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TELEVISION AND SIT-COM HUMOR:

by Don L. F. Nilsen English Department Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-0302 ( [email protected] )

Adler, Richard P. : A Critical Appraisal. New York, NY: Praeger, 1979. Alden, Dana L., Ashesh Mukherjee, and Wayne D. Hoyer. "The Effects of Incongruity, Surprise, and Positive Moderators on Perceived Humor in Television Advertising." The Journal of Advertising 29.2 (2000): 1- 5. Alden, Dana L., Ashesh Mukherjee, and Wayne D. Hoyer. “Extending a Contrast Resolution Model of Humor in Television Advertising: The Role of Surprise.” HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 13.2 (2000): 193-218. Alden, Dana L., and Wayne D. Hoyer. "Examination of Cognitive Factors Related to Humorousness in Television Adverltising." Journal of Advertising. 22.2 (1993): 29-37. Allen, Tim. Don't Stand Too Close to a Naked Man. New York, NY: Hyperion, 1994. Allen, Tim. I'm Not Really Here. New York, NY: Hyperion, 1996. Apter, M. J. "Fawlty Towers--A Reversal Theory Analysis of a Popular Television Series." Journal of 16.3 (1982): 128-138. Arnold, . My Lives. New York: Ballantine, 1994. Aylesworth, Thomas G. Great Moments on Television. New York: Bookthrift, 1987. Balordi, A. Emma Sopeña. "Les Composantes Culturelles de l' à la Télévision Sont-elles Exportables?" Contrastes: Espagnol Eds. G. Kassai, A. M. Loffler, M. Laurian, and M. Tukia. Paris, : Association pour de Développement des Études Contrastives, 1993, 121-130. Barnouw, Erik. Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1975. Barr, Roseanne. My Life as a Woman. New York, NY: Harper, 1989. Beresin, Ann Richman. "Toy War Games and the Illusion of Two-Sided Rhetoric." Play and Culture 2.3 (August, 1989): 218-224. Berkman, D. " Realilty." Television Quarterly 26.4 (1993): 63-69. Berman, Ronald. "." Journal of Aesthetic Education. 21.1 (1987): 5-19. Boe, Eugene, ed. The and Wisdom of Archie Bunker. NY: Tandem Productions, 1971. Brook, Vincent. Something Ain't Kosher Here: The Rise of the "Jewish" Sitcom New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003. Brooks, Tim, and Earle Marsh. The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows: 1946-Present. New York, NY: Ballantine, 1979. Butler, Brett. Knee Deep in Paradise. New York, NY: Hyperion, 1996. Butsch, R. "Class and Gender in Four Decades of Television Situation Comedy--Plus -a Change." Critical Studies in Mass Communication 9.4 (1992): 387-399. Butsch, R., and L. M. Glennon. "Social Class--Frequency Trends in Domestic Situation Comedy, 1946-1978." Journal of Broadcastiong 27.1 (1983): 77-81. Buxton, Rodney. "The Late-Night : Humor in Fringe Television." Southern Speech Communication Journal. 52.4 (1987): 377-389. Cantor, J. "Humor on Television: A Content Analysis." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Communication. 2.4 (1976): 501-510. Cantor, J. "Modifying Children's Eating Habits through Television Ads: Effects of Humorous Appeals in a Field Setting." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Communication 25 (1981): 37-47. Carey, Drew. Dirty and Beer: Stories of the Unrefined. New York, NY: Hyperion, 1997.

TELEVISION AND SIT-COM HUMOR, PAGE 1 Carter, Bill. The Late Shift: Letterman, Leno, and the Network Battle for the Night. New York, Hyperion, 1995. Coleman, Robin R. Means. African American Viewers and the Black Situation Comedy. New York, NY: Garland, 1998. Crowell, Doug, "Why Is Funny?" Thalia: Studies in Literary Humor 7.1 (1984): 35-44. DeGeneres, Ellen. My Point...And I Do Have One. New York, NY: Bantam, 1995. Douch, L., and V. Arthey. "Comedy on BBC2 1964-1981 (Teleography)." Primetime 1.6-7 (1983): 20-26. Dresner, Zita Z. ": Goddess or She-Devil." Journal of American Culture 16.2 (1993): 37-44. Duncan, Margaret Carlisle. "Television Portrayals of Children's Play and Sport." Play and Culture 2.3 (August, 1989): 235-52. Dunne, Michael. “: The Pro-Mo Comic.” HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 13.1 (2000): 77-90. Eichhorn, Dennis. Cosby: An Unauthorized Biography. Seattle, WA: Turman Publishing Co, 1986. Erwin, William, Mark T. Conrad, and Aeon Skoble, eds. and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer., IL: Open Court, 1999. Foxworthy, Jeff. No Shirt, No Shoes, No Problem. New York, NY: Hyperion, 1996. Fuller, Linda K. : Audiences, Impact, and Implications. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1992. Garvey, Daniel E., and William L. Rivers. "Television Comedy Techniques." Comedy Techniques for Writers and Performers. Ed. Melvin Helitzer. Athens, OH: Lawhead Press, 1984, 200-209. Gehring, Wes D. "Television's other Groucho." Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 5.3 (1992): 267-282. Gimple, S. M. ed. The Simpsons Forever: A Complete Guide to our Favorite Family…Continued. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1999. Givens, Ron. "Serious ." Newsweek on Campus. November, 1987: 8-11. Goodger, Brian C., and John M. Goodger. Play and Culture 2.4 (November, 1989): 340-53. Goodman, Joel. "The Button-Down Mind of ." Laughing Matters 11.1 (1996): 6-19. Goodman, Joel. "Hail Caesar! Up-Close and Personal with " Laughing Matters 8.3 (1992): 86-103. Goodman, Joel. "'s Planet: Lifestyles of the and Famous." Laughing Matters 5.4 (1989): 127-140. Goodman, Joel. "Say, Kids, What Time Is ? It's Time to Meet Buffalo Bob Smith!" Laughing Matters 5.1 (1988): 7-17. Goodman, Joel. "Sibling Revelry: The Smothers Brothers." Laughing Matters 9.3 (1994): 87-100. Goodman, Joel. "What is Funniness? The Wit and Wisdom of ." Laughing Matters 9.1 (1993): 7-16. Gray, J. R. "Television and the New Black-Man--Black Male Images in Prime-Time Situation Comedy." Media, Culture and Society 8.2 (1986): 223-242. Gross, J. "Late-Night Comedy Wars--When Laughs Mean Money: The Battle Between , SCTV, and Fridays Is No ." American Film 7.4 (1982): 50- Grote, David. The End of Comedy: The Sit-Com and the Comedic Tradition. New York: Archon, 1983. Hamamoto, Darrell Y. Nervous Laughter: Television Situation Comedy and Liberal Democratic Ideology. New York, NY: Praeger, 1989. Harris, Jay S., ed. TV Guide: The First 25 Years. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1978. Heath, Rebecca Piirto. "What Tickles Our Funny Bones." American Demographics, November, 1996, 49-52. Hennebelle, Guy, Ed. "Le Comique a l'Ecran: de Cinema et de Television." CinemAction 82.1 (1997). Henry, M. "The Triumph of Popular Culture: Situation Comedy, Postmodernism, and the Simpsons." Studies in Popular Culture 17.1 (1994): 85-99. Higham, Charles. The Real Life of . NY: St. Martin's Press, 1986. Hirsch, Irwin, and Clara Irwin. "'s Humor Noir: A Look at Our Dark Side." Journal of Popular Film and Television. 28 (2000): 116-123. Howe, James. : The Sound of Laughter. NY: Viking Kestrel, 1987. Hyatt, Wesley. The Encyclopedia of . New York, NY: Billboard Books, 1997. Jarvik, Lawrence. PBS: Behind the Screen. Rockline, CA: Forum, 1997.

TELEVISION AND SIT-COM HUMOR, PAGE 2 Javna, John. Cult TV--A Viewer's Guide to the Shows America Can't Live Without! New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1985. Johnson, Kim "Howard." Life Before and After : The Solo Flights of the Flying Circus. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993. Johnson, Robert E. : In Words and Pictures. Chicago, IL: Johnsons Publishing Co., 1986. Jones, Gerard. Honey, I'm Home! Sitcoms: Selling the American Dream. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1992. Jorensen, Jeff. Bob Newhart. New York, NY: St. Martin's, 1988. Josefsberg, Milt. Comedy Writing for Television and . NY: Harper and Row, 1987. Knowles, Ann D., and Mary C. Nixon. "Children's Comprehension of a Television 's Emotional Theme." Australian Journal of Psychology 42.2 (1990): 115-121. Konstan, D. "Premises of (TV) Comedy--Functions of Dramatic Slpace in an Ancient and Modern Form." Journal of Popular Film and Television 15.4 (1988): 180-190. Krieger, Rosalin. "Does He Actually Say the Word Jewish?--Jewish Representations in Seinfeld." Journal for Cultural Research 7.4 (2003): 387-404. Krutnik, F. "-Prints of Comedy." Screen 25.4-5 (1984): 50-59. Lear, Norman. The Wit and Wisdom of Archie Bunker. New York: Popular Library, 1971. Lindley, Margaret. "Roseanne." Australian Journal of Comedy. 2.1 (1996): 99-112. McConnell, Robert. "A Theory of Comedy: An Elucidation of British and American Comedy in the Broadcast Media." Thalia: Studies in Literary Humor 9.2 (1987): 40-48. McCrohan, Donna. Archie and Edith, Mike and Gloria: The Tumultuous History of "All in the Family". New York, NY: Workman Publishing, 1987. MacDonald, M. Fred. Blacks on White TV: Afro- in Television since 1948. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall, 1983. McFadyen, Ian. "Situations Vacant: The Strange Case of the Aussie Sitcom." Australian Journal of Comedy 2 (1995): 31-52. Maltin, Leonard. 1998 Movie and Video Guide. New York, NY: Signet, 1997. Maltin, Leonard. Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated , Revised Edition. New York, NY: Penguin/Plume, 1987. Marc, David. "Comic Visions of the City--New York and the Television Sitcom." Radical History Review 24.4 (1988): 321-331. Marc, David. Comic Visions: Television Comedy and American Culture. 2nd edition. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman, 1997. Marc, David. "Television Comedy." in What's So Funny: Humor in American Culture. Ed. Nancy A. Walker. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1998, 249-272. Mathis, Richard D, and Zoe Tanner. "Clinical Assessment of a TV Cartoon Family: Homework to Encourage Systematic Thinking in Counseling Students." Family Therapy 18.3 (1991): 245-254. Matte, Gerard. "Situations Vacant: The Strange Case of the Aussie Sitcom." Australian Journal of Comedy. 2.2 (1996): 31-52. Mayerle, Judine. "Roseanne--How Did You Get Inside My House? A Case Study of a Hit Blue-Collar Situation Comedy" Journal of Popular Culture 24.4 (1991): 71-88. Merritt, Bishetta D. "Bill Cosby: TV Auteur?" Journal of Popular Culture 24.4 (Spring, 1991): 89-101. Mile, Stan. "Roseanne Barr: Canned Laughter--Containing the Subject." New Perspectives on Women and Comedy. Ed. Regina Barreca. Philadelphia, PA: Gordon and Breach, 1992, 39-46. Miller, Will. Teletherapy--Why We Watch: Killing the Gilligan Within. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1996. Mills, Brett. "Comedy Vérité: Contemporary Sitcom Form." Screen 45.1 (2004): 63-78. Mintz, Lawrence E. "Broadcast Humor." Humor in America: A Guide to Genres and Topics. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1988, 91-107.

TELEVISION AND SIT-COM HUMOR, PAGE 3 Mintz, Lawrence E. "Ideology in the Television Situation Comedy." in What's So Funny: Humor in American Culture. Ed. Nancy A. Walker. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1998, 273-284. Mintz, Lawrence E. "Situation Comedy." in TV Genres. Ed. Brian Rose, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1986, 107- 129. Mitz, Rick. The Great TV Sitcom Book. New York, NY: Richard Marek, 1980. Morris, Barbra S. "Why Is George So Funny? Television Comedy, Trickster Heroism, and Cultural Studies." English Journal 88.4 (1999): 47-52. Neale, Steve, and Frank Krutnik. Popular Film and Television Comedy. New York: Routledge, 1990. Newcomb, Horace. "TV Situation Comedies." Humor in America. Ed. Enid Veron. NY: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1976, 305-15. Nichols, Doug. All in the Family Twentieth Anniversary Special. Burbank, CA: 1991. Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. “Children’s Television,” “Late-Night Talk Shows,” “Screwball Comedies,” “Sitcoms,” “Television.” Encyclopedia of 20th Century . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000, 72-76, 181-184, 266-270, 278-283, 295-300. Nilsen, Don L. F. "Humor on Television." Humor Scholarship: A Research Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1993, 124-130. Oppenheimer, Jess. Laughs, Luck..., and Lucy. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996. Oppliger, Patrice A., and John C. Sherblom. "Humor: Incongruity, Disparagement, and ." Communication Research Reports 9.1 (1992): 99-108. Owen, Rob. Gen X TV: The Brady Bunch to Melrose Place. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997. Patten, Frederick. "Bakshi: A Throwback to the 1930s, When Individuality Reigned." Witty World 3 (1988): 8. Phalon, William Maher. ": The Situation Comedy and the Image of Liberal Democracy." Unpublished MA Thesis. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, 1991. Pielke, Robert G. "Saturday Night Live: Nihilism or Ethical Absolutism?" Comedy Techniques for Writers and Performers. Ed. Melvin Helitzer. Athens, OH: Lawhead Press, 1984, 54-62. Pinsker, Sanford. "Tradition and the Individual : The Trouble Begins After Your ." Studies in American Humor NS4.3 (1996): 82-101. Pinsky, Mark. "The Gospel According to the Simpsons." Sojourners 30.5 (2001): 53. Polskin, H. "Laugh Till it Hurts (Stand-up on TV)." TV Guide 40.7 (1992): 12-14. Price, Joe. B. S. (Before Sanford). Chicago, IL: Contemporary Books, 1979. Putterman, Barry. On Television and Comedy. Jefferson, NC: McFadland, 1995. Reiser, Paul. Couplehood. New York, NY: Bantam, 1994. Rejent-Lee, Denise Lynn. "The Television Situation Comedy: Development and Change." Unpublished MA Thesis: Arizona State University, 1990. Rowen, Beth, ed. The 1998 A & E Entertainment Almanac. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1997. Schulman, N. M. "Laughing across the Color Barrier: --Satirizing the Stereotypes--Racial Generalization as a Basis for Comedy." Journal of Popular Film and Television 20.1 (1992): 2-7. Seggar, J. F., J. K. Hafen, and H. Hannonengladden. "Television's Portrayals of Minorities and Women in Drama and Comedy Drama 1971-1980." Journal of Broadcasting 25.3 (1981): 277-288. Seinfeld, Jerry. Seinlanguage. New York, NY: Bantam, 1993. Silverberg, Patricia. "The Use of Subversive Humor in 'Sesame Street.'" Unpublished MA Thesis. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, 1994. Singer, Jerome L., and Dorothy G. Singer. "Can TV Stimulate Imaginative Play? Journal of Communication 26.3 (1976): 74-80. Singh, Robert. "Subverting American Values? The Simpsons, Souith Park and the Cartoon Culture War." American Politics and Society Today. Ed. Robert Singh. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press, 2002. Smith, Evan S. Writing Television Sitcoms. New York, NY: Berkeley Publishing Group, 1999. Smith, J. "The Frenzy of the Audible: Pleasure, Authenticity, and Recorded Laughter." Television and New Media 6.1 (2005): 23-48.

TELEVISION AND SIT-COM HUMOR, PAGE 4 Staiger, Janet. Blockbuster TV: Must-See Sit-Coms in the Network Era. New York, NY: New York University Press, 2000. Stengel, Richard. "Jay Leno: Midnight's Mayor." Time March 16, 1992, 58-64. Stocking, H., B. Sapolsky, and Dolf Zillman. "Sex Discrimination in Prime Time Humor." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Communication 22 (1977): 447-457. Tannenbaum, P. H. ed. The Entertainment Functions of Television. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers, 1980. Taylor, Paul. "Scriptwriters and Producers: `A Dimension of Control in Television Situation Comedies." Humour in Society: Resistance and Control. Eds. Chris Powell and George Paton. NY: St. Martin's, 1988, 179-205. Terrace, Vincent. Television Character and Story Facts. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co., 1993. Tidhar, C. E., and S. Peri. "Deceitful Behaviour in Situation Comedy--Effects on Children's Perception of Social-Reality." Journal of Educational Television 16.2 (1990): 61-76. Tracy, Kathleen. Home Brewed: The Story. New York, NY: Boulevard, 1997. Waldron, Vince. Classic Sitcoms: A Celebration of the Best in Prime-Time Comedy. New York, NY: MacMillan, 1987. Washburn, G. N. "Using Situation Comedies for Pragmatic Language Teaching and Learning." TESOL Journal 10.4 (2001): 21-26. Weaver, J., Dolf Zillman, and Jennings Bryant. ~Effects of Humorous Distortions on Children's Learning from Educational Television: Further Evidence." Communication Education 37 (1988): 181-187. Wexman, V. M. "Returning from the Moon, , The Carnivalesque and Television Comedy." Journal of Film and Video 42.4 (1990): 20-32. White, M. "What's The Difference? The Black Sitcom of Frank's Place.” Wide Angle 13.3-4 (1991): 82-93. Wittmer, George B. "James Fenimore Cooper, M*A*S*H, and the Origins of TV Drama." Teaching English in the Two-Year College. 14.2 (1987): 93-96. Young, Jordan R. The Laugh Crafters: Comedy Writing in Radio and TV's Golden Age. Beverly Hills, CA: Past Times Publishing Co., 1999. Zabalbeascoa, Patrick. "Factors in Television Comedy." Perspectives: Studies in Translation. 2.1 (1994): 89-99. Zabalbeascoa, Patrick. "Translating Jokes for Dubbed Television Situation Comedies." The Translator: Studies in Intercultural Communication 2.2 (1996): 235-257. Zhang, Y., and G. M. Zinkhan. "Humor in Television Advertising--The Effects of Repetition and Social Setting." Advances in Consumer Research 12.5 (1991): 427-435. Zoglin, Richard. ": And What a Reign It Was." Time March 16, 1992, 62-64. Zoglin, Richard. "Television: Is the Sitcom Played Out?" Time (September 9, 1991):

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