowsett-Lemaire, in south-central Africa. Only one area, the Nyika 1988). There is an endemic tree Rawsonia Plateau in the north, is protected comprehen- (Dasylepis) burtt-dauyi and a semi-strangling sively within a national park. Most other forest patches are included in forest reserves, but their protection status depends more on local human demands for land and wood. The density of -14 human population is particularly high south of 9 N 14°S and endangers the survival of several local J \ \ .- \4 species of wildlife and plants. \ 1. i \ The vegetation -15 )•"•( Most of the forested hills in southern Malawi are / situated east of the Rift Valley formed by the i i /I r 6. Ti Shire River (Figure 1) and bear mid-altitude t 4 evergreen forests (Table 1). The flora was de- •' ^; -16 scribed in part by Chapman and White (1970), but the importance of medium-altitude forests | 0 100 Vv •'"*''' was overlooked. A more complete account of km the vegetation is in progress (Dowsett-Lemaire, °S \ ^ X. 1988 and unpub.). The wetter types of mid-al- -17 33 34 E 36 titude forest are dominated by 40-m tall New- 1 1 '} ° 1 tonia buchananii trees, and constitute a com- munity little studied and largely destroyed in the Figure 1. Map of southern Malawi showing the evergreen African tropics. Two of the finest examples of forests; shaded areas are lakes. Numbers refer to localities Newtonia forest occur on Chikala Hill and in the mentioned in the text: (1) Mt Mangochi; (2) Chikala Hill; (3) Mt Malosa and Mt Zomba; (4) southern Shire Ruo Gorge (Mulanje), with an interesting mixture Highlands including Lisau and Soche; (5) Mt Thyolo; (6) of lowland and Afromontane elements. Those Machemba Hill; (7) Mt Mulanje; (8) Malawi Hills. 158 Oryx Vol 22 No 3, Ju/y 1988 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.40, on 27 Sep 2021 at 15:14:40, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300027782 Ficus so far unmatched; a new species of in the African Red Data Book (Collar and Stuart, Tapinanthus mistletoe was recently collected 1985) are marked with an asterisk below. from the upper Ruo Gorge. As a whole, the fern flora of the Mulanje forests is the richest in the The green barbet Stactolaema olivacea occurs country (over 100 species), with some in Malawi, as different subspecies, only in the Asplenium and Elaphoglossum spp. still to be Misukus (extreme north) and on Mt Thyolo. It named. There are two endemic Streptocarpus eats mostly figs, of which there is a noticeable lithophytes (S. dolichantus and S. milanijianus) abundance in these two forests. The distinctive and at least one endemic orchid [Polystachya subspecies on Thyolo, belcheri, is known other- sp. 1 in la Croix et a/., 1983). The small forest wise from one mountain in adjacent Mozam- on Mt Soche has an apparently endemic tree in bique (Namuli). its understorey, Buxus nyasica. The green-headed oriole Oriolus chloroceph- At higher altitudes, above 1500-1600 m, Afro- alus* is a sparsely distributed species in south- montane forests are comparatively impov- eastern Africa (Hall and Moreau, 1970). It was erished, but there is an interesting variant domi- mentioned in five localities by Benson and Ben- nated by tall Widdringtonia cupressoides on Mt son (1977), but in fact breeds in just two forest Mulanje, this cedar being at the northern limit areas in southern Malawi: on Chikala Hill (c. 15 of its range (Edwards, 1985; Dowsett-Lemaire, pairs) and Thyolo (including lowland forest on 1988). the tea estates, 40-45 pairs). Recent records on Lisau are of passage birds; there have been no acceptable records on Mt Soche since the 1940s; The wildlife the forest on Namzadi Estate no longer exists. The bird distribution in Malawi is described by Benson and Benson (1977), and the butterflies The Thyolo (Cholo) alethe Alethe choloensis* by Gifford (1965). As with the vegetation, many was found in all the mid-altitude and submon- new distribution records were obtained during tane forests of the south (east of the Rift). It is our survey. Nevertheless, several bird and but- almost endemic to Malawi, as it is otherwise terfly species are extremely localized and their known from only two mountains in adjacent survival is threatened. The birds that are included Mozambique (Collar and Stuart, 1985). Overall numbers in Malawi are in the order of 1500 Table 1. Main features of the evergreen forests of southern pairs. It is locally common in several forests, Malawi mentioned in the text especially on Mt Thyolo (c. 200 pairs) and mid- altitude Mulanje (c. 1000 pairs in 1984). Locality Altitude (m) Forest type Size (ha)* The spotted thrush Turdus fischeri* has a very localized distribution in Africa (Collar and Stuart, MtMangochi 1550-1700 Submontane 230 1985). The Malawi endemic race belcheri is ChikalaHill 1300-1600 Mid-altitude 285 Shire Highlands: known from just four forest localities: Lisau, MtMalosa 1700-1950 Submontane 730 Soche, Mt Thyolo and the slopes of Mt Mulanje. MtZomba 1600-1950 Submontane 600 Its overall numbers are very low—some 30 to Lisau Saddle 1300-1450 Mid-altitude 160 (Chiradzulu) 40 pairs. Mt Soche 1300-1520 Mid-altitude 150 Mt Thyolo 1200-1450 Mid-altitude 1000 The white-winged apalis Apalis choriessa* is pre- Thyolo tea sently recorded from 11 mid-altitude forests, in estates c. 1050 Lowland 600 Machemba Hill 1150-1300 Lowland 40 some of which it is common (especially Lisau). Mt Mulanje It is otherwise known from forests in Kenya (1), (incl.Mchese): Tanzania (2) and Mozambique (1), and may now Lower slopes 600-950 Lowland c.200 Middle slopes 900-1500 Mid-altitude 1800 be extinct in Kenya. It is threatened through its Upper slopes 1500-1850 Submontane j 5000 prime habitat being riparian or secondary Albizia and plateaux 1850-2300 Montane / forests in the Shire Highlands, which are under Malawi Hills 600-900 Lowland 400 heavy human pressure. Total numbers are not *Sizes are measured from aerial photographs. much above 100 pairs. Southern Malawi: evergreen forests 159 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.40, on 27 Sep 2021 at 15:14:40, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300027782 Figure 2. Large tracts of Chinsongeli Forest, Mt Mulanje, have been cleared for the planting of annual food crops. Some 14 forest-associated butterflies are appar- Mulanje. Another chameleon Rampholeon ently endemic to Malawi, of which eight occur platyceps appears endemic to the forests of in the south, with three only on the slopes of southern Malawi, from Mulanje and Zomba to Mt Mulanje: the lycaenids Alaena lambomi, A. the Malawi Hills (Loveridge, 1953; Hargreaves, ochracea and Baliochila woodi (Mulanje); the 1979). nymphalids Charaxes margaretae (Mulanje), C. martini, C. chinteche (north also), Cvmothoe The conservation status of the zombana and C. melanjae (Mulanje). evergreen forests All forest remnants but one (on Machemba Hill The forests are too small to contain many species where the forest is being felled) are included in of large mammals. The blue monkey Cerco- forest reserves. However, the increasing human pithecus albogularis is still common locally, as population is placing timber and firewood is a forest antelope, the blue duiker Cephalophus supplies under severe pressure in most places. monticola. Hunters have exterminated in places On the Mulanje slopes, forest is also cleared for bushbucks Tragelaphus scriptus and bushpigs subsistence cultivation: many of the estate work- Potamochoerus porcus. ers have insufficient land for gardens at lower Among other vertebrates, an endemic chame- levels, and there is also an influx of squatters leon Chamaeleo mlanjensis (Broadley, 1965) from war-torn Mozambique. As a result, all low- and an endemic subspecies of frog Arthrolepis land and mid-altitude forests remaining on adolfifriederici francei (Stewart, 1967) are con- Mulanje are seriously threatened. For example, fined to rain forest along the Ruo River on Chisongeli Forest, on the south-eastern slopes, 160 Oryx Vol 22 No 3, July 1988 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.40, on 27 Sep 2021 at 15:14:40, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at L.https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300027782 Figure 3. Mt Thyolo, with the hill forest eaten into by cultivated land; tea and Eucalyptus plantations in the foreground. extended from 900 to 1800 m, and aerial photo- been steadily encroached upon for gardens in graphs show that it still covered 40 sq km in the past 20 years (Figure 3).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bibliography
    BIBLIOGRapHY ARCHIVaL MaTERIaL National Archives of Malawi (MNA), Zomba. National Archives at Kew (Co.525 Colonial Office Correspondence). Society of Malawi Library, Blantyre. Malawi Section, University Library, Chancellor College, Zomba. PUBLISHED BOOKS aND ARTICLES Abdallah, Y.B. 1973. The Yaos (Chikala Cha Wayao). Ed. M. Sanderson. (Orig 1919). London: Cass. Adams, J.S. and T. McShane. 1992. The Myth of Wild Africa. New York: Norton. Allan, W. 1965. African Husbandman. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. Alpers, E.A. 1969. Trade, State and Society Among the Yao in the Nineteenth Century J. Afr. History 10: 405–420. ———. 1972. The Yao of Malawi in B. Pachai (ed) The Early History of Malawi pp 168–178. London: Longmans. ———. 1973. Towards a History of Expansion of Islam in East Africa in T.O. Ranger and N. Kimambo (eds) The Historical Study of African Religion pp 172–201. London: Heinemann. ———. 1975. Ivory and Slaves in East-Central Africa. London: Heinemann. Anderson-Morshead, A.M. 1897. The History of the Universities Mission to Central Africa 1859-96. London: UNICA. Anker, P. 2001. Imperial Ecology: Environmental Order in the British Empire. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. © The Author(s) 2016 317 B. Morris, An Environmental History of Southern Malawi, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-45258-6 318 BiblioGraphy Ansell, W.F.H. and R.J. Dowsett. 1988. Mammals of Malawi: An Annoted Checklist and Atlas. St Ives: Trendrine Press. Antill, R.M. 1945. A History of Native Grown Tobacco Industry in Nyasaland Nyasaland Agric. Quart. J. 8: 49–65. Baker, C.A. 1961. A Note on Nguru Immigration to Nyasaland Nyasaland J.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Epidemiological Mapping Of
    7-7 tlp,-n a a RAPID EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MAPPING OF ONCHOCERCTASTS (REMO) rN MALAWI MISSION REPORT (UAY L6 - JUNE 1-5, 1997' FOR WORLD HEALTH ORGANTZATION AFRTCAN PROGRAUME FOR ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL (APOC) BY DR. B.E.B. NI{OKE (OVlrCP/cTDl 5O4lAPle7 I O40' STATUS: WHO Temporary Adviser (U197 lOt4329l Professor of Medical/Public Health Parasitology & Entomology School of Biological Sciences Imo State University PMB 2000 Owerri, Nigeria i. ' ., Phoner (234)83-23 05 85 (Home) a Fax: (2341A3-23 18 83 ( it, ') t" rfw JUNE 15, 1997 ,, /.l'^ Fr;r lrr iol nr.;1i :.rr" I .,, ;'1 !r 'y[' ruf II ) SUMMARY Under the sponsorship of the African Programme .for Onchocerciasii Control (APOC), Rapid Epidemiological Mapping of onchocerciasis was conducted in Malawi Uelireen 1,6th May and June l-6th L997. During the course of the exercise-, 4O5 villages were primarily selected to be examined for the prevalence of onchocercal nodules of due to which 48 ( 1f-. 85Ul were not sampled - inaccessibility. Pending the final Atlas GIS analysis of the data, the results showed that: L. O onchocerciasis is apparentty absent from all the 5 Northern Districts of Uafawi: ChitiPa, Karonga, Mzimba, Rurnphi, and NkhatabaY. 2.O In the central Region, onchocerciasis is absent in 7 districts of Kasungu, Nkhotakota, salima, Mchinji, Dowa, Ntchisi and Lilongwe out of the 9 Districts. Ntcheu District has endemic communities on the western border with Mozambique as welI as with the southern border with the Mwanza/Neno area. There is also onchocerciasis at the east-central- part of Dedza district. 3. O The Southern Region is the onchocerciasis zone in Malawi.
    [Show full text]
  • Rivers, Empire, and a Scottish Transport Company in Colonial Malawi
    “What a Change When the Tide had Ebbed!”: Rivers, Empire, and a Scottish Transport Company in Colonial Malawi Benjamin Wilkie Summary The expansion of European empires in Africa relied heavily on navigable river networks. When a Scottish firm commenced its river transportation business in the landlocked region of what would become colonial Nyasaland (and later independent Malawi), on rivers that were unreliable and unpredictable, it paved the way for an expensive and inefficient transport system that would place significant limits on the nation’s economic development and its capacity to trade with the outside world. The African Lakes Company (ALC) was formed in 1878 to navigate “the rivers and lakes of Central Africa, and especially of those rivers and lakes which communicate with the Indian Ocean by the River Zambezi and the River Zambezi itself, with a view to develop the trade and resources of the country, and to encourage legitimate traffic amongst the natives.” Wilkie, Benjamin. “‘What a Change When the Tide had Ebbed!’: Rivers, Empire, and a Scottish Transport Company in Colonial Malawi.” Environment & Society Portal, Arcadia (Spring 2020), no. 18. Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society. https://doi.org/10.5282/rcc/9040. Print date: 02 December 2020 22:26:58 By 1900, the African Lakes Corporation was the key operator of transport services from the coast along the Zembezi and Tchiri rivers into Nyasaland. Artwork by African Lakes Corporation, c. 1900. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0 License . The expansion of European empires into Africa was aided by navigable river networks that made efficient and cheap water transport possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Prior2013.Pdf
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. British Mapping of Africa: Publishing Histories of Imperial Cartography, c. 1880 – c. 1915 Amy Prior Submitted for PhD The University of Edinburgh December 2012 Abstract This thesis investigates how the mapping of Africa by British institutions between c.1880 and c.1915 was more complex and variable than is traditionally recognised. The study takes three ‘cuts’ into this topic, presented as journal papers, which examine: the Bartholomew map-publishing firm, the cartographic coverage of the Second Boer War, and the maps associated with Sir Harry H. Johnston. Each case-study focuses on what was produced – both quantitative output and the content of representations – and why. Informed by theories from the history of cartography, book history and the history of science, particular attention is paid to the concerns and processes embodied in the maps and map-making that are irreducible to simply ‘imperial’ discourse; these variously include editorial processes and questions of authorship, concerns for credibility and intended audiences, and the circulation and ‘life-cycles’ of maps.
    [Show full text]
  • Shire River, Elephant Marsh and Lake Malawi
    THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF MALAWI MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION AND WATER DEVELOPMENT SHIRE RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (PHASE I) PROJECT CLIMATE RESILIENT LIVELIHOODS AND SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE ELEPHANT MARSH, MALAWI Sub-Study 2: Hydromorphology of the Elephant Marsh Prepared by: In Association with: December 2016 Climate resilient livelihoods and sustainable natural resources management in the Elephant Marshes - Hydromorphology “No important work is ever accomplished without considerable trouble” David Livingstone, Elephant Marsh, 1863 Page i Climate resilient livelihoods and sustainable natural resources management in the Elephant Marshes - Hydromorphology Citation Birkhead, A.L., Reinecke, M.K. and Brown, C.A., 2016. Hydromorphology of the Elephant Marsh, Malawi. Unpublished consultancy report prepared by Streamflow Solution cc and Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting cc, in association with MRag (UK). Climate resilient livelihoods and sustainable natural resources management in the Elephant Marsh, Malawi. Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development, Republic of Malawi. Shire River Basin Management Programme Project 117617. 201 pp. Copyright information This document contains intellectual property and proprietary information that is protected by copyright in favour of Streamflow Solutions cc. The document may therefore not be reproduced, or used without the prior written consent of Streamflow Solutions cc and Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting cc. This document
    [Show full text]
  • Nyasaland Under the Foreign Office
    NYASALAND UNDER THE FOREIGN OFFICE BY H. L. DUFF OF THE BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA ADMINISTRATION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAP LONDON GEORGE BELL AND SONS 1903 io6 NYASALAND humanity has been tempered by the strongest determination never to fall into its hateful clutches again. Animal life is very abundantly represented. The game beasts I shall discuss in a subsequent chapter, merely remarking here that, besides zebras, bush-pigs, wart hogs, and dangerous animals such as elephants, buffaloes, rhinoceroses and the IdiTger /e/zdaey Nyasaland is the habitat of fifteen or sixteen species of antelope, many of which are still extremely common. Among other mammals, we have a wild dog [Lycaonpictus), a jackal [Cants lateralis)^ a hyaena (//". crocuta), the long-legged, lynx-like serval, the civet, and the genet ; an ant-eater [Manis Tem- minckii)y several kinds of mongoose, and, probably, two otters. Sir Harry Johnston's list mentions the Spotted-necked Otter {Lutra maculicollis), but puts the Cape Otter (Z. capensis) in brackets, with a note of interrogation, as though doubtful whether it exists in Nyasaland or not. With regard to this, I am unable to give a positive opinion, but I have certainly had in my possession the skins of two otters exhibiting differences, in respect of size and markings, more considerable than is usually found in opposite sexes of the same variety, one being that of a small animal with dull brown fur, the other nearly half as large again, also brown in colour, but showing a broad patch of silvery grey on the throat and upper part of the chest.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Concentration, Labour and Institutional Control
    AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY WORKING PAPER SERIES No. 2/2012 Land Concentration, Institutional Control and African agency: Growth and Stagnation of European Tobacco Farming in Shire Highlands, c 1900 – 1940 Erik Green Department of Economic History, Lund University Lund [email protected] 1 ISBN 978-91-980438-1-5 AEHN working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. The papers have not been peer reviewed, but published at the discretion of the AEHN committee. The African Economic History Network is funded by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Sweden For submissions, please contact: Erik Green Department of Economic History Lund University P. O. Box 7083 Sweden [email protected] 2 Land Concentration, Institutional Control and African Agency Growth and stagnation of European tobacco farming in Shire Highlands, c 1900 – 1940 Abstract: The role of factor endowments and institutions as drivers of socio-economic change and development is a central theme in economic and agrarian history. The common approach is to identify either factor endowments or institutions as triggers of change. Meanwhile, institutions and factor endowments are interdependent and the puzzle is to identify the causality within the structure of interdependence. This paper is an attempt to relate factor endowments with institutions from a specific theoretical angle, following Griffin et al proposed hypothesis of the connections between land concentration and labour control. The paper discusses to what extent land concentration in the southern province of colonial Malawi during the early colonial period created specific institutions of labour control that determined agricultural growth on European controlled tobacco farms. The paper concludes that the European farmers’ control of labour was severely restricted due to African farmers’ (tenants as well as peasants) engagement in cash crop production.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report of the Colonies. Nyasaland 1920
    This document was created by the Digital Content Creation Unit University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2010 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL. No. 1096. NYASALAND. REPORT FOR 1920. (For previous Report see No. 10754 LONDON; PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE- To b# purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses* IMPERIAL HOUSE, KINGSWAY, LONDON, W.C2, and 28, ABINGDON,STREET, LONDON, S.W.l; 87# PETEE STREET, MANCHESTER; I. ST* ANDREW'S CRESCENT, CARDIFF ; 33, FORTH STREET, EDINBURGH ; Of from EASON 6 SON, LTD.. 40 ft 41, LOWER SACKVILIE STREET. DUBLIN* 1921. 2 COLONIAL KB PORTS—ANNUAL. No. 1096. NYASALAND. ANNUAL GENERAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1920.* GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL. BOUNDARIES. The territory comprised in the Nyasaland Protectorate is a strip about 520 miles in length and varying from 50 to 100 miles in width. It lies approximately between latitude S. 9° 45' and 17° 16', and longitude E. 33° and 36°. The area is roughly 40,000 square miles, or about one-third the area of the British Isles. The most southerly portion of the Protectorate is about 130 miles from the sea as the crow flies. This strip falls naturally into two divisions t (1) consisting of the western shore of Lake Nyasa, with the high tablelands separating it from the basin of the Loangwa river in Northern Rhodesia, and (2) the region lying between the watershed of the Zambesi river and Shire river on the west, and the Lakes Chiuta and Chilwa and the River Ruc% an affluent of the Shire, on the east, including the mountain systems of the Shire Highlands and Mlanje, and a small portion, also mountainous, of the south-eastern coast of Lake Nyasa.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report of the Colonies. Nyasaland 1916-17
    This document was created by the Digital Content Creation Unit University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2010 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL. No. 955. N YASALAND. REPORT FOR 1916-1917. (For Report for 191&-1916 see No. 919.) presented to parliament t>g Command ot t>ts Majesty. March, 1918. LONDON: PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: IMPERIAL HOUSE, KINGSWAY, LONDON, W.C. 2, and 28, ABINGDON STREET, LONDON, S.W. 1; 37, PETER STREET, MANCHESTER ; 1, ST. ANDREW'S CRESCENT, CARDIFF ; 23, FORTH STREET, EDINBURGH ; or from E. PONSONBY, LTD., 110, GRAFTON STREET, DUBLIN. 1918. [Cd 8973-4.] Price Id. Net. COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL. No- 955. NYASALAND. (For Report for 191516 s>ee No. 910 )* REPORT ON THE BLUE BOOK FOR THE YEAR 1916-17, L—FINANCIAL. REVENUE. The revenue of the Protectorate from all sources, including land sales, for the year under review was £118,284, as against £137,911 in the preceding year. The principal increases were Cusl ins, £12,573 ; Port, Harbour, and Wharf dues, £2,100; Native Hut Tax, £1,799 ; and Post Office, £1,352. Licences, Excise, &c, fell off by £5,155 and Fees of Court or Office, &c, by £2,210. The further satisfactory increase in the Native Hut Tax is due partly to the restoration of the North Nyasa District, which borders on German East Africa, to more normal conditions and partly to an increase in the number of 8s. taxes paid by natives of the Momberas District rendered possible through the sale of cattle on an extensive scale to the military authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report of the Colonies. Nyasaland 1921
    This document was created by the Digital Content Creation Unit University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2010 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL. No. 1156. NYASALAND. REPORT FOR 1921. (For Report for 1920 see No. 1096.) LONDON: PRINTED & PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE To be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: Imperial House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, and 28 Abingdon Street, London, S.W.I; 87 Peter Street, Manchester; 1 St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff; or 120 George Street, Edinburgh. 1923. Price 6d. Net. 2 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL. No. 1156. NYASALAND. ANNUAL GENERAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1921.* GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL. BOUNDARIES. The territory comprised in the Nyasaland Protectorate is a strip about 520 miles in length r.nd varying from 50 to 100 miles in width. It lies approximately between latitude S. 9° 45', and 17° 16', and longitude E. 33° and 36°. The area is roughly 40,000 square miles, or about one-third the area of the British Isles. The most southerly portion of the Protectorate is about 130 miles from the sea as the crow flies. This strip falls naturally into two divisions: (1) consisting of the western shore of Lake Nyasa, with the high tablelands separating it from the basin of the Loangwa river in Northern Rhodesia, and (2) the region lying between the watershed of the Zambesi river and Shire river on the west, and the Lakes Chiuta and Chilwa and the river Ruo, an affluent of the Shire, on the east, including the mountain systems of the Shire Highlands and Mlanje, and a small portion, also mountainous, of the south-eastern coast of Lake Nyasa.
    [Show full text]
  • Imagined Communities: the British Planter in Nyasaland, 1890 - 1940
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2021 Imagined Communities: The British Planter in Nyasaland, 1890 - 1940 Benjamin Marnell Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the Africana Studies Commons “Imagined Communities: The British Planter in Nyasaland, 1890-1940” Benjamin Marnell Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in History Joseph M. Hodge, PhD, Chair James Siekmeier, PhD Jennifer Thornton, PhD Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2021 Keywords: Malawi, Tea, British Empire, Colonialism, British World, Identity Copyright 2021 Benjamin Marnell Abstract The planters’ Legacy in Nyasaland “Imagined Communities: The British Planter in Nyasaland, 1890-1940” Benjamin Marnell This thesis examines concepts of British settler identity and how it developed across trans-national bounds. Between the 19th and 20th centuries, the rise of industrialization and developments in transportation, mass communication and print media fueled a new wave of settler movements from Britain. As settlers spread to different continents, their identity as Britons was challenged in new ways. From this, a unique subgroup of settlers developed, known as planters. In this thesis, I examine the planter community that developed in the small South Central African country of Nyasaland, now Malawi. By examining Nyasaland’s settler community as a case study, I show how the planters drew inspiration from other planting communities across the empire to develop an identity that strengthened their hold over the region. Though the planters failed in their attempt to create their imagined community, this thesis will show how they attempted to contribute to the trans-national planting class and how that shaped their perceived dominance over the African population.
    [Show full text]
  • This Is an Electronic Reprint of the Original Article. This Reprint May Differ from the Original in Pagination and Typographic Detail
    This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may differ from the original in pagination and typographic detail. Author(s): Hokkanen, Markku Title: "Imperial Networks, Colonial Bioprospecting and Burroughs Wellcome & Co.: The Case of Strophanthus Kombe from Malawi (1859-1915)" Year: 2012 Version: Please cite the original version: Hokkanen, M. (2012). "Imperial Networks, Colonial Bioprospecting and Burroughs Wellcome & Co.: The Case of Strophanthus Kombe from Malawi (1859-1915)". Social History of Medicine, 25 (3), 589-607. doi:10.1093/shm/hkr167 Retrieved from http://shm.oxfordjournals.org All material supplied via JYX is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorised user. 1 Imperial Networks, Colonial Bioprospecting and Burroughs Wellcome & Co.: The Case of Strophanthus Kombe from Malawi (1859–1915) Abstract Recent research has begun to highlight the complex connections between colonialism, medical and scientific knowledge-production, and commercial interests. This article analyses colonial ‘bioprospecting’ through a case study of Strophanthus kombe. Used locally as an arrow poison, Strophanthus was ‘discovered’ in Malawi during David Livingstone’s Zambesi expedition. After investigation and experimentation it was subsequently used to produce a cardiac drug. The Malawian case study complements previous work on Strophanthus from West Africa.
    [Show full text]